Ministry of Transport

Different non-ionic cellulose ethers (methyl cellulose, MC; hydroxyethyl cellulose, HEC; hydroxypropyl cellulose, HPC; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, HPMC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were investigated as matrix formers for preparation of mini-tablets targeting vaginal drug delivery. Hexyl aminolevulinat hydrochloridum (HAL) was used as a model drug. The mini-tablets were characterized with respect to their mechanical strength, bioadhesion towards cow vaginal tissue in two independent tests (rotating cylinder test, detachment test using texture analyzer), and dissolution rate in two media mimicking the pH levels of fertile, healthy and post-menopausal women (vaginal fluid simulant pH 4.5, phosphate buffer pH 6.8). Mini-tablets with a matrix of either HPMC or HPC were found to possess adequate mechanical strength, superior bioadhesive behavior towards vaginal tissue, and pH independent controlled release of the model drug, suggesting that both systems would be suited for the treatment of women regardless of age, i.e., respective of their vaginal pH levels. Bioadhesive mini-tablets offer a potential for improved residence time in the vaginal cavity targeting contact with mucosal tissue and prolonged release of the drug.

Abstract The performance and development of urban public transport in Ghana are examined and an explanation is sought of the role of unions and how the attempts of Government to develop its own public transport organization have failed. The public transport development options that the Government is now considering attempt to make the best use of the unions' capabilities, while reducing dependence on union powers. The trotros of Ghana have been the mainstay of Ghana's public transport system for many years, despite concerned attempts by successive Governments to develop and maintain publicly organized stage‐bus services. A characteristic of this sector is the very powerful influence of the Owner and Driver Unions. Their power is exerted through control of the terminals from which services are operated. Through their control of the terminals, the Unions have effective quantity control of the public transport sector and hence control of service quality. Under its Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) the Government of Ghana is considering divesting itself of its public investment in bus operations. Attempts to use the State‐owned transport companies to provide a viable alternative to the trotros have foundered in the usual pitfalls of state ownership. At stake is how to relinquish completely the responsibility of running bus services to the private sector, without the users suffering the imposition of the unions' restrictive practices. Dans l'examen de la performance et de l'efficacité du transport public urbain au Ghana, cet article souligne le rôle des syndicats de petits exploitants, rôle jugé négatif et largement responsable de l'échec des pouvoirs publics dans leurs efforts pour développer leur propre système de transport public. Sont également présentés les termes de l'option à laquelle ces pouvoirs publics se trouvent confrontés dans leurs efforts pour utiliser au mieux les pontentialités des syndicats, tout en réduisant leur dépendance à leur égard. Les 'trotros' ont constitué l'essentiel du système de transport public au Ghana, en dépit des efforts répétés des gouvernements successifs pour créer et maintenir en vie un système d'autobus réguliers contrôlé par eux. C'était sans compter avec la puissance des syndicats de propriétaires et de conducteurs. Leur pouvoir repose sur leur capacité à contrôler les dépôts: en agissant sur le nombre des véhicules qui en sortent, ils contrôlent efficacement la fréquence et la qualité du service. Dans le cadre de son programme de rétablissement économique, le gouvernement envisage de privatiser ses propres entreprises de transport public. Les tentatives de recours à ces entreprises publiques pour offrir une alternative réelle aux trotros se sont heurtées aux difficultés habituelles de la gestion publique. Le problème est donc maintenant de remettre complètement cette gestion au secteur privé, sans livrer pour autant les usagers aux pratiques restrictives des syndicats d'exploitants. Dieser Artikel untersucht das Angebot und die Entwicklung im öffentlichen städtischen Personenverkehr in Ghana; er versucht, die Rolle der Gewerkschaften zu erklären und zu zeigen, wie ''die Versuche der Regierung, ihre eigene Organisation des öffentlichen Personenverkehrs zu entwickeln, gescheitert sind. Es werden weiterhin die Optionen aufgezeigt, die die Regierung in bezug auf die Entwicklung des öffentlichen Verkehrs andenkt, um den größten Nutzen aus den Fähigkeiten der Gewerkschaften zu ziehen und gleichzeitig die Abhängigkeit von der Macht der Gewerkschaften zu reduzieren. Die Trotros von Ghana sind seit vielen Jahren die Stütze des ghanesischen öffentlichen Verkehrssystems gewesen trotz konzertierter Versuche vieler Regierungen in Folge, ein öffentlich organisiertes Bus‐System zu entwickeln und zu unterhalten. Ein Charakteristikum dieses Sektors stellt der Einfluß der mächtigen Gewerkschaften der Besitzer und Fahrer dar. Deren Macht besteht in der Kontrolle der Terminals, von denen die Verkehrsmittel abfahren. Durch diese Kontrolle der Terminals haben die Gewerkschaften eine wirksame Übersicht über die Mengen im öffentlichen Verkehrssektor und folglich auch über die Qualität der angebotenen Leistung. Im Rahmen ihres Economic Recovery Programme (ERP) überlegt die Regierung von Ghana, sich aus der öffentlichen Finanzierung von Bus‐Diensten zurückzuziehen. Versuche, die staatseigenen Transport‐Unternehmen einzusetzen, um eine brauchbare Alternative zu den Trotros anzubieten, sind in den üblichen Fallstricken von staatlicher Eigentümerschaft gescheitert. Unklar ist, wie man die Verantwortung für ein Leistungsangebot an Bus‐Diensten der privaten Hand überlassen kann, ohne daß die Nutzer unter den Auflagen der restriktiven Praktiken der Gewerkschaften leiden. Este trabajo examina el desempeño y desarrollo del transporte urbano colectivo en Ghana; busca explicar el rol de los sindicatos y porque han fallado los intentos del gobierno por desarrollar su propia organización de transporte público. También se señalan las opciones de desarrollo para el transporte colectivo que está considerando el gobierno en la actualidad, a fin de hacer el mejor uso posible de las capacidades de los sindicatos y al mismo tiempo reducir la dependencia del poder sindical. Los trotros de Ghana han sido el soten principal del sistema de transporte colectivo del país por muchos años, a pesar de los intentos concertados de sucesivos gobiernos por desarrollar y mantener un servicio de buses organizado por el estado. Este sector se caracteriza por la poderosa influencia ejercida por los sindicatos de dueños y de choferes. Su poder se ejerce a través del control de los terminales desde donde operan los servicios, ya que con esto logran controlar la cantidad de servicios ofrecidos por el sector público, y por ende obtienen control de la calidad del servicio. El gobierno de Ghana, a través de su Programa de Recuperación Económica, está considerando abandonar sus intereses en la operación de buses; esto se debe en parte a que los intentos por utilizar las compañías de transporte gubernamentales para proveer una alternativa viable a los trotros, han fracasado debido a los usuales escollos asociados a la propiedad estatal. El problema es como traspasar completamente la responsabilidad de operar los servicios de transporte público al sector privado, sin que los usuarios deban sufrir la imposición de las prácticas restrictivas de los sindicatos.

