National Diet Library

How rare are magic squares? So far, the exact number of magic squares of order n is only known for n ≤ 5. For larger squares, we need statistical approaches for estimating the number. For this purpose, we formulated the problem as a combinatorial optimization problem and applied the Multicanonical Monte Carlo method (MMC), which has been developed in the field of computational statistical physics. Among all the possible arrangements of the numbers 1; 2, …, n(2) in an n × n square, the probability of finding a magic square decreases faster than the exponential of n. We estimated the number of magic squares for n ≤ 30. The number of magic squares for n = 30 was estimated to be 6.56(29) × 10(2056) and the corresponding probability is as small as 10(-212). Thus the MMC is effective for counting very rare configurations.

This paper reports on a questionnaire survey of 16 national libraries designed to clarify how national libraries attempt to justify their web archiving activities. Results indicate they envisage that a) the benefits brought about by their initiatives are greater than the overall costs, b) the costs imposed on libraries are greater than the costs imposed on stakeholders, and c) all of them are making efforts to respond to legal risks in various ways (e.g. legislation, contracting and opt-out policies) although there are trade-off relations in terms of costs for negotiation, scope of access and size and scope of the web archive. The paper discusses whether a basic logic for justification of their web archiving is valid from the perspective of balancing cost—benefit. Further, it highlights the potential, underlying premises of the logic that motivates the intervention of national libraries as public sector organizations.

There are several barriers to communicate between deaf-blind people and non-disabled people. The communication method of deaf-blind people is totally different from the language of non-disabled people, so they can't communicate with each other directly. Most importantly, deaf-blind people can't understand whether a communication partner is nearby or not. We resolved these issues by developing a system in which deaf-blind people can communicate bidirectionally using an infrared remote control system. In this system, as a result of the establishment of an infrared communication link, deaf-blind people can detect that communication partners are nearby.

A l'aide de tableaux et de schemas, cet article examine l'etat de l'art dans le domaine de la desacidification de masse, retracant son developpement et plaidant pour un necessaire reexamen des traitements de desacidification.

本稿では，国立国会図書館（NDL）のデジタルアーカイブ構築の現状と，「知識の共有化」が目指す「新たな知識の創造と還流」に向けた活動の方向性について述べる。NDLは，納本図書館として，冊子体資料だけでなく，政府系インターネット情報等のデジタルコンテンツを含めて収集保存する責務を持っており，それらをいつでもどこでも利用できるようにすることが望ましい。NDLは，あらゆる資料や情報を可能な限り収集・保存し，NDLデジタルアーカイブを構築する。しかしながらすべてを収集することは不可能であるので，他の機関と併せて網羅的な知識の蓄積を図り，分散デジタルアーカイブを構築する。それらNDLが収集できていないものも含めて，分散したデジタルアーカイブの情報を一元的にナビゲートし，かつ，意味的に関連付けて知識として利用できるようデータプロバイダーの役割を果たすNDL Searchを構築する。このような既存の情報を知識として再利用して新たな知識の創造を可能にする知識インフラを構築する。

The accomplishments of the survey projects of Inoh Tadataka in early 19th century Japan should not be evaluated merely from the visible results of his maps of the country. The latest surveying technologies and instruments, as well as his knowledge of the astronomical almanac, had a wide range of influences upon the surveying skills and astronomical knowledge of local surveyors and scholars. Inoh's Sokuryo-nikki (Survey diary) and records of local counterparts preserved in throughout Japan are reviewed and connections are evaluated. The records have been unearthed in recent years by historians editing regional histories and local history researchers. These investigations are important aspects of recent studies of Inoh's projects and supplement basic research of Otani (1917) and Hoyanagi (1974). During his journeys to survey Japan over seventeen years, Inoh kept a daily journal. It records some 12,000 people who attended or guided Inoh's team. However, his journal lacks details of connections among them. Local records contain extensive practical information concerning the project. Generally, officials of local lords or village officials accompanied the team of surveyors. They would learn on the job. According to their records and letters, some made and improved upon Inoh's surveying instruments. Others wanted to become students of Inoh and later attended private classes in Edo. Still others discussed calendrical calculations, trigonometric functions, and logarithm. Subsequently, some returned to their home regions and took charge of local surveys. As a result, we can recognize the wide range of influences the surveying project of Inoh Tadataka had.

