Minnesota State Community and Technical College

Abstract Routine use of QFL, QpLsmLvm, and LmLsLv plate-tectonic provenance diagrams has led to the recognition of error populations. For these sandstones, the interpretation of tectonic setting based on data exclusive of petrography does not coincide with the interpretation of tectonic setting based on their location on compositional diagrams. The anomalous sandstones can be separated into at least four categories: i) sandstones deposited during the transition between tectonic regimes may be derived, in part, from relict source rocks; ii) the relative enrichment of sandstones in detrital quartz by weathering and/or depositional reworking may lead to an inaccurate interpretation of tectonic setting from compositional data; iii) sandstones deposited in tectonic settings as yet unrepresented on the provenance diagrams may plot between the provenance fields or overlap existing fields; iv) the role of detrital carbonate rock fragments directly affects the location of data points on provenance diagrams, and is an unresolved problem. The first two categories represent permanent problems in the use of sandstone composition as an indicator of plate-tectonic setting, whereas the last two may only be temporary problems that can be solved by more data and a consensus on determining detrital modes. Recognition of anomalous sandstones in the rock record will reduce the probability of erroneous interpretations of tectonic setting and enhance the use of sandstone petrology as an indicator of plate-tectonic setting.

Does the information available to the clini-cal psychologist through his tests and other resources, as in the psychodiagnostic process, provide him with a significant amount of un-derstanding of the patients about whom he is asked to make judgments, descriptive and diagnostic statements, and for whom he is asked to make decisions? This question im-plies others: (a) if significant insights into patients are possible via the information avail-able to the psychologist, which kinds of data contribute most to an adequate level of un-derstanding, (b) what is the relationship be-tween the amount of data available to the clinician and the degree of insight he achieves, and (c) is it possible to identify most effi-cient batteries of tests and/or other data. More precisely, we see that it is not only the data themselves in which we are interested but the data as they are used by the psy-chologist. As Kelly (1954) has noted, the in-troduction of the human element into the assessment process means that the techniques of assessment (tests, data) have validity which is not independent of the assessor. The problem is, then, one of evaluation of inter-action between data and user. 1 This paper is based upon the doctoral disserta-

The role of organic matter in mechanisms of base metal transport during Mississippi Valley-type mineralization is not well understood. Evidence from field, experimental, and theoretical studies suggests that ore metals may be transported as organic complexes in Mississippi Valley-type ore fluids. However, specific ligands capable of concentrating significant quantities of lead and zinc in these ore solutions have not been identified. As a preliminary evaluation of metal transport by metal-organic complexing, activities of lead and zinc complexes involving nine carboxylate ligands (acetate, propionate, n-butyrate, phthalate, oxalate, tartronate, malate, D-tartrate, and salicylate) have been calculated for PbS- and ZnS-saturated, average ore solutions (those proposed by Giordano and Barnes, 1981) at 100 degrees and 200 degrees C. Calculated concentrations of lead and zinc in all of the complexes considered are well below the 10 ppm (10 (super -4) ) molal) minimum required to form an ore deposit.To ascertain the nature of other organic ligands which may have contributed significantly to base metal transport during Mississippi Valley-type mineralization, speciations of acetate, phthalate, and salicylate were calculated for three different average ore fluids at, or near, 100 degrees C. Results suggest that for weakly alkaline, sulfide-rich ore solutions, organic ligands should have stability constants for 1:1 and 1:2 base metal complexes of at least 10 10 and 10 20 , respectively. Such high stabilities would not be required if actual ore fluids were more acid or more oxidized, contained lower amounts of inorganic sulfide, or contained specific organic ligands at concentrations greater than 10 (super -4) molal. In addition to carboxylate, or similar complexes, metal-organic sulfide complexes may have provided a mechanism to transport significant quantities of lead, zinc, and reduced sulfur in Mississippi Valley-type ore solutions.

are chemisorbed on the buckled bismuthene with large charge transfer and strong adsorption energy. After adsorption, charges are transferred from buckled bismuthene to the molecules and the quantum conductance is changed by the adsorbed molecules. Furthermore, the work function of buckled bismuthene is changed with the adsorption of different molecules. Our results show that the electronic, transport and optical properties of buckled bismuthene are sensitive to the adsorption of gas molecules, which suggests that buckled bismuthene holds great potential for application in gas sensors.