This article examines the position of victims and those affected within communication theory. Current research has broadly been skewed toward reputation management and protecting brand value as primary goals of crisis communication efforts. As crises affect real people, crisis communication theory needs to be adapted to include their needs. To assure their needs are met, an integration of business ethics and psychosocial mechanisms in the field of crisis communication is proposed. This integration prevents crisis communication output from becoming an additional source of stress to the affected in the aftermath of crises. We offer recommendations for crisis communication scholarship to be inclusive and beneficial to victims and the affected in the aftermath of crises.

Biomass is widely used by households for cooking and heating in rural China. Along with rapid economic growth over the last three decades, increasing rural households tend to use less biomass and more commercial energy such as coal and electricity. In this paper, we analyzed the key drivers behind energy consumption and switching by rural households based on survey data of energy consumption by rural households in ten villages of Shanxi province in China. Our econometric results show that income growth can induce less use of biomass and more use of coal and modern fuels. However, no evidence shows that even wealthy households has abandoned biomass use in Shanxi, mainly due to the “free” access to land and agricultural resources in these villages. Previous wealth of a household represented by house value can lead to more time spent on biomass collection. Access to land resources has positive effects on biomass use and collection. Other key variables include education, household size, the number of elderly members, and coal price. We also find huge differences between villages, indicating the importance of access to agricultural resources and markets.