図書館のLinked Dataの取り組みに関する意義と背景を，欧米の大学図書館や国立図書館が行っている先駆的な事例を概観することで整理する。図書館による取り組みの背景は，「公共機関のオープンデータとして」の側面と「セマンティックWeb時代の書誌コントロールとして」の側面に分けて考えられる。前者はEuropeanaの取り組みによく表れており，オープンガバメントの流れの中で推進され，その範囲にオープン化したデータの利活用の促進を含むという特徴をもつ。他方，図書館独自の側面である後者は，英国全国書誌のLinked Data化の取り組みや米国議会図書館による各種コード類や典拠データのLinked Data化の取り組みが代表例である。特に，米国議会図書館の取り組みは書誌情報をLinked Dataで作成するためのメタデータ語彙の開発といえる。

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, German reunification advanced faster than anyone had anticipated. On 3 October 1990, East Germany acceded to the West. In this article, we analyze the mechanics and implications of the process of German reunification in the field of education. For the sake of convenience, we classify three periods:1. The period of the two countries2. The period between the fall of the ‘Wall’ and reunification3. The period after reunificationIn the first period, we survey the features of the education systems of the two countries, making comparisons and summarizing their distinguishing characteristics and quoting from the researches of Professor Oskar Anweiler.In the second period, we follow the processes of trends in educational matters in East Germany after the fall of the ‘Wall’ and give a detailed description of theimportant factors. It becomes clear that the reform of socialism ended in failure. Both countries reached an agreement that fundamentally the reconstruction of the East German educational system should be modelled on that of West Germany. We also refer to and compare, for example, the question of German language/literature school-leaving examinations before and after the fall of the ‘Wall’. We also introduce the results of a questionnaire given to pupils and teachers in June 1990.In the third period, we analyze the development of education and research after reunification. In each federal state of what was East Germany, educational administration was structured and laws concerning education provided by taking the West German system as a model. Many laws are still tentative. When the primary and secondary education systems were being reorganized, many states wanted to introduce the West German, or multi-track system. However, many parents and teachers opposed this plan, so as a result three states decided to introduce institutions which integrated the Hauptschule (secondary general school) and the Realschule (intermediate school). With regard to teachers, there are many problems to be solved, for example, dismissal, training, certification, etc. In higher education, the reorganization of institutions and faculties is currently being planned and undertaken.In conclusion, we express our thoughts on the implications of German reunification from the standpoint of the education system.

The National Diet Library (NDL) is the sole national library in Japan. The NDL acquires, preserves and provides Japanese publications which are the nation's cultural and intellectual assets. For more effective data use by computer systems or applications, the NDL initiatives to promote Linked Open Data (LOD) and provides metadata as LOD. The poster mainly presents four NDL LODs, that of bibliographic data (NDL Search), authority data (Web NDL Authorities), earthquake related data (NDL Great East Japan Earthquake Archive (code name HINAGIKU), and beta version of International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations (ISIL) LOD. In addition to them, we report on typical use cases. Finally, we discuss three issues to be solved in promoting the NDL LOD in the future.

【目的】本稿の目的は,公立図書館におけるレファレンスサービスがどのような状況にあるのかを分析し,レファレンスサービスの位置づけを見直す必要があることを示すことにある。【方法】統計が比較的整備されている静岡,富山,神奈川の三県の公立図書館及び都道府県立図書館における平成14年度以降のレファレンスサービスの件数の推移を分析した。併せて,大阪版市場化テストにおける府立図書館の業務に関する議論からレファレンスサービスに関する論点を抽出し,検討を行った。【結果】静岡,富山,神奈川の三県の公立図書館においては,蔵書規模に比してレファレンスサービスが活発に行われている図書館ではレファレンス件数は総じて減少傾向にあり,レファレンスサービスが不活発な図書館においてレファレンス件数が増加しているのとは対照的な状況にあることが明らかとなった。また,レファレンス質問の難易度との関連性で見ると,難易度が低い質問の多寡がレファレンス件数全体の増減を左右しており,インターネットの普及が進む環境下において,図書館に寄せられるレファレンス質問が難化しているという通説の妥当性はかなりの程度疑わしいことが判明した。このことと,大阪版市場化テストにおいて提起されたような「レファレンスサービスは過剰サービスである」という考え方が一定程度社会に存在していることとを併せ考えることにより,レファレンスサービスへのリソースの投入が今後も継続可能であると考えるのは楽観的に過ぎること,したがってレファレンスサービスの発達を図るためにはレファレンスサービスの充実が社会的に容認されるようにするための取組みが必要であること,という二点が導き出された。

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study to examine, determine and propose the optimal approach to develop impact assessment indicators for the UK Web Archive. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyses the existing literature on impact assessment frameworks for digital resources and the types of impact in related fields to set an approach to develop an impact assessment plan. Primarily drawing from the Balanced Value Impact Model, the approach consists of three stages: context setting, indicator development and indicator evaluation. Findings The development of a set of potential impact assessment indicators for the UK Web Archive shows not only an optimal approach for the development but also recommendations for web archiving organisations. Research limitations/implications The research did not carry out follow-up interviews regarding the feedback from UK Web Archive's staff. Adoption of the new set of indicators will further this development. Practical implications The staff's duties influence their prioritisation of the indicators, so discussions among partners will be helpful in recognising different perceptions, unnoticed strengths and potential values. A progressive accumulation of assessment and improvements from the current state and small regular evaluations will be also helpful to demonstrate the impact and value to the stakeholders in the future. Originality/value This paper proposes a set of 13 potential indicators for the UK Web Archive of which functionality was checked against set quality criteria and tested through semi-structured interviews and survey submissions with the UK Web Archive staff members.