This study examined the effects of macronutrient diets on sleep quantity and quality. Using a repeated-measures, randomized crossover study design, 36 young adults served as their own control, and consumed high protein, carbohydrate, fat, and control diets. Treatment orders were counterbalanced across the dietary groups. Following consumption of the study diets, sleep measures were examined for within-subject differences. Fatty acid intakes and serum lipids were further analyzed for differences. Sleep actigraphs indicated wake times and wake minutes (after sleep onset) were significantly different when comparing consumption of macronutrient diets and a control diet. Post hoc testing indicated high carbohydrate intakes were associated with significantly shorter (p < .001) wake times. Also, the Global Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index© post hoc results indicated high fat intake was associated with significantly better (p < .05) sleep in comparison with the other diets. These results highlight the effects that dietary manipulations may have on sleep.

Abstract In southwestern New Mexico, Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) rocks grade southward from nonmarine siliciclastics (Abo and Earp Formations) to marine carbonates (Hueco and Horquilla Formations). A transitional zone between siliciclastic and carbonate facies trends east-northeast across southwestern New Mexico and consists of 64 to 186 m of cyclically interbedded siliciclastic and carbonate rocks, which were deposited in tidal-flat and shallow-marine environments. Shallow-marine facies include fossiliferous limestone and olive-gray shale. Tidal-flat facies consist of 1) ripple-laminated sandstone, which was deposited on intertidal sandflats near mean low tide, 2) mixed sandstone-shale, which was deposited on an intertidal flat shoreward of the ripple-laminated sandstone facies, and 3) nodular shale, which is characterized by pedogenic calcareous nodules and was deposited in a supratidal setting. The intertidal facies are truncated by or grade laterally into rare channel sandstones, which represent tidal-creek or estuarine facies. In addition to siliciclastic tidal-flat deposits, a few beds of laminated carbonate also were deposited in the intertidal zone. Vertical sequence analysis aids in delineating three types of depositional cycles. Asymmetrical cycles display the vertical sequence: basal fossiliferous limestone--olive-gray shale--ripple-laminated sandstone--mixed sandstone-shale--nodular shale, and record shoreline progradation. The asymmetrical cycle is always overlain by fossiliferous limestone, which indicates a major transgression that inhibited siliciclastic sedimentation. A common symmetrical cycle consists of fossiliferous limestone--olive-gray shale--ripple-laminated sandstone--olive-gray shale--fossiliferous limestone, and indicates systematic seaward and landward migration of facies zones associated with small-scale sea-level changes. A less common symmetrical cycle involves laminated carbonate--fossiliferous limestone--laminated carbonate. Cyclic sedimentation in Abo-Hueco transitional strata is most likely the result of glacial eustatic sea-level fluctuations.

Abstract Studies in the Appalachian fold and thrust belt and Black Warrior foreland basin in Alabama indicate deposition of two converging clastic wedges. A northeastward-prograding clastic wedge (Floyd-Pride Mountain-Hartselle-Parkwood) reached Alabama by late Meramecian time; progradation continued with deposition of the Lower Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation. A southwestward-prograding clastic wedge (Pennington-Pottsville) appeared in Alabama in late Mississippian. Foliated quartz-mica rock fragments, unstable polycrystalline quartz, pelitic rock fragments, and polycyclic monocrystalline quartz suggest that the largest and/or most proximal source-rock province was a low-grade metamorphic and sedimentary fold-thrust belt. Detrital chert suggests derivation from a subduction complex or from bedded chert incorporated in a fold-thrust belt. Andesitic + or - basaltic and dacitic volcanic rock fragments indicate the presence of an arc complex. A complex source terrain produced by juxtaposition of a fold-thrust belt, subduction complex, and arc suggests collision of the Alabama promontory of the southern margin of North America with an arc or with a microcontinent and associated continental-margin arc.--Modified journal abstract.

