Modèles Dynamiques Corpus

Epistemic dialogues, involving explanation and argumentation, have been recog-nized as potential vehicles for conceptual understanding. Although the role of dia-logue in learning has received much attention, the problem of creating situations in which students engage in epistemic dialogue has only begun to be addressed. This ar-ticle highlights the set of factors that must be taken into account in designing a com-puter-supported collaborative learning situation that encourages students to discuss scientific notions. These factors include the choice of the domain issue, the activities proposed to students, and the role of technology. We describe the design of CON-NECT, an integrated environment and task sequence for the collaborative confronta-tion, negotiation, and construction of text. Results are then presented from a study in which students individually wrote an interpretation of a sound phenomenon, were matched in dyads so as to maximize semantic differences between their texts, and then collaboratively discussed and wrote common texts across the network using CONNECT. We show how careful engineering of the CONNECT environment fa-vors the occurrence of epistemic dialogue and creates opportunities for conceptual understanding. The discussion centers on why these opportunities might be missed, as well as on the conditions required for students to exploit them.

In this study, we concurrently investigated 3 possible causes of dyslexia-a phonological deficit, visual stress, and a reduced visual attention span-in a large population of 164 dyslexic and 118 control French children, aged between 8 and 13 years old. We found that most dyslexic children showed a phonological deficit, either in terms of response accuracy (92.1% of the sample), speed (84.8%), or both (79.3%). Deficits in visual attention span, as measured by partial report ability, affected 28.1% of dyslexic participants, all of which also showed a phonological deficit. Visual stress, as measured by subjective reports of visual discomfort, affected 5.5% of dyslexic participants, not more than controls (8.5%). Although phonological variables explained a large amount of variance in literacy skills, visual variables did not explain any additional variance. Finally, children with comorbid phonological and visual deficits did not show more severe reading disability than children with a pure phonological deficit. These results (a) confirm the importance of phonological deficits in dyslexia; (b) suggest that visual attention span may play a role, but a minor one, at least in this population; (c) do not support any involvement of visual stress in dyslexia. Among the factors that may explain some differences with previously published studies, the present sample is characterized by very stringent inclusion criteria, in terms of the severity of reading disability and in terms of exclusion of comorbidities. This may exacerbate the role of phonological deficits to the detriment of other factors playing a role in reading acquisition. (PsycINFO Database Record

Excessive release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is associated with disease severity and contributes to tissue injury, followed by severe organ damage. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of NET release reduces pathology in multiple inflammatory disease models, indicating that NETs are potential therapeutic targets. Here, we demonstrate using a preclinical basket approach that our therapeutic anti-citrullinated protein antibody (tACPA) has broad therapeutic potential. Treatment with tACPA prevents disease symptoms in various mouse models with plausible NET-mediated pathology, including inflammatory arthritis (IA), pulmonary fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease and sepsis. We show that citrulline residues in the N-termini of histones 2A and 4 are specific targets for therapeutic intervention, whereas antibodies against other N-terminal post-translational histone modifications have no therapeutic effects. Because citrullinated histones are generated during NET release, we investigated the ability of tACPA to inhibit NET formation. tACPA suppressed NET release from human neutrophils triggered with physiologically relevant human disease-related stimuli. Moreover, tACPA diminished NET release and potentially initiated NET uptake by macrophages in vivo, which was associated with reduced tissue damage in the joints of a chronic arthritis mouse model of IA. To our knowledge, we are the first to describe an antibody with NET-inhibiting properties and thereby propose tACPA as a drug candidate for NET-mediated inflammatory diseases, as it eliminates the noxious triggers that lead to continued inflammation and tissue damage in a multidimensional manner.

La thèse doctorale de Sanford Schane (1965) a lancé une longue tradition de travaux où la liaison est envisagée premièrement comme une question essentiellement phonologique, deuxièmement comme le résultat passif du non effacement de segments sous-jacents, troisièmement comme facilement explicable si on a recours aux outils théoriques pertinents (traits, frontières, règles ou contraintes, par exemple). Dans cet article, nous présentons une autre méthodologie pour étudier la liaison fondée sur le programme PFC (Phonologie du Français Contemporain : usages, variétés et structures) . Nous soutenons qu’une base empirique plus adéquate fournit une image différente de la liaison comme un phénomène multi-factoriel et multi-niveaux largement influencé par des effets de fréquence. Nous présentons un ensemble de résultats allant de l’enchaînement au rôle de l’âge, du niveau d’études, du sexe ou de la localisation géographique.