A research project was conducted in which proper JAPAN/MARC bibliographic records for 158 major Japanese classical works were identified manually, since existing records contain little information about works included in the resources. This article reports on the detailed method used for work identification, including selecting works, obtaining the bibliographic records to be judged, and building the judgment criteria. The results of the work identification process are reported along with average numbers that indicate the characteristics of certain classics. The necessity of manual identification was justified through an evaluation of searches by author and/or title information in a conventional retrieval system.

Following a discussion on problems and general characteristics of handling Sino-Japanese (kanji) characters by computer for bibliographic purposes [1], a further presentation was made on data level such as characteristics of information in Japanese l

東日本大震災の地震・津波災害,原子力災害の記録・教訓等を誰もがアクセス可能な一元的に活用できる仕組みを実現するために,国立国会図書館では,国立国会図書館東日本大震災アーカイブ構築プロジェクトを開始した.プロジェクトの活動として,震災の記録等の収集,統合検索等のアーカイブシステムの構築について紹介する.

学術雑誌を中心に，表紙にISSN番号が表示された逐次刊行物が増えてきている。本稿では，このISSN（国際標準逐次刊行物番号）の一層の普及に資することを目的として，逐次刊行物の刊行形態と書誌データへの影響，識別のための固有のコード番号の必要性，ISSNのデータを登録・維持する国際組織であるISDS（現ISSNネットワーク）の設立経緯，その活動内容と最近の動き，ISSN日本センターの発足と歩み，国内のISSN付与状況と課題，JIS X 0306: 1999に規定されているISSN規格の内容，日本センターでの付与作業の実際と登録申請時のFAQについて述べ，最後に国内のISSN付与に関する最近の話題を報告する。

国立国会図書館では，平成14年6月より「国立国会図書館インターネット資源選択的蓄積実験事業(WARP: Web Archiving Project)」を実施している。Webアーカイビングには，ホール・ドメイン，選択的，納入型，組み合わせ型など，さまざまなアプローチがある。IIPC (International Internet Preservation Consortium)，e-Japan重点計画2004，国立国会図書館電子図書館中期計画2004，納本制度審議会などの内外の動向を交えながら，Webアーカイビングの実務と課題について，その概要を報告する。

Russian and Japanese chemists are the second and the third largest producers of world chemical literature. This study has compared their attitudes toward their own languages and English, the major language in chemistry, as well as the attiudes of the U. S. and British chemists toward Russian and Japanese literature, as a case study of the language barrier in scientific communication.The following five items have been studied: 1) languages of journal articles written by Russian and Japanese chemists, 2) countries of journals publishing Russian and Japanese articles, 3) the frequency with which Russian and Japanese articles (in English as well as in their own languages) have been cited by chemists of the respective countries and the U. S./Britain, 4) types of citations in articles written by U. S./British chemists, and 5) the time-lag between the publication of the original Russian/Japanese article and its citation by the U. S./British chemist.Results suggest the contrasting patterns of publication by Russian and Japanese chemists: 56% of Japanese articles have been written in English, while only 3% of Russian articles have been written in English. Almost all the articles written in the author's native language have been published in the author's own country, showing the limited use of their language. About 60% of Japanese articles written in English have been published in Japan, while only 2% of Russian articles in English have been published in Russian.Generally, articles written in English tend to be cited more by the U. S./British researchers than those in other languages. Articles written in other languages tend to be cited by the U. S./British chemists more in review articles than as the original, and also years after publication, suggesting that the U. S./British researchers tend to use that literature indirecly, i.e. by reading summaries, translations, etc.

全国書誌は，一般にある国で刊行された出版物の網羅的な書誌を意味する。日本では，国立国会図書館（NDL）が『日本全国書誌』の作成および提供の役割を担っている。2007年7月，『日本全国書誌』は印刷形態での刊行を終了し，Web上の提供へ移行した。本稿では，国際的な全国書誌の理念と発展，特にその国際書誌コントロール（UBC）との関連を振り返り，NDLが設立された1948年から2007年までの日本の全国書誌サービスの変遷を述べる。また，主に書誌コントロール，書誌情報の提供およびネットワーク情報資源との関連の観点から今後の展望を論じる。

This article describes the growth of business support services in Japan, and the service of the National Diet Library in particular. It describes the users of the service, and the types of print and electronic resources available to them. The success of the service is demonstrated by the annual user survey.

This study focuses on the residential works with pergola-style structures in modern Japan, in an attempt to understand the extent and background of their popularity. This paper deals with six architectural journals (Kenchiku Sekai, Kenchiku Gahou, Jutaku, Kenchiku to Shakai, Shinkenchiku, and Jutaku to Teien) and examines the shapes of pergola-style structures, and the transition of number about residential works with it. The results showed that residential works with pergola-style structures began to appear sporadically in the 1910s and became widespread in the 1920s. Then, in the 1930s, the shape of pergola-style structures became more diverse.