Ningxia Seismological Bureau

Plants are constantly exposed to various stresses, which can degrade their health. The stresses can be alleviated by the application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which is a hormone involved in plant signalling. MeJA induces synthesis of defensive compounds and initiates the expression of pathogenesis-related genes involved in systemic acquired resistance and local resistance. Thus, MeJA may be used against pathogens, salt stress, drought stress, low temperature, heavy metal stress and toxicities of other elements. The application of MeJA improves growth, induces the accumulation of active compounds, and affects endogenous hormones levels, and other physiological and biochemical characteristics in stressed plants. Furthermore, MeJA antagonises the adverse effects of osmotic stress by regulating inorganic penetrating ions or organic penetrants to suppress the absorption of toxic ions. MeJA also mitigates oxidative stress by activating antioxidant systems to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stressed plants. For these reasons, we reviewed the use of exogenous MeJA in alleviating biotic (pathogens and insects) and abiotic stresses in plants.

Research Article| August 01, 1989 Intracrustal detachment within zones of continental deformation B. C. Burchfiel; B. C. Burchfiel 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Deng Quidong; Deng Quidong 2State Seismology Bureau, Beijing, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Peter Molnar; Peter Molnar 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Leigh Royden; Leigh Royden 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Wang Yipeng; Wang Yipeng 2State Seismology Bureau, Beijing, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zhang Peizhen; Zhang Peizhen 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zhang Weiqi Zhang Weiqi 3Ningxia Seismological Bureau, Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (1989) 17 (8): 748–752. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0448:IDWZOC>2.3.CO;2 Article history first online: 02 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation B. C. Burchfiel, Deng Quidong, Peter Molnar, Leigh Royden, Wang Yipeng, Zhang Peizhen, Zhang Weiqi; Intracrustal detachment within zones of continental deformation. Geology 1989;; 17 (8): 748–752. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0448:IDWZOC>2.3.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract Geologic mapping of active to recently active geologic structures in Panamint Valley (western United States) and in the Haiyuan region and northern Tibetan plateau (China) suggests detachment in the middle and lower crust on a scale of tens of kilometres to at least several hundred kilometres. Detachment occurs similarly in predominantly extensional (Panamint Valley) and in predominantly compressional (China) environments. It involves structures with displacements of more than 10 km and displacement rates of more than 3 mm/yr, perhaps more than 10 mm/yr. The steeply dipping strike-slip faults present in all three areas (Hunter Mountain fault, Haiyuan fault, and Altyn Tagh fault zone) terminate in zones of extension or compression, and geometric relations indicate that all structures (including strike-slip faults) are thin-skinned and restricted to the upper crust. In Panamint Valley and in the Haiyuan region deformation within these systems can be reconstructed in three dimensions. Displacement on the strike-slip faults is absorbed by extension or compression occurring at the termination of the faults, so strike-slip displacement is roughly equal to and in the same direction as shortening or extension. We propose that left slip on the Altyn Tagh fault zone in northern Tibet is similarly absorbed by shortening southeast of the fault zone within the Qaidam basin and the Nan Shan. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

We measured the offsets of six stream valleys, of 30 to 90 m, along the northwest-southeast trending, left-lateral Haiyuan strike-slip fault, in north-central China. Minimum ages of these offsets were determined to estimate lower bounds for the Holocene slip rate. The most reliable bounds are 7.6 ± 1.0 and 6.7 ± 1.0 mm/yr, with three others that are smaller (3.4 ± 0.7, 3.5 ± 0.9, and 4.1 ± 0.4 mm/yr) and one large value (16.4 ± 5.9 mm/yr) that we doubt. Thus, the average Holocene slip rate of the Haiyuan fault is larger than 6 mm/yr and probably exceeds 7 mm/yr. If the average slip rate of 5 to 10 mm/yr for the Quaternary Period is applicable to the Holocene Epoch, the average rate is 8 ± 2 mm/yr.