Abstract This book examines the variation found in modern spoken French, based on the research programme ‘Phonology of Contemporary French’ (Phonologie du Français Contemporain, PFC). Extensive data are drawn from around the French-speaking world, including Algeria, Canada, Louisiana, Mauritius, and Switzerland. Although the principal focus is on differences in pronunciation, the authors also analyse the spoken language at all levels from sound to meaning. The book is accompanied by a website hosting audio-visual material for teaching purposes, data, and a variety of tools for working with corpora. The first part of the book outlines some key concepts and approaches to the description of spoken French. Part II is devoted to the study of individual samples of spoken French from around the world, covering phonological and grammatical features as well as lexical and cultural aspects. The companion website provides a classroom-friendly ready-to-use multimedia version of the 17 chapters in this part, as well as a full transcription of each extract and the sound files. Part III looks at inter- and intra-speaker variation: the opening chapters provide a methodological background to the study of phonological variation using databases, while in the second section, authors present case studies of a number of PFC survey points, including Paris, the Central African Republic, and Québec. Varieties of Spoken French will be an invaluable resource for researchers, teachers, and students of all aspects of French language and linguistics.

In the area of large speech corpora, there is a definite need for common prosodic notation system based on efficient (semi)automating tools of prosodic segmentation and labelling.In this context, we present the software program ANALOR, developed in order to process semi-automatically prosodic data.From a text-sound alignment, this computer tool detects major prosodic units, on the basis of global and local melodic variations.That leads to the segmentation of an utterance in prosodic periods.Inside those prosodic periods, prominent syllables are then automatically detected.

International audience

Résumé Dans cet article, nous avons souhaité proposer un parcours des différents niveaux et des différentes modalités d’un trouble qui se manifeste lorsque la langue défaille. Il apparaît ainsi qu’au-delà des atteintes proprement linguistiques, affectant la langue dans sa dimension structurelle, le trouble peut également concerner les dimensions du discours et de la signification. En prenant comme point de départ des conduites narratives d’enfants au langage troublé, nous montrons que c’est l’usage du langage dans leur façon de configurer des significations interprétables qui peut se révéler inadéquat. L’ensemble des analyses souligne ce faisant que ces enfants s’inscrivent en porte à faux dans l’intersubjectivité discursive.

Cet article présente une réflexion sur la notion de variation syntaxique, en s’appuyant essentiellement sur des études existantes concernant les français parlés hors de France (français périphériques). Il montre d’abord que les études effectuées jusqu’à présent (qui demeurent en nombre insuffisant) relèvent de quelques types, qui vont de la monographie locale à l’étude comparée d’un phénomène grammatical contrastés entre français localisé et français standard, mais qui comportent rarement des objectifs de comparaison de phénomènes de zone à zone. Il reste donc encore beaucoup à apprendre sur les phénomènes variationnels du français, si l’on considère cette langue selon toute l’amplitude de ses potentialités. L’objectif ultime, au-delà d’un inventaire de ces traits variationnels, est de comprendre les ressorts de la variation, aussi bien du point de vue interne que du point de vue du contact.

Nous proposons un modele descriptif des formes de la resolution cooperante de problemes en dyade, avec les mecanismes d'apprentissage qui y sont associes. La resolution cooperante de problemes est analysee selon trois dimensions fondamentales et graduelles: la symetrie, l'alignement et l'accord. La premiere dimension renvoie a la distribution de roles transactionnels, la deuxieme a la coordination des actions, et la troisieme a la resolution de desaccords. La combinaison des trois dimensions produit un espace de huit formes principales de cooperation, au sein desquelles nous situons la collaboration. Des analyses comparatives de sequences d'interactions illustrent les relations entre les dimensions. Enfin, nous discutons des mecanismes d'apprentissage associes aux formes de cooperation, et nous proposons des extensions du modele pour analyser des groupes plus etendues.