Populus allba and Calligonum mongolicunl farmland shelterbelt was planted in a moving sandy land outside newly reclaimed farmland in Hotan region.HOBO anemoscope,hygrograph,thermograph and sand sampler were set in the front and back of the shelterbelt,and the apparatus were conducted to determine the protection benefits of the farmland shelterbelt.The study was expected to provide a theoretical basis for building the outside protection forest and rationally exploiting and utilizing land resources in the deserted area.Results showed that wind-break potency of the shelterbelt decreased with the height.When wind velocity was greater than 6m/s,wind-break potencies for the Populus alba belt and Calligonum mongolicunl belt at the height of 0.5mwere 67.2%and 94.5%and at the height of 3m,31% and 33%,respectively. Wind-break potency decreased with wind velocity and the Populus alba belt's effect was more obvious. Farmland shelterbelt played an important role in decreasing wind velocity and reducing wind erosion,and sand transportation in the shelterbelt was about 10%as compared with mobile sandy land.Besides,radiation and temperature were decreased,and humidity was increased sharply under the shelterbelt.Farmland shelterbelt plays an effective role in decreasing wind velocity,fixing mobile sandy land and optimizing the microclimate.

Ушбу мақолада “Ўзбекистон темир йўллари” AЖнинг локомотив паркида мавжуд бўлган ва ҳозирги кунда фойдаланилаётган тортув ҳаракат таркиби турларини техник таҳлили келтириб ўтилган. Локомотивлардан фойдаланиш шартлари ва хизмат муддатини ўтаб бўлган локомотивларни асосий рама конструксиясини диагностика қилиш орқали қолдиқ хизмат муддатини аниқлаш тартиби келтириб ўтилган.

We present a spatial scoping indicator of the potential impacts of an all-inclusive taxi service as part of a plausible but hypothetical Mobility as a Service (MaaS) package in Manchester UK. Our indicator identifies the number of people in each area who have some potential for mode shift from walking, cycling, public transport or car commuting to an all-inclusive taxi service within a MaaS package. We find the method quick and straightforward. In our case study, potential to shift from walk to an all-inclusive taxi service within a MaaS package is almost double the potential shift away from car, which represents a risk of increased car use.

Ушбу мақолада темир йўл транспортида йўловчи ташиш фаолиятининг ривожланишини қамраб олувчи асосий йўналишлар таҳлил қилинган. 2014‐2023 йиллар давомида йўловчи ташишнинг статистик кўрсаткичлари, даромад ва харажатлар динамикаси, шунингдек, инфратузилма харажатлари юзасидан тўлиқ маълумотлар муҳокама қилинган.Мақолада темир йўл билан ташилган йўловчилар сони ва уларнинг айланмаси бўйича статистик таҳлиллар олиб борилган. Йўловчилар сонининг ўзгариши, даромаднинг ўсиши ва харажатларнинг динамикаси, шунингдек, йўловчи ташишдан кўрилган зарарлар таҳлил қилинган. Ушбу маълумотлардан келиб чиқиб, темир йўл транспортида йўловчи ташиш фаолиятидаги асосий муаммоларни аниқлаш ва уларнинг ечимларини таклиф этиш мақсад қилинган.Мақолада, темир йўл транспорти соҳасида замонавий технологияларни жорий этиш, кадрларнинг малакасини ошириш, ва йўловчиларга хизмат кўрсатишни такомиллаштириш орқали йўловчи ташиш фаолиятини янада яхшилаш йўллари тавсия этилган. Шунингдек, йўловчи ташиш фаолиятини ривожлантириш учун инфратузилма таклифлари ва иқтисодий барқарорликни таъминлаш учун керакли стратегик чоралар ҳақида маълумотлар берилган.Тадқиқотнинг натижалари темир йўл транспортини ривожлантириш учун самарали стратегияларни ишлаб чиқишда муҳим аҳамиятга эга бўлиб, йўловчи ташишни жадал ривожлантириш, иқтисодий самарадорликни ошириш ва йўловчилар учун қулайликларни яратишда ўз ўрнини топади.