Research Article| March 01, 2013 Tertiary basin evolution along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence for basin formation during Oligocene transtension Weitao Wang; Weitao Wang † 1State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China †E-mail: weitaoww@gmail.com. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Eric Kirby; Eric Kirby 2Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zhang Peizhen; Zhang Peizhen 1State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zheng Dewen; Zheng Dewen 1State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zhang Guangliang; Zhang Guangliang 1State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zhang Huiping; Zhang Huiping 1State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zheng Wenjun; Zheng Wenjun 1State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Chai Chizhang Chai Chizhang 3Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Yinchuan 750001, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (2013) 125 (3-4): 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1130/B30611.1 Article history received: 23 Sep 2011 rev-recd: 22 Jun 2012 accepted: 15 Jul 2012 first online: 08 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Weitao Wang, Eric Kirby, Zhang Peizhen, Zheng Dewen, Zhang Guangliang, Zhang Huiping, Zheng Wenjun, Chai Chizhang; Tertiary basin evolution along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Evidence for basin formation during Oligocene transtension. GSA Bulletin 2013;; 125 (3-4): 377–400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/B30611.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The development of high topography associated with the Indo-Asian collision plays a central role in ongoing debates over the linkages between development of the Tibetan Plateau and climate. In northeastern Tibet, the widespread appearance of coarse terrestrial sediment during the Oligocene is commonly interpreted to herald the development of a foreland basin in response to crustal thickening along the present-day margin of the plateau. However, a lack of direct observations relating sediment accumulation to fault activity leaves this interpretation uncertain. Here, we present new stratigraphic observations along the northern margin of the Longzhong basin that provide insight into the tectonic setting of basin development. A combination of field and subsurface observations, including the geometry of basin-bounding faults, sedimentary provenance, paleoflow direction, isopach and sedimentary facies distribution patterns, constrains basin evolution from the Middle Tertiary through Quaternary time. Our results suggest that NE-SW extension across normal faults controlled development of accommodation space in the northern Longzhong basin during the Oligocene to early Miocene. Continued sediment accumulation from the mid-Miocene through Pliocene occurred in a broad, shallow basin, consistent with thermal subsidence following extension. Basin inversion initiated between 10 Ma and 6 Ma, associated with the development of the modern Haiyuan fault system. Our results imply that the onset of Tertiary sedimentation in the Longzhong basin does not represent a developing foredeep associated with a nascent Tibetan Plateau, but rather reflects transtensional deformation inboard of extensional basins along the East Asian margin. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

) when compared to the diabetic group. These results demonstrate that LBP exerts protective effects on diabetes induced male spermatogenic dysfunction, which is likely to be mediated through increasing antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibiting cell death.

Abstract We used a plane table and an alidade to construct detailed topographic maps of offset features (stream channels, dry gullies, and old terrace walls) along the fault zone that ruptured during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake ( M = 8.7) in Ningxia and Gansu, China. The maximum displacement appears to have reached 10 m at Shikaguangou between the Salt Lake and Xianzhou basins in southern Ningxia. The average displacement along the 100 km of the fault that we studied was about 8 m. Assuming that the average slip rate to be between 5 and 10 mm/yr, the recurrence interval for events similar to that in 1920 would be about 800 to 1600 yr.

Abstract A large continental normal‐faulting earthquake occurred in the Yinchuan Graben in northern China on 3 January 1739. This event is of significant interest for two reasons. First, it has been suggested on the basis of historical records of shaking that this was a magnitude 8.0 event. If this is true, the 1739 earthquake would be one of the largest continental normal‐faulting earthquakes ever recorded, and this should prompt us to consider the factors contributing to its unusual size. Second, there has been some debate in the literature about the causative structure, with at least three different faults posited as the seismogenic source. We use five 14 C ages to date a series of scarps on the East Helanshan Fault, which lies to the west of the graben, and bracket the scarp formation to the last 350 years. We use high‐resolution, stereo imagery from the Pleiades satellites to build a 1 to 2 m resolution DEM of the fault and combine this with field observations to map the East Helanshan rupture in detail. We then construct a throw distribution, determine the slip vector azimuth, and reassess the earthquake magnitude using simple scaling relationships. We conclude that the 1739 earthquake occurred on the East Helanshan Fault, had a rupture length of approximately 87 km, a maximum throw of 5.1 m, and an average throw of 3.0 m, yielding a best estimate magnitude in the range M w 7.1 to M w 7.6. We suggest that the previous magnitude estimates are biased by enhanced shaking of the sediments within the Yinchuan Graben.

