Ministry of Gender Equality and Family

Background : Violence against children is a global public health crisis and is associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. Childhood violence may also increase the risk of subsequent violence revictimization by an intimate partner. We aimed to understand cycles of violence among adolescent girls and young women in Namibia to inform violence prevention and treatment interventions. Methods : The 2019 Namibia Violence Against Children and Youth Survey (VACS) examined the prevalence of childhood violence and intimate partner violence among 18–24 year old adolescent girls and young women ( N = 2434). Using the data, we assessed the prevalence of childhood violence, defined as any physical, sexual, or emotional violence victimization prior to age 18, and estimated the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) after age 18. We used a weighted logistic regression to assess whether childhood violence exposure was associated with subsequent experience of IPV after age 18. Results : Adolescent girls and young women in Namibia had a statistically significant higher odds of experiencing IPV if they had experienced any childhood violence including physical, sexual, and/or emotional violence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.93; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI: 1.64–5.23). IPV was also significantly associated with childhood physical (aOR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.07–3.05), sexual (aOR: 3.79; 95% CI: 2.54–5.67), or emotional (aOR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.18–4.86) violence when each were considered separately. We also observed a dose-response relationship between the number of types of childhood violence and IPV experience as a young adult. Conclusions : Childhood violence is a significant predictor of subsequent violence revictimization by an intimate partner. This analysis provides unique insights on cycles of violence among adolescent girls and young women in Namibia and points to the need for interventions during childhood to prevent violence against children and break this cycle among young women in sub-Saharan Africa.

Rationale of Study – This paper investigates how Tanzanian Higher Education students utilise social media to share knowledge in the era of misinformation. The study specifically examined whether the chosen higher education institutions (HEI) provide training to help students become skilled information users capable of determining the reliability of the information.Methodology – This study used mixed-methods research and adopted a convergent research design. Parallel mixed-methods sampling was used to select 239 postgraduate students from four selected higher education institutions in northern Tanzania out of 633 postgraduate students. An online survey was used to collect data from postgraduate students, while interviews were conducted with eight heads of academic departments of the selected HEIs.Findings – The findings revealed that the HEIs selected for the study provide students with training on information use, copyright issues, avoiding plagiarism, and social media use and its associated risks. Findings further show that training was not regularly conducted. Findings further demonstrate that policies on social media use had been included in other institutional policies and procedures, such as ICT policies, student guidebooks, and internet use policies; however, only some of the selected HEIs had a stand-alone policy on social media usage.Implications – It is recommended that HEIs in Tanzania formulate policies and guidelines to guide the proper usage of social media. Training should be offered to capacitate students on the proper uses of social media.Originality – This is part of the broader PhD study submitted at the University of South Africa (UNISA

This study analyzed the time use of dual income paid workers.The data was selected from the '2009 Korean Time Use Survey' by the Korean National Statistical Office.There were 2799 respondents who were paid workers with dual income.There were big differences in time use between men and women.The result showed that men's time allocation focused on 'labor and leisure' and women's time allocation focused on 'labor and housework'.This means the women among dual income paid workers faced difficulties in dual burden of work-family balance.Regression analysis on time use dividing men and women showed that age, education, income, woking type and the presence of preschool children had significant effects on time allocation.We found the income effects on time use which reduced paid working time and increased housework and leisure time.Significantly, younger men who have preschool chilidren spend more time in housework.We could find the possibility of a change in men's time allocation.

Awareness of the adverse effects of smoking has increased in the Republic of South Korea in a relatively short period of time. Adult male smoking rates rapidly fell over the past seven years, from 67.6% to 43.4%. This chapter discusses the role of the Korean government, NGOs, as well as the National Cancer Center (NCC) in Korea, whose mission was to prevent cancer, decrease cancer mortality, and improve the quality of life of Korean cancer patients, along with the other anti-smoking movements. In order to prevent cancer, it was thought that the most effective strategy was to protect people from tobacco exposure and that Cancer Centers and Cancer Institutes should set an example of how to deal with major carcinogenic threats like tobacco smoking.