Abstract The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of caliche in fluvial and supratidal rocks of the Abo Formation (Permian), south-central New Mexico, is controlled by paleoclimate and depositional environment. Fluvial caliche consists of low-Mg calcite nodules and vertically oriented tubules that display stage II texture. Micrite matrix support, brecciation, ooids/pisoliths, aveolar-septal texture, and peloids are common in the fluvial caliche and, along with red color and slickensides in the host shale, indicate pedogenesis in a well-oxidized vadose zone. In contrast, periodic waterlogging of the supratidal paleosols, probably due to high water table, is indicated by drab colors, carbonaceous flecks, horizontal rhizoliths, and the paucity of vadose textures in the stage II caliche nodules. Stable oxygen isotopes are similar in the fluvial and supratidal caliches and range from 21.6 to 30.5 per thousand (SMOW). The data exhibit a crude bimodality and delta 18 O enrichment with a decrease in age (higher in the section). Consideration of these data in the context or delta -temperature relations suggests that 1) surface waters responsible for caliche formation increased in delta 18 O (from roughly -8 to + 1 per thousand ) over the 18 m.y. time interval that separated the lowest stratigraphic nodule horizon from the highest, 2) the increasing delta 18 O values also reflect a warming trend (approximately 15 degrees to nearly 3 degrees C) in the mean monthly temperature over this same time period, with perhaps an associated increase in Permian ocean temperatures, and 3) the significant variation in delta 18 O from oldest to youngest caliche was probably enhanced by the "amount" effect, such that as the temperature increased, the amount of precipitation decreased, resulting in high delta 18 O values. Caliches in the Abo are enriched in heavy carbon (-7.2 to -1.5 per thousand PDB) compared to that of soil carbonate derived exclusively from C, plants (-12 per thousand PDB), and the supratidal caliches contain somewhat heavier carbon compared to the fluvial caliche. The delta 13 C values for both environments increase with a decrease in caliche age. These results indicate that as the temperature increased and rainfall decreased with time, the level of C 3 plant productivity apparently declined, allowing a greater influx of atmospheric CO 2 into the soil. This can only occur when soil respiration rates are quite low or at very shallow depths (less than 10 cm), or both. Atmospheric CO 2 seems to have invaded the supratidal soils to a somewhat greater extent than the fluvial soils.

Abstract Conditions of tectonics and drainage in north-central Georgia provide an excellent natural laboratory to study the composition of stream sand derived from a low-grade metamorphic and sedimentary foreland fold-thurst belt under humid climatic conditions. The streams head in a high-relief phyllite, schist, and metasandstone terrain and flow westward across a bounding fault into lower relief Paleozoic shales, cherty carbonates, and quartz arenites. The relative abundance of the source rock types in the drainage basin of each sample site was determined and a "source rock ratio" was calculated as the ratio of the area underlain by metamorphic rock to the total area of the drainage basin. Low-grade metamorphic source rocks supply subequal amounts of monocrystalline quartz, polycrystalline quartz. and foliated quartz-mica rock fragments to stream sediment, whereas sand from the sedimentary source terrain consists primarily of monocrystalline quartz, a surprisingly large number of pelitic rock fragments, and chert. Mixing of sediment from both source rock types is recognizable on the quartz provenance diagram of Young (1976) by a high instability index (unstable polycrystalline quartz/total polycrystalline quartz) and a low polycrystallinity index (polycrystalline/total quartz). This diagram is especially sensitive to the presence of sandstones as source rocks, which further decreases the polycrystallinity index. The ratio of metamorphic rock fragments to total rock fragments also is directly related to the source rock ratio. Modern sand derived from the foreland fold-thurst belt of north Georgia can be distinguished from Neogene subduction complex-derived sand and collision orogen-derived sand on QFL, LmLsLv, and QpLsmLvm provenance diagrams by containing less total feldspar, more total quartz, and no volcanic rock fragments. The concepts developed from the recent sand are applied to the Mississippian Parkwood Formation, Alabama, and the Cretaceous Muddy Formation, Montana. The results suggest that both sandstone units were derived from foreland fold-thrust belts but that the Parkwood source area contained a greater proportion of low-grade metamorphic source rocks than the source area of the Muddy.