Abstract Surface faulting accompanying the great Yinchuan-Pingluo earthquake of 1739 in Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu (Ningsia Hui Autonomous Region) produced two sections of fault scarps 3.5 and 16.5 km long and separated from one another by 65 km along strike. The scarps are on the west side of the Yinchuan graben along the east flank of the Helan Shan (Holan Mountains). The east side of the faults is downthrown, and surface offsets at the fault are as much as 5.3 m on the Hongguozigou (northern) section, and 4.6 m on the Suyukou (southern) section. Actual net displacement may be slightly less. Near the north end of the set of faults, the Great Wall is offset by about 2.7 m vertically and about 3 m right laterally. On scarps more than 2 m high, a free face has persisted for the 245 yr since the scarps were formed in 1739; free faces commonly are 2 to 3 m high. The 1739 fault displacement occurred, at least in part, along an older fault scarp that is estimated from profile analysis to be about 12,000 yr old. The historical record of destructive earthquakes in the Yinchuan graben since 1010 A.D. includes only one near M 8 in 1739, and only two of approximately M 6.5, one in 1143 and the other in 1477. Average recurrence intervals for major earthquakes comparable to that of 1739 in the Yinchuan graben probably are measured in thousands and possibly ten thousand or more years.

Spatial reconstruction and scenario simulation of historical processes and future trends of land use/cover change (LUCC) can help to reveal the historical background of land conversion and the spatial distribution of future land. Moreover, there is a close relationship between the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use/cover and changes in different ecosystem services (ESs). Using this relationship to simulate future land use scenarios is important. In this study, an LUCC dynamic analysis framework (LSTM-PLUS-FMOP) was constructed based on a deep learning time series forecasting model (LSTM), a parallelized urban land use simulation (PLUS) model and a fuzzy multiobjective programming (FMOP) model. The PLUS model was used to analyze the driving mechanism of land expansion and explore the land conversion pattern. In addition, three land conversion scenarios were established: natural land expansion (NLE), economic development priority (EDP) and regional sustainable development (RSD). The FMOP model and the relationship between LUCC and ES were used to perform a spatial simulation of land conversion. The uncertainty parameters in the model were treated by intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IFSs). This study applied the constructed framework to the Yellow River Basin of Shaanxi Province (YRB-SX). The results showed that (1) from 2000 to 2020, the cropland area of the YRB-SX continuously decreased by 12.67 × 104 ha, while the built-up area continuously increased by 28.25 × 104 ha. The net reduction in woodland and grassland area was 13.90 × 104 ha. (2) The relative error range of land prediction using the LSTM model was 0.0003– 0.0042. This model had better accuracy than the Markov chain prediction model. (3) The cropland area decreased by 0.26% (NLE), 0.85% (EDP) and 1.68% (RSD) under the three scenarios. The built-up area increased by 25.01%, 32.76% and 14.72%, respectively. The RSD scenario followed the principles of ecological protection and spatial constraints, which mitigated the degradation of the ecosystem to some extent. This coupled simulation framework will help to obtain land allocation schemes that meet the requirements of ecological protection and provide solutions for rational land management.