International audience

Ouvrage de vulgarisation

The successful application of instrumented borehole drilling techniques in offshore exploration has encouraged its further use on-shore as a ground investigation tool. The drilling of holes for grouting tubes creates the potential for obtaining supplementary ground information, which may be valuable to the succeeding tunnel construction. The instrumented drilling system was therefore investigated to determine its power to discriminate between ground strata. The configuration of the drilling system in terms of plant, equipment, and testing procedures was standardized and applied at a site in Kennington Park in London. The general characteristics of the measured drilling parameters are given and qualitative and quantitative methods of interpreting the drilling parameters are demonstrated. The possible soil–machine interactions that are responsible for the measured drilling characteristics are examined. A new method of data interpretation is proposed for identifying soil formation changes. Previously published correlations and analyses of drilling were examined and tested by comparing the trend-lines of drilling data in London clay against known undrained strength data. The degree of correlation was found to be limited.

Phonologie; Français

Olfaction is characterized by a salient hedonic dimension. Previous studies have shown that these affective responses to odors are modulated by physicochemical, physiological, and cognitive factors. The present study examined expertise influenced processing of pleasant and unpleasant odors on both perceptual and verbal levels. For this, performance on two olfactory tasks was compared between novices, trainee cooks, and experts (perfumers and flavorists): Members of all groups rated the intensity and pleasantness of pleasant and unpleasant odors (perceptual tasks). They were also asked to describe each of the 20 odorants as precisely as possible (verbal description task). On a perceptual level, results revealed that there were no group-related differences in hedonic ratings for unpleasant and pleasant odors. On a verbal level, descriptions of smells were richer (e.g., chemical, olfactory qualities, and olfactory sources terms) and did not refer to pleasantness in experts compared to untrained subjects who used terms referring to odor sources (e.g., candy) accompanied by terms referring to odor hedonics. In conclusion, the present study suggests that as novices, experts are able to perceptually discriminate odors on the basis of their pleasantness. However, on a semantic level, they conceptualize odors differently, being inclined to avoid any reference to odor hedonics.

Les participes, telle est la partie importante du discours qui va nous occuper ; les participes, l'pouvantail des enfants, la ressource consolante de l'ignorant pdagogue, le sujet de mditation du vrai grammairien ! (Bescherelle, Bescherelle et Litais de Gaux, Grammaire nationale, 1852, p. 667)

L’article expose, s’appuyant sur une base empirique large (33 heures de corpus PFC), à quel point le comportement des liquides post-consonantiques finales est conditionné par le lexique, et cela de manière comparable dans des variétés régionales très différentes (français méridional, antillais et parisien). Le taux d’élision de la liquide est, en effet, minimal dans le cas de entre , autour de la moyenne pour être , notre et autre(s) , et maximal pour par exemple , peut-être et par contre . Cela s’explique non par la fréquence de ces mots dans la parole, comme des études antérieures le suggèrent, mais par la fréquence d’apparition du mot en question dans les différents contextes prosodiques, qui, eux, sont liés à des facteurs morphosyntaxiques : plus un mot se trouve dans un contexte de forte cohésion morphosyntaxique et prosodique, plus la liquide sera maintenue – et l’inverse.

Divided into three main sections on Phonology, Syntax and Semantics, this new volume on variation in French aims to provide a snapshot of the state of sociolinguistic research inside and outside metropolitan France. From a diatopic perspective, varieties in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Africa and Canada are considered, mainly with respect to phonological features but also focusing on syntactic and lexical evolutions (the relative clause in Ivorian French and discourse markers in Canadian French). The acquisition of stylistic features of French figures in chapters on both first and second language learners and variation across different genres is addressed with respect to non-standard non-finite forms. Finally, a section on semantic change traces the way that interactional and other socio-historical factors affect word meaning. The volume will appeal to (socio-)linguists with an interest in contemporary French as well as to advanced undergraduates and post-graduate students of French and specialists in the field.

This article proposes a surface-syntactic annotation scheme called SUD that is near-isomorphic to the Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation scheme while following distributional criteria for defining the dependency tree structure and the naming of the syntactic functions. Rule-based graph transformation grammars allow for a bi-directional transformation of UD into SUD. The back-and-forth transformation can serve as an error-mining tool to assure the intralanguage and inter-language coherence of the UD treebanks.

C'est le problème des relations entre langage et inconscient qui est posé dans cet ouvrage, mais du côté de la linguistique, et non, comme il est beaucoup plus fréquent, du côté de la psychanalyse. On étudie notamment les relations entre les théories de Saussure, de Freud, de Damourette et Pichon et de Lacan.