Eosinophilic syncytial change (ESC), also known as papillary syncytial change, occurs in association with endometrial breakdown and bleeding, especially in nonphysiological conditions. When prominent, this morphological alteration yields a pattern of eosinophilic epithelial cells, often in pseudopapillary arrangements that can mimic cellular changes seen in metaplastic and atypical endometrium. To determine if ESC represents a proliferative, regenerative process or a degenerative, retrogressive alteration, we assessed whether the cells of ESC were actively growing. Our methodology involved a retrospective immunohistochemical study on endometrial biopsies with proliferation markers Ki-67 (MIB-1 antibody) and phosphohistone H3 Ser 28 (pHH3) in 15 cases of multifocal ESC associated with benign endometrium, 5 cases of atypical hyperplasia, and 7 cases of endometrial carcinoma. The Ki-67 proliferative index and the pHH3 mitotic index were calculated per 100 cells for each case. On immunohistochemical analysis, the Ki-67 labeling index was 1.3% for cases of ESC (mean age, 53 yr), 15.8% in atypical hyperplasia (mean age, 51.6 yr), and 42.6% in endometrial carcinoma (mean age, 68.1 yr). In the endometrial cancers, the Ki-67 proliferative index was 10.6% for FIGO grade 1 tumors (n=3), 27.6% for grade 2 tumor (n=1), and 79.6% for serous carcinoma (n=3). The mitotic index calculated from pHH3 immunostaining was zero in all cases of ESC, whereas it was 2.3% in atypical hyperplasia and 4.8% in endometrial carcinomas (2.4% for grade 1, 3% for grade 2, and 7.8% for serous). Our results indicate that ESC is a regressive change. Furthermore, when there is a question of whether eosinophilic endometrial epithelium represents this change, a combination of Ki-67 and pHH3 immunostains can be helpful in distinguishing this entity from more significant processes including carcinoma.

Abstract For a set of 20 male graduate student Es, the experimental hypotheses held were significant partial determinants of the responses Ss produced for Es. This effect of Es' hypotheses was more marked among Es made more conscious of their experimental procedure when collecting data from female Ss. Male Ss were found to be less susceptible than female Ss to the biasing effects of Es' hypotheses. Unexpected was the finding that for a minority of Es (15%) the data they obtained from their Ss were significantly opposite to the data they expected to obtain.

Much of the criminological literature testing rational choice theory has utilized hypothetical scenarios presented to university students. Although this research generally supports rational choice theory, a common criticism is that conclusions from these studies may not generalize to samples of actual offenders. This study proceeds to examine this issue in two steps. First, a traditional sample of university students is examined to determine how various costs and benefits relate to their hypothetical likelihood of offending. Then the same data collection procedures are employed with a somewhat different sample of younger, adjudicated, and institutionalized offenders to determine whether the conclusions drawn from the student sample generalize to this offender sample. Results generally suggest that the content and process of hypothetical criminal decision making differ in the sample of known offenders relative to the university students. Limitations of the current study, as well as suggestions for future research, are discussed.