Based on structural reliability theory,the influence of highway overload vehicles on the safety of RC flexural members is examined. First,setting the dead load and vehicular load as the most basic load combination for safety analysis and introducing vehicular live load influence coefficient, the structural performance function with several levels of overloaded live loads is built,and a mathematical model for analyzing the safety of bridges is presented based on the single second-order moment method. Then,based on the limit state design expressions of the bearing capacity of RC flexural members specified in 85 edition and04 edition of bridge design specifications,according to the statistical parameters of resistances and load effect suggested by Unified Standard for Reliability Design of Highway Engineering Structures,the influence of different live load influence coefficient on the reliability index of RC flexural members is calculated. The calculation result indicates that( 1) the overload vehicles has significant impact on the reliability index of RC flexural members;( 2) given the value of live load coefficient,the greater ratio of vehicular live load effect to dead load effect adopted in the design of bridges will result in greater overload effect on structural safety of existing bridges.

Maqolada simsiz zaryadlash tizimining umumiy va prinsipial sxemalari haqida ma’lumot berilgan hamda simsiz zaryadlash texnologiyasining tasniflanishida induktiv aloqa, magnit-rezonansli aloqa texnologiyalari, ularning umumiy tushunchalariga e’tibor qaratilgan.

<strong>Anotatsiya</strong>: Ushbu maqola hozigi zamonda avtomobillar avlodining almashinuvi, balki eski avlodning yangi ya`ni ellektromobilga aylanishi haqida so`z yuritadi. Unda avvalgi va keyingi avlod haqida, ular orasidagi “oraliq formalar” borasida ilmiy bahhslar yuritiladi

Ushbu maqolamizda сhet tillarini (ingiz tili) о‘rganish va о‘qitishda zamonaviy texnologiyalardan о‘rinli foydalanish va о‘qituvchning о‘z ustida izlanishi, ma’suliyatni his etishi, darslarga yangiliklar kiritishi, darsning qiziqarli va jonli bо‘lishini ta’minlashi haqida yozilgan. Mamlakatimizda taʼlim muassalari hamda, nodavlat oʼquv muassasalarida bugungi kunda chet tillarini oʼrganishga boʼlgan yehtiyoz tufayli сhet tillarini (ingiz tili) oʼqitishning zamonaviy texnologiyalar yordamida, yangicha metologiyalardan foydalanib fundamental, lingvosotsiomadaniy, kommunikativ metodlar qiyosiy tahlil etilgan, ularning taʼlim jarayonidagi oʼrni va ahamiyati koʼrsatilib ilmiy chiqatdan yoritilgan.zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalardan foydalangan holda talabalarni сhet tillarini (ingiz tili) ga oʼrgatishning yoʼllari haqida fikr yuritilgan. Аsosiy eʼtibor tinglab tushunish, uyda mutolaa kilish kabi aspektlarga qaratilgan.

<em>“Vatan” kontseptining o‘zbek tilida badiiy matnlar yordamida voqealanishi</em><em> o‘rganilgan. Maqolada Rasul Gamzatovning ijodiga mansub she’r va badiiy matnlar tahlil qilingan. Muallif Vatan kontseptining yadrosini va pereferiya sinonimik qatorlarini matnlarda ko‘rsatib taxlil qilgan.</em>

Ushbu maqolada avtomobil yo‗llari qoplamasi ravonligini o‗lchashning <br> mavjud usullari ketma ketligi yoritilgan bo‗lib, qoplama ravonligini o‗lchashning mavjud usullari <br> va yuqori aniqlikda ishlaydigan zamonaviy texnalogiyalari keltirilgan

<em>Мақолада профессионал ҳайдовчиларни тайёрлаш, қайта тайёрлаш ва муайян касбга танлашда инсонларнинг психофизиологик ҳусусиятлари, автомобилларнинг эксплуатацион кўрсаткичларини инобатга олган ҳолда, индивидуал ёндашишни ўрганиш, таҳлил қилиш ва керакли кўрсмалар бериш бўйича тавсиялар муҳокама қилинган.</em>