Research Article| November 01, 1990 Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region, China ZHANG PEIZHEN; ZHANG PEIZHEN 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar B.C. BURCHFIEL; B.C. BURCHFIEL 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar PETER MOLNAR; PETER MOLNAR 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar ZHANG WEIQI; ZHANG WEIQI 2Seismological Bureau of Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar JIAO DECHENG; JIAO DECHENG 2Seismological Bureau of Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar DENG QIDONG; DENG QIDONG 3Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar WANG YIPENG; WANG YIPENG 3Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar LEIGH ROYDEN; LEIGH ROYDEN 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar SONG FANGMIN SONG FANGMIN 3Institute of Geology, State Seismological Bureau, Beijing, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar GSA Bulletin (1990) 102 (11): 1484–1498. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1484:LCTEOT>2.3.CO;2 Article history first online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation ZHANG PEIZHEN, B.C. BURCHFIEL, PETER MOLNAR, ZHANG WEIQI, JIAO DECHENG, DENG QIDONG, WANG YIPENG, LEIGH ROYDEN, SONG FANGMIN; Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Ningxia-Hui Autonomous Region, China. GSA Bulletin 1990;; 102 (11): 1484–1498. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<1484:LCTEOT>2.3.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract Part of the transition from active crustal shortening and strike-slip faulting in northwestern China to active extension in northeastern China takes place within the Ningxia Autonomous Region. Four arcuate zones of both strike-slip faults and thrust faults with associated ramp anticlines dominate the structures in southern Ningxia. Deformation in these zones indicates that a component of left-slip displacement is transferred into crustal shortening on north-south-trending folds and thrust faults. The average Quaternary slip rate along the Haiyuan-Liupan Shan fault zone is 5-10 mm/yr, and that along the Tianjin Shan-Mibo Shan fault zone is about 1.5-2.7 mm/yr. The amount of offset and rate of slip along the Yanton Shan and the Niushou Shan-Daluo Shan fault zones are unknown, but the topography of the mountains suggests that the rates of slip along these zones is lower than that of the Haiyuan-Liupan Shan fault zone. Deformation in northern Ningxia is dominated by normal faulting and extension. The Helan Shan rise about 2,000 m above the Yinchuan basin, reportedly filled with a few kilometers of Cenozoic sediments. The average rate of vertical separation in Quaternary time along the East Helan Shan fault is estimated to be at least 0.5-0.8 mm/yr. Opening of the Yinchuan graben is probably partly related to left-lateral slip on the Niushou Shan and Daluo Shan fault zone. The northeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau is probably being elevated by the irregular growth of convergent and left-slip structural zones. The evolution of deformation along the Haiyuan-Liupan Shan structural zone probably foreshadows the future deformation in the ranges north of it. Left slip and shortening within the Ningxia region appears to accommodate less than 20-25 km of east or northeast displacement of crustal fragments of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Large-magnitude lateral transport of crust with respect to the area to the east has not taken place within the part of the Ningxia region covered by this study. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this article.

The integrated crop-livestock production system provides most of the food needed by the people of China. Five types of integrated production systems are recognised; rangeland, grain crops, crop/pasture, agro-silvopastoral and ponds. Development of more sustainable and integrated crop-pasture-rangeland-livestock production systems has been recently achieved. Demonstrations of the integrated systems at household, village and regional levels are occurring for rain-fed agriculture on the Loess Plateau, the Hexi Corridor, north-western China and the Karst region of Guizhou Province, south-western China. These indicate that integration of crop, livestock and forage are effective means of improving agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability and farmers’ incomes. Widespread adoption of integrated farming systems should also reduce rangeland degradation.

The DEM-generation technology from high-resolution satellite imagery enables us to generate a wide range of high-resolution topographic data rapidly, improving the efficiency of data acquisition greatly. This method is more efficient than airborne Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) in terrain reconstruction, since satellite imagery covers a larger area without difficulties in field deployment. Previous researches evaluated the accuracy of DEMs generated from stereo imagery of different satellite sensors, however there is not enough quantitative analysis concerning the capability of satellite-based DEM in active tectonic studies. Therefore, in this paper, we presented a study to investigate the accuracy to measure heights of fault scarps using the DEM obtained from Worldview-2 stereo imagery and chose the Kumysh fault in the southern margin of Kumysh Basin (Eastern Tian Shan, China) as our test site. Point cloud data were obtained from stereo satellite imagery, both with and without GCPs respectively. Prior to the generation of the DEM, we compared the overall elevation differences of the point clouds and the fault scarp swaths. The overall elevation difference ranges from −1.2 to 0.4 m, with the mean value of −0.57 m, while the elevation difference of fault scarp swaths range from −1.1 to 0 m, with the mean value of −0.4 m. Afterwards, we generated a 0.5 m resolution DEM of 5-km swath along the Kumysh fault, measured the heights of fault scarps on different levels of alluvial fans, and compared the topographic profiles obtained from DEM and post-processed differential GPS (ppGPS) survey. Our results show that: (1) the elevation difference between the topographic profiles ranges from −2.82–4.47 m, the shape of the fault scarp can be accurately reconstructed by satellite-based DEM with the deviation of 0.29 m after elevation correction; (2) the accuracy of the height measurement of fault scarps can reach 0.25 m. These findings indicate that the DEM generated from Worldview-2 stereo imagery is capable of measuring relative deformed topographic features, which could be of great interest to professionals exploring the use and accuracy of satellite stereo imagery for active tectonic applications. • Deriving high-resolution DEM from stereo pair of Worldview-2 imagery • Evaluating the accuracy of DEM generated without GCPs • Comparing the elevation differences of fault scarp swath profiles from point clouds • Assessment of the accuracy of fault scarp heights measured from DEM