Abstract Two experiments are reported in which changes in Es' (N = 11) experimental hypotheses led to changes in the data they obtained from their Ss-(N = 87). Monitoring of Es' experimental procedure sometimes led to an increase, sometimes to a decrease in the effects of Es' expectancies. For both experiments male. Es significantly exerted the expected biasing effects upon both their male and female Ss. Female Es similarly influenced their female Ss but obtained data from their male Ss significantly opposite to the direction of their hypotheses.

A 12 yr old castrated male Yorkshire terrier was presented with a history of an inoperable pheochromocytoma. Physical examination revealed a large, midabdominal mass. Neurologic examination was normal at presentation. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed a 215 cm(3) mass in the region of the right kidney. Forty-eight hours after IV injection of 370 megabecquerels (MBq, equivalent to10 millicuries [mCi]) of metaiodobenzylguanidine labeled with radioactive iodine ([(131)I]MIBG), standard planar scintigraphy was performed. A diffuse area of moderate uptake was noted in the midabdominal region. The dog experienced stable disease for 1.5 mo after injection based on a follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan; however, 5 mo after injection, repeat CT imaging revealed progression of the tumor, and a second IV injection of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of [(131)I]MIBG was administered. The dog died 3 wk after the second injection as a result of gastrointestinal blood loss that was believed to be caused by compression-induced bowel ischemia by the mass. A full necropsy was not performed, but the mass was removed for histologic evaluation, which confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. This report is the first to document the treatment of canine pheochromocytoma using [(131)I]MIBG.

ABSTRACT Mississippian clastic rocks in the Appalachian fold and thrust belt and Black Warrior foreland basin in northern Alabama are in the eastern part of a regionally extensive clastic wedge of Mississippian-Pennsylvanian age. The wedge thins onto the North American craton from the southern Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic belt and, like other clastic wedges along the orogen, may be interpreted to indicate uplift of a sediment source along the evolving orogenic belt. Mississippian clastic sediment in Alabama probably was derived from a provenance on the southwest within the Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic belt. However, an alternative interpretation proposes that the Mississippian clastic sediment was derived from a source on the north (unrelated to the Appalachian-Ouachita orogen) and transported southward through the Illinois basin into the Black Warrior basin of northern Alabama. Petrographic data from outcrops of the two most sandstone-rich clastic units in the Mississippian of Alabama, the Hartselle Sandstone and Parkwood Formation, as well as compositional comparisons of the Hartselle-Parkwood sandstones with approximate time-equivalent sandstones in the Illinois basin, provide for discrimination between the alternative interpretations of provenance. Sandstones of the Parkwood Formation are lithic arenites (Q80F2R18) that contain metamorphic rock fragments and unstable polycrystalline quartz, indicating a low-rank metamorphic source. Lesser amounts of chert, pelitic rock fragments, and sandstone rock fragments suggest a secondary contribution from sedimentary source rocks. The Parkwood also has a minor component of volcanic rock fragments. The Hartselle Sandstone is mainly quartzarenite; compositional maturation was the result of marine depositional reworking. Despite the low concentration of labile grains, Hartselle samples contain high ratios of metamorphic to pelitic rock fragments and unstable to stable polycrystalline quartz. These data demonstrate a close affinity between the Hartselle and Parkwood sandstones. The rock-fragment and quartz populations of the Hartselle and Parkwood sandstones indicate an orogenic provenance. The petrographic data and distribution of the clastic facies combine to indicate an orogenic source terrane southwest of the Black Warrior basin. Mississippian sandstones of the Illinois basin generally are sublitharenites (Q92F1R7), and the predominant lithic grains are chert and pelitic rock fragments, indicating a sedimentary source terrane. These data suggest that the Hartselle-Parkwood sandstones and Illinois basin sandstones were not derived from the same source but are consistent with the interpretation that Hartselle-Parkwood sediments were derived from an orogenic belt on the southwest while clastic sediment was supplied from the craton on the north to the Illinois basin. The orogenic provenance of Mississippian clastic sediments in Alabama demonstrates evolution of the Appalachian-Ouachita orogenic belt during the Mississippian.

