Ministry of Steel

Demand of today is to optimize the available resources and reutilize the waste materials. Mill scale is waste cum byproduct obtained during hot rolling operation of steels.In Rajasthan there are hundreds of hot rolling mills producing tons of mill scale everyday and in Nagaur, Rajasthan there are huge reserves of low grade coal. In this paper an attempt has been made to utilize the low grade coal for direct reduction of mill scale in laboratory to obtain sponge iron .The paper comprises the study on effects of variation in particle size(60-100,170-200 and <325 ASTM sieve size) and time (30, 60, 90 minutes) on reduction behaviour of mill scale in a fixed reducing atmosphere (900 °C), taken lime (10% of weight of mill scale) as catalyst. Further reduced samples were characterized by using EDX, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). It has been identified that the maximum reduction of mill scale (81.64%) is found in the sample reduced for 90 minutes with particle size ranging between 60-100 (ASTM sieve size).

The influence of particle size, blend ratio and some selective bio-additives on the rheological behaviour of an Indian iron ore sample in a slurry concentration range of 60–75% by mass was evaluated. The rheological parameters were measured using a highprecision ThermoFisher Scientific HAAKETM RheoStressTM 1 Rheometer. The iron ore slurry samples indicated non-Newtonian flow behaviour and fitted quite well with the Bingham plastic model in the studied range of concentrations. The specific multimodal iron ore samples with a broad size distribution indicated a substantial reduction in slurry viscosity, yield stress and improved solids loading compared to monomodal ones. The reduction in apparent viscosity at a given shear rate for the specific iron ore slurry sample was correlated to a distribution modulus () derived from the Farris theory. The application of small dosages (0.8–1% w/w of total solids) of two selective bio-additives extracted from Indian spinach (Basella alba) and Bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypifolia Linn) further reduced the Bingham viscosity and yield stress values through surface modification at higher solids loading. The increase in yield stress values with an increase in solids concentration was attributed to the formation of loosely packed flocs and immobilisation of water within them, thus increasing particle–particle and particle–fluid friction. The bio-additives may be able to improve the fluid mobility among the particles, thus reducing the internal friction constituting the flocs and facilitating the slurry flow with the application of a reasonably lesser shearing force. The study reveals that the blending of fines with coarse iron ore at a controlled particle size distribution supplemented by small dosages of low-cost additives may be employed for preparation and transportation of highconcentration iron ore slurry with improved pipe economics.

This work deals with the study of austenitisation behaviour of two ductile irons: alloy A [3·18C–2·64Si–0·45Mn (wt-%)] and alloy D [3·18C–3·0Si–1·04Mn–1·13Cu (wt-%)]. Samples were austenitised at 850, 900 and 950°C with varying times and then quenched in water. Following special etching techniques, the possible nucleation sites for austenitisation (transformed to martensite on quenching) have been identified as the ferrite/cementite interfaces within the pearlite matrix as well as the pearlite colony boundaries. Austenitisation also occurs in an epitaxial manner beyond the ferrite rims already existing around the graphite nodules. The kinetics of austenitisation is analysed from the volume fraction of austenite/martensite formed after known intervals of time at constant temperature using Avrami type relationship. In alloy A, the beginning of austenitisation is characterised by a dimensionality of <1, followed by an unidirectional growth in the later stages. Austenitisation in alloy D conforms to a dimensionality of 1 followed by two-dimensional growth at later stages. The activation energies measured from Arrhenius plots range between 50 and 115 kJ mol−1 K−1 and between 45 and 53 kJ mol−1 K−1 in alloys A and D respectively.

In Sub-Transmission &amp; Distribution system the significance of HT Capacitor Bank is increasing day-by-day for Shunt compensation. In West Bengal the premier power utility had taken an initiative for installation of HT Shunt Capacitor Banks at 11kV bus of 33/11kV substations. The main motto has been to improve the p.f. under Maximum demand conditions and subsequently improvement of voltage profile by reducing the huge network losses. Thus a part of today’s increasing demand can be served, keeping the same Generation &amp; Transmission capacity and consequently, more revenue can be earned. A systematic approach for designing the shunt compensation system along with post commissioning results have been presented herewith as case study basis.

Abstract Two metallogenetic domains are discernible in Rajasthan, a copper domain towards northeast of Ajmer and a predominantly lead-zinc domain to the southwest of Ajmer along the Aravalli-Delhi strike. The metallogenetic domains can be correlated with the tectonic zones of the Aravalli-Delhi geosynclinal system. The earlier phase of sulphide mineralisation consisting primarily of lead and zinc in the Aravallis, is associated with the eugeosyncline, characterised by the presence of turbidites and ophiolites; while the latter phase of dominantly copper mineralisation in the Delhis is in the miogeosyncline, typified by comparative shallow water deposition and preponderance of acid igneous activity of the late stage of geosynclinal evolution. Syngenetic ore formation with possible biogenic processes has played dominant role in the lead-zinc mineralisation in the eugeosyncline. Hydrothermal activity related to post-Delhi acid intrusives has influenced the copper mineralisation in the miogeosyncline. Both the domains have borne the stresses of repeated orogeny, which have reoriented ore localisation.

The quick mix of modern Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has introduced a ground-breaking time in the education sector, especially in higher education practices. Modern mechanical solutions powering teaching and learning assistance technologies have played a key role in transforming traditional educational standards. ICT is seen in India as one of the key elements in changing the nation for the better in the future. The Service of Education recognizes the value of integrating technology-based teaching and learning into the public education plan of the schools through the most recent Education Blue print (2013–2025). The goal of this paper is to dissect educators' assessments of how well ICT reconciliation supports the teaching and learning process in study halls. A survey was distributed at random to all 101 teachers from Delhi, India's 12 public optional schools. The results show that there is exceptional potential for ICT coordination for both teachers and students. Findings show that one of the key factors influencing the success of technology-based teaching and learning is teachers' remarkable familiarity with ICT tools and workspaces. Additionally, it was shown that effective teacher preparation programs played a significant role in raising the calibre of learning for students.

The goal of this project is to promote the interest of Engineering Students and the Technical Personnels in the field of Industrial Automation with use of Programmable Logic Controller in a broad range. The objective is not great depth but the presentation is thorough enough to give the user the basic theory with different types of live examples. ‘PLC Learner’ is a Simulation Software, which supports the linear programming of SIEMENS PLC, STEP5 with STL representation. The simulator has an Integrated Development Environment having different features like Smart Editor, Compiler, Run Time Simulator and User Friendly Help System etc. It offers 128 bytes of Input &amp; 128 bytes of Output modules, 128 bytes of Timers (including Pulse, Extended, On-Delay, Stored On-Delay and Off Delay mode), 128 bytes of Counters (including Up, Down and Up-Down mode) and 256 bytes of Internal Flash Memory.