Forest aboveground biomass (AGB) is crucial as it serves as a fundamental indicator of the productivity, biodiversity, and carbon storage of forest ecosystems. This paper presents a targeted literature review of advancements in AGB estimation methods. We conducted an extensive review of published literature using Web of Science, ResearchGate, Semantic Scholar, and Google Scholar. Our findings highlight the importance of accurate AGB estimation in the studies of terrestrial carbon cycle, forest ecosystem management, and climate change. Moreover, AGB estimation contributes valuable ecological knowledge and supports effective natural resource management. Unfortunately, during the data collection process for AGB estimation, we have identified two critical yet often overlooked issues: (1) the reliability of manual survey accuracy, and (2) the impact of overlap between ground plots and remote sensing pixels on AGB estimation. Drawing on existing technologies and literature analysis, we propose a potentially effective solution to address these challenges. In conclusion, accurate estimation and mapping of forest parameters, such as AGB, will remain a priority in forestry research for the foreseeable future. To ensure the practical applicability of AGB research findings, our future research efforts will focus on understanding manual survey accuracy and determining the optimal overlap between plots and pixels.

The Haiyuan earthquake (M = 8.7) of December 16, 1920, in China caused strike-slip displacement along 220 km of the Haiyuan (or Nanxihaushan) Fault Zone, which lies on the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau. The Haiyuan fault zone, which strikes 285°–295°, apparently became an active sinistral strike-slip during Pleistocene time. The fault zone is composed of at least eight major subparallel shear fractures, most of which are arranged in a left-stepping pattern, and as many as six pull-apart basins have formed in the central segment of the fault zone. River systems of different ages have been sinistrally offset different amounts. Variations in the sense of vertical motion have occurred along segments of the fault, and pull-apart basins are commonly associated with the areas where normal components on subparallel segments prevail. Relatively young faults with oblique normal slip strike parallel to the overall trend of the fault zone and intersect the major subparallel shear faults with acute angles (10 to 15°). The earthquake fault of 1920 caused slip along the major strike-slip fault segments and along oblique normal faults within pull-apart basins. Thus segments with pure strike-slip and with oblique normal slip, were activated in 1920, each with different surficial features and with different amounts of slip.

There has been a lack of socioeconomic status (SES) disparity analysis on women in China with only one child, the family planning target population. In 2008, the National Research Institute for Family Planning of China conducted a study investigating the relationship between SES and fertility intentions among 17,093 women in China who already had one child. A questionnaire was used to collect information on SES and fertility intentions, and logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% CIs of fertility intentions according to SES. Compared with female farmers, women in other occupations intended to have fewer children (p < 0.05). Additionally, compared with women with low educational level (illiterate/primary), women with secondary and postsecondary education intended to have fewer children (p < 0.05) (OR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.61-0.81 and OR = 0.56; 95% CI 0.47-0.66). A mother's education level was significantly and negatively associated with fertility intentions after adjustment for potential confounders (p < 0.05). Among Chinese women who had one child, the women with higher SES (e.g. higher educational level) had lower fertility intentions. There is an SES disparity in the fertility intention among Chinese women who already have one child. China's policy-makers should consider increasing high SES women's fertility intention.

The Mesolithic — as the ‘time in between’ — raises issues of definition, the more so as chronology is refined and the abruptness of environmental change at the end of the glaciation becomes clearer. This clarification of an unusual regional sequence is an instance.