Maqolada yo‘l harakati xavfsizligi sohasida yangi yo‘nalish: tadbirkorlik faoliyati turlari va bu yangi faoliyatni baholash, hamda mazkur faoliyatni tashkil etishning ustuvor yo‘nalishlari keltirilgan

Ushbu maqolaninganing natijalarini bayon qilishda yordamchi bo’lgan asosiy tushunchalar, xususan, kompakt fazo ta’rifi, kompakt fazo xossalari teoremalari isboti bilan keltirilgan, asosiy qismida esa chekli topologiyali fazolarning salmog’i, zichligi, kuchsiz zichligi, shanin va oldshanin sonlari ta’riflari, teoremalari isboti keltirildi hamda misollar orqali bayon qilindi.

Bugungi shiddat bilan o‗zgarib <br> borayotgan dunyoda tezlik eng muhim <br> ko‗rsatkichlardan biridir. Albatta, bu ko‗rsatkich<br> jamiyatning barcha sohalariga, jumladan, <br> transport sohasiga ham tegishli. Ya‘ni, <br> yo‗lovchilar oqimining tezligi, yuk oqimining <br> tezligi, yo‗lning o‗tkazuvchanligi, yo‗llarda <br> tirbandlikning mavjudligi va shunga o‗xshash <br> ko‗p ko‗rsatkichlar ko‗chalarda <br> harakatlanadigan transport vositalarining <br> tezligiga bog‗liq. Ushbu sanab o‗tilgan <br> holatlarning normal bo‗lishiga yordam <br> beradigan ko‗plab omillar mavjud. Ushbu <br> omillardan biri avtomobillarni ko‗cha bo‗ylab <br> to‗xtash joyidir. Bu omil mamlakatimizda <br> bo‗lgani kabi dunyoda ham tez o‗sib borayotgan <br> muammolardan biridir. Bugungi kunda <br> mamlakatimizda, jumladan, poytaxt Toshkentda <br> transport vositalari soni jadal sur‘atlar bilan <br> o‗sib bormoqda. 2012-yilda O‗zbekistonda har <br> 1000 kishiga to‗g‗ri keladigan avtomobillar soni <br> 59 tani [1], 2018-yilda bu ko‗rsatkich 74 tani <br> tashkil etgan [2]. 2025 yilga borib <br> O‗zbekistonda har 1000 kishiga 237 ta <br> avtomobil to‗g‗ri kelishi taxmin qilingan. <br> Natijada shaharning markaziy ko‗chalarida <br> tirbandliklar yuzaga kelib, yo‗lning <br> o‗tkazuvchanligi pasaymoqda. Albatta, bunga <br> ko‗plab omillar sabab bo‗lmoqda, ulardan biri <br> transport vositalarining shahar markaziy <br> ko‗chalarida qatnov qismi bo‗ylab to‗xtab <br> turishi. Masalan, poytaxt Toshkentning bir qator <br> asosiy ko‗chalarini kuzatadigan bo‗lsak, viloyat <br> markazlari ko‗chalarida ham kuzatilishi <br> mumkin bo‗lgan bunday holatlarni ko‗p <br> uchratamiz.

<em>Turli imorat va inshootlarlarni barpo etishda, yigʼma ¬temir beton qurilmalar uchrashgan joylarda choklar hosil boʼladi (yopmalar, devor panellari na boshqalar), bu choklarni joylashgan joyga qarab turli usul va turli materiallar bilan berkitiladi. Yigʼma temir beton qurilma choklarini berkitish ishlarini sifati oʼz navbatida barpo etilinayotgan imorat va inshootlari mustaxkamligiga bogʼliqdir.</em>

<em>Ishda </em><em>videokuzatuv tizimi</em><em>ning rivojlanish bosqichlari va</em><em> videokuzatuv tizimi turli xil masalalariin hal etishda</em><em> qollanilishi hamda </em><em>a</em><em>vtomatlashtirilgan videokuzatuv tizimida</em> <em>videotasvirlarni qayta ishlashning blok-sxemasi</em><em> analiz qilingan.</em>