There is a growing need for valid and reliable measures to monitor the efficacy of undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) reform initiatives. The Classroom Observation Protocol for Undergraduate STEM (COPUS) is a widely used tool originally designed to measure the presence of overt instructor and student behaviors. It has subsequently been used to characterize instruction along a continuum from didactic to student centered, and more recently to categorize instruction into one of three styles. Initiatives focused on professional development often support instructors' progression from didactic to student-centered styles. There is a need to examine COPUS instructional styles in terms of behaviors that research has shown to improve student learning. Formative assessment is a research-based practice that involves behaviors accounted for by the COPUS (e.g., posing a question). We qualitatively compared the formative assessment behaviors in 16 biology class sessions categorized into each of the three COPUS styles. We were unable to detect differences in formative assessment behaviors between the COPUS styles. Caution should be taken when interpreting COPUS data to make inferences about the effects of reform efforts. This study underscores the need for additional measures to monitor national reform initiatives in undergraduate STEM.

Cobalamin-binding proteins in saliva and in serum were determined in 28 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (primary SS), 8 patients with secondary SS and 20 matched healthy controls. The unsaturated transcobalamin II level in serum was significantly increased in patients with secondary SS. The unsaturated cobalamin binding capacity in saliva was increased in patients with primary SS. Considerable interindividual variations were found between patients and in the control group. The local production of cobalamin-binding proteins in SS was sufficient to achieve concentrations in saliva comparable to the control group. The cobalamin-binding capacity in saliva was significantly correlated to the albumin concentration in both primary and secondary SS patients, suggesting a defect in the aqueous phase.

Behavioral techniques facilitated the community integration of a young adult with severe mental retardation, which was jeopardized due to his noncompliance and severe aggression. Positive reinforcement and nonexclusionary timeout were employed to address noncompliance in his school and home environments. At school positive reinforcement was provided whenever the client walked a specified distance while either entering or leaving the school building without sitting down. If the client did sit down inappropriately, he was placed in a 5-minute nonexclusionary time-out. A similar procedure was carried out at home by the client's mother. Results showed that inappropriate sitting decreased and eventually reached a zero level. The program also reduced his aggression, which was prompted by physical carrying by others.

The literature concerning the effects of chlorpromazine on basic psychological processes has been concerned primarily with problems involving the acquisition or retention of conditioned emotional behavior (5, 6) . The present report deals with a study of the effects of two dose levels of chlorpromazine on speed of learning a black-white discrimination, a learning problem which may be considered to be non-emotional as compared, for example, with gridshock motivated responses. METHOD Sabjects.-30 male albino rats of the Wistar strain between 90 and 100 days of age were divided into three groups and handled for 15 to 20 min. daily for 10 days prior to drug administration. Throughout the study Ss were fed 10 mg. per day of powdered Purina Dog Chow mixed 1:2 with water by weight at 10:OO p.m. For three days prior to the learning trials animals were in the apparatus for one-half hour where food was available in the goal compartments. Apparatu.r.-A Y-maze with a start box of 8 in., approach of 23 in., and choice alleys of 22 in. was used. It was 5 in. wide and 8 in. deep throughout. The entire maze was painted grey and was covered with hardware cloth which was hinged over the start and goal boxes. One door was white, the other black, with their positions varied during each day's trials following Hilgard ( 7 ) . The correct door could swing free and the incorrect door was blocked. The reward ( . l mg. of wet mash) was placed at the rear of the appropriate goal box. Light was provided by a 40-w bulb 10 in. above the choice point.

Abstract A marine seismic source is described which produces a continuous low-frequency (10-100 Hz) harmonic signal. High acoustic power levels ( approximately 20 kW) are reached by using a resonant system. The seismic source has been successfully tested in lake and ocean environments. Geophysical applications are discussed and modifications are described which would allow the source to be operated in a swept-frequency mode.