This study was designed to explore the impact of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on inflammation and gut microbiota in mice with allergic asthma. Mice were divided into four groups: control group, OVA (ovalbumin) group, Con+LBP group, OVA+LBP group. After 28 days of LBP intervention, mice were euthanized and associated indications were investigated. Histopathological examination demonstrated that LBP reduced lung injury. The results of our current study provide evidence that supplementation with LBP in asthmatic mice decreases TNF , IL-4 , IL-6 , MCP-1 , and IL-17A in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Sequencing and analysis of gut microbiota indicated that compared with the OVA group, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were increased, but Firmicutes , Actinobacteria , Alistipes , and Clostridiales were decreased in the OVA+LBP group. We also found that gut microbiota were related to inflammation-related factors. Therefore, we speculate that LBP may improve allergic asthma by altering gut microbiota and inhibiting inflammation in mice.

Understanding the impacts of climate and land use/land cover (LULC) changes on water yield has great importance for water resource management and policy development, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. However, it is unclear whether land greening under the human land management is beneficial to the water yield of different geomorphic units under the unique climate models. Here, we used InVEST model to estimate the water yield of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) in 2000, 2010 and 2019 and selected different scenarios to analyse the contribution of LULC changes to water yield. The results showed that the water yield of the YRB increased during the study period. The mean depth of water yield (MDWY) of grassland, cultivated land, shrubland and forest decreased in turn, while the annual MDWY of each type increased. Cultivated land and grassland were the main contribution types of water yield in the YRB accounting for about 84% of the total, and the annual water yield of LULC types covered by vegetation increased except for cultivated land. The annual water yield of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (region Ⅰ) and the Loess Plateau (region III) in the YRB accounted for more than 80% of the total YRB water yield and showed an interannual increasing trend with part of the Mongolia Plateau (region Ⅱ) in the basin. The contribution of LULC to water yield in the whole YRB was small compared with that of precipitation, but LULC changes resulted in benefits for water yield in recent years, especially in region III that is controlled by a warm-temperate semi-arid continental climate and region I that is controlled by a plateau cold climate. However, in region Ⅱ, which is controlled by a mid-temperate semi-arid continental climate, revegetation further weakened the water yield ecosystem service. The results can provide references for land use management to enhance water yield under the background of global climate change.

Abstract This comprehensive phylogenetic revision of sections Peltigera and Retifoveatae of the cyanolichen genus Peltigera is based on DNA sequences from more than 500 specimens from five continents. We amplified five loci (nrITS, β‐tubulin and three intergenic spacers part of colinear orthologous regions [COR]) for the mycobiont, and the rbcLX locus for the cyanobacterial partner Nostoc . Phylogenetic inferences (RAxML, BEAST) and species delimitation methods (bGMYC, bPTP, bPP) suggest the presence of 88 species in section Peltigera , including 50 species new to science, hence uncovering a surprisingly high proportion of previously unnoticed biodiversity. The hypervariable region in ITS1 (ITS1‐HR) is a powerful marker to identify species within sections Peltigera and Retifoveatae . Most newly delimited species are restricted to a single biogeographic region, however, up to ten species have a nearly cosmopolitan distribution. The specificity of mycobionts in their association with Nostoc cyanobionts ranges from strict specialists (associate with only one Nostoc phylogroup) to broad generalists (up to eight Nostoc phylogroups uncovered), with widespread species recruiting a broader selection of Nostoc phylogroups than species with limited distributions. In contrast, species from the P. didactyla clade characterized by small thalli and asexual vegetative propagules (soredia) associate with fewer Nostoc phylogroups (i.e., are more specialized) despite their broad distributions, and show significantly higher rates of nucleotide substitutions.

A N IMPORTANT determiner of human behavior-^&amp;quot;- is the existence of socially created norms which define the behaviors &amp;quot;which may be elicited by any given situation. These norms, or stereotypes, arise both from cultural pre-scriptions of how people are supposed to be-have and from observations of how they do behave. They enable an individual to deter-mine when certain responses are appropriate and to adjust his behavior accordingly. If such norms exist with regard to personality change as a function of aging, they might be expected at least to modify the course of per-sonality change by stipulating the range and extent of permissible behaviors during the life process. This study is an attempt to identify, from the responses elicited from a sample of young adults, some existing stereotypes of per-sonality changes that occur with aging. Previ-ous studies (Aaronson, 1958; 1960; 1964) have shown a consistent pattern of change in per-sonality as a function of the aging process. The present study is an attempt to delineate how these changes may be reflected in the nor-mative expectations of what people are like at different age levels.