The national policy in Norway have since the last part of the 1990-ies been organized in programs that erected actions including national authorities, municipalities, regional authorities and private enterprises. What have we gained by our national activities to mainstream inclusive and accessibility policy for persons with reduced capability through the principles of Universal Design? Have we made society accessible to everyone and prevented discrimination. Are the results visible? We can measure results on several sectors, inter alia public buildings, outdoor areas, central communication hubs, public transport and the occurrence plans for Universal Design in municipalities and regions. Through several programs and action plans the Norwegian government has developed a sectoral approach for including persons with disabilities in the society. The majority of ministries have participated in these plans. Local initiatives, local councils for disabled people, and later on municipalities and county administrations were supported by national authorities as complements to regulations and laws. In addition, guidelines and assisting funds were used. The main objective was to redefine the national policy, using better defined national goals and introducing Universal Design to replace accessibility as the basic tool. The mainstreaming of the accessibility policy, where Universal Design was included in relevant sectors and activities, was a crucial part of the strategy. The national policy was organized in programs that erected actions focusing on how to reach, inspire and include municipalities and regional authorities in their own struggle for Universal Design. Through the mainstream approach ministries have both earmarked economic transfers to their own agencies and used steering documents guide to these agencies how to implement Universal Design in their advisory services, in practicing laws and regulations and in their own planning and building activities.

Rationale of Study – This article presents the findings of a study on the knowledge management (KM) implementation strategy for two mobile telecommunications (MT) companies in Namibia.Methodology – The case study used a mixed-methods approach via convergent parallel design. This permitted the concurrent gathering of quantitative and qualitative data for the study. The study used simple random sampling via probability sampling to identify 309 respondents. An online survey distributed 329 questionnaires, and 200 were received with a 60.79% response rate. A purposive sampling technique was employed for the qualitative phase; 11 participants were interviewed out of the planned 20.Findings – The study found that neither KM implementation strategies nor a department or section dedicated to organisational KM exist, necessitating a KM implementation strategy for KMS for effective KM practices in two MT companies in Namibia. The study also identified potential barriers to KMS, such as the complexity of employee attitudes, the dearth of use of specific KMS, and the organisational KM corporate work culture.Implications – This study's findings could expand academicians', KM researchers', and organisations' understanding of the importance of organisational KM implementation strategy for KMS to be effective and efficient in MT companies in Namibia.Originality – This study is the first on KM implementation strategies for KMS to influence knowledge management practices in Namibia.

Universal design was introduced as an ideological and technical concept in Norway in 1996 and was introduced in the first law in 2003. Since then universal design has replaced accessibility for people with disabilities in national policies, laws, regulations, standards, projects and everyday language. Accessibility is now used to characterize solutions made more exclusively for people with disabilities or when a high, general quality is not required. Few countries have made this extensive use of the concept of universal design and the concept has faced several challenges from lawmakers, architects, economists, user organizations, entrepreneurs and debaters. This paper reflects on some aspects of more than 20 years of extensive use of the concept of universal design and try to answer the question: Is universal design an academic invention with little extra positive impact compared to accessibility for people with disability, or does the concept defend its supposed role as a step towards a society with equal opportunities for all?

Namibia has adopted several policies, pieces of legislation and programmes aimed at improving the well-being of children. However, the Namibian National Policy on Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) of 2004 no longer adequately reflects the contemporary problems faced by vulnerable children. Policy makers require a comprehensive and integrated set of indicators to inform policy revision to make informed choices. This article reviewed national and international child protection reports, evaluation studies and indices to identify contemporary indicators for tracking child well-being in Namibia. It found that while the available indicators reflect objective well-being measures, there is a gap in tracking the subjective experiences of children, child safety and the promotion of children’s rights. The article offers an alternative integrated indicator framework that captures multiple dimensions of child well-being. Adoption of this framework can enable policy makers to make more informed decisions to support vulnerable children. Keywords: child well-being, indicator framework, objective well-being, orphans and vulnerable children, subjective well-being

Parents play a key role in protecting adolescent girls from sexual risk behaviours. This study examined how parent‒child sexuality communication and parental monitoring influence adolescent girls’ sexual relationships and activities in Karonga District, Malawi. Using a mixed-method design, surveys of 166 in-school girls (aged 10–15) and their caregivers were analyzed using SPSS v20.0, while focus groups with 20 out-of-school girls and 11 key informant interviews provided qualitative insights thematically. The results revealed that stronger parent‒child sexual communication (β = −0.12, p = 0.008) and parental monitoring (β = −0.18, p < 0.001) were linked to reduced sexual relationships and activities among adolescent girls. Communication was also affected by the child’s age (β = 0.09, p = 0.007). The qualitative findings support these results, highlighting the importance of parental involvement. This study emphasizes the role of open communication and community awareness in helping early adolescent girls make informed decisions about their sexual health.