North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station

Abstract Mass spectrometric data indicate that products of linoleate oxidation by flaxseed lipoxidase consist of 80% 13‐hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate and 20% 9‐hydroperoxyoctadecodienoate; the products of linolenate oxidation by flaxseed lipoxidase consist of 88% 13‐hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoate and 12% 9‐hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoate. Flaxseed lipoxidase possesses a high degree of specificity for attachment of oxygen to linoleic and linolenic acid molecules.

Journal Article The Viscosity and Thixotropy of Honey Get access J. A. Munro J. A. Munro North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 36, Issue 5, 1 October 1943, Pages 769–777, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/36.5.769 Published: 01 October 1943

A specific antigen was found in each of four races of Melampsora lini and four rust-differentiating varieties of Linum usitatissimum. Avirulence and virulence were related to resistance and susceptibility through the specific rust antigens. A race was virulent to varieties containing its specific rust antigen as a minor constituent, and avirulent to varieties lacking that antigen. No such correlation was found with flax antigens.

The ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) communities associated with cropping systems of spring wheat under various tillage regimes were investigated at two locations in the Northern Great Plains during 1986 and 1987. Forty species of Carabidae were collected. More specimens were collected at Minot, N. Dak., but greater species richness occurred at Williston, N. Dak. Only 14 species accounted for ≥1% of the total number carabids collected. Harpalus pennsylvanicus De Geer was the only species that was shared between locations, accounted for ≥1% of the total number of carabids, and was consistent across cropping and tillage systems. Although Harpalus fallax LeConte was shared between locations and accounted for ≥1% of the total number of carabids, it was not consistent across cropping and tillage systems. The Sorenson similarity index values at Minot were higher especially for the same cropping system. At Williston, the index values were lower, reflecting greater heterogeneity between treatments. Generally, lower numbers of individuals of a given species were found in cropping systems associated with conventional tillage. However, cropping system may have altered communities to higher degree than the tillage regime.

Journal Article Crambe, Crambe abyssinica Hochst., as a Flea Beetle Resistant Crop (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Get access Marc D. Anderson, Marc D. Anderson Department of Entomology, P.O. Box 5346, University Station, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, North Dakota 58105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Chengwang Peng, Chengwang Peng Department of Entomology, P.O. Box 5346, University Station, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, North Dakota 58105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael J. Weissl Michael J. Weissl Department of Entomology, P.O. Box 5346, University Station, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo, North Dakota 58105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 2, 1 April 1992, Pages 594–600, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.2.594 Published: 01 April 1992 Article history Received: 22 April 1991 Accepted: 25 November 1991 Published: 01 April 1992

LAMSON (1918) reported that chick embryos from strong stock survived exposures of four to five hours at 50°F. after the first twenty-four hours of incubation. From this point on he found that the time could be increased up to 15 hours for the 10 to 12-day embryo, although after the 17th day six hours’ exposure caused the death of the embryo. Taylor et al. (1933) reported the effects of twelve hours of current interruption on different lots of eggs at various daily stages of development. They found that a room temperature of 70°F. during this period reduced the number of chicks hatched only by about 3.4 percent. These authors also pointed out that Kaestner (1896) found that embryos at six days of incubation could withstand 72 hours at 69.8°F. while Bucciante (1931) observed that there was no resumption in development of eggs incubated several days after one or two hours …

Journal Article Flea Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations and Crop Yield in Field Pea and Oilseed Rape Intercrops Get access Michael J. Weiss, Michael J. Weiss Department of Entomology, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, P.O. Box 5346, University Station, Fargo, ND 58105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Blaine G. Schatz, Blaine G. Schatz 1 Department of Entomology, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, P.O. Box 5346, University Station, Fargo, ND 58105 1Carrington Research Extension Center, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Carrington, ND 58421. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John C. Gardner, John C. Gardner 1 Department of Entomology, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, P.O. Box 5346, University Station, Fargo, ND 58105 1Carrington Research Extension Center, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Carrington, ND 58421. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Barbara A. Nead Barbara A. Nead Department of Entomology, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, P.O. Box 5346, University Station, Fargo, ND 58105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 23, Issue 3, 1 June 1994, Pages 654–658, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/23.3.654 Published: 01 June 1994 Article history Received: 09 August 1993 Accepted: 12 January 1994 Published: 01 June 1994

Abstract Cultural practices (tillage, planting date) were examined for their effect on flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), populations in three species of oilseed crucifers— Brassica napus L., B . rapa L., and Crambe abyssinica Hochst. No-till appeared to reduce flea beetle densities when compared with conventional tillage. The greater structural diversity of the no-till plots might be interfering with host plant location. Earlier plantings had significantly more flea beetles per plant than later plantings. The Brassica crops yielded higher densities of beetles compared with crambe, supporting earlier reports of crambe resistance.

OBSERVATIONS on the seasonal distribution of egg production in turkeys have been reported by Mussehl (1933), Scott (1937), Charles and co-workers (1938) and Margolf (1940). Scott and Charles also reported data on seasonal variation of egg weights. Marble and Margolf (1936) showed that the fertility and hatchablity of turkey eggs decreased from March to July. Recent studies by Dearstyne, Bostian and Nesbit (1945) also showed that hatchability declined rapidly in the late spring. An opportunity to contribute further data on the influence of season on egg production, egg weight, fertility and hatchability was made possible by some investigations at this station during the 1945 and 1946 seasons with Broad Breasted Bronze turkey breeding stock. The studies were made with two pens of eleven hens and one tom each during both years and two additional pens of eight hens each in 1945. The hens in the 11-hen pens mated naturally with . . .

The use of wheat culm solidness as a measure of resistance to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort.., has repeatedly been questioned. This study critically evaluated the solidness-resistance relationship of six wheat selections, which by commonly used measuring techniques were similar in solidness but varied in their degrees of resistance. Using sawfly survival as the criterion for resistance, a definite relationship between culm solidness and sawfly resistance was found to exist. Consistently significant differences in culm solidness of the test selections were found, but were most apparent when cross-section solidness readings through the pith cavities in the tops of the internodes were included with readings from the centers of the internodes. Fertilization had very little influence on the culm solidness relationships of the selections studied. From the data it appears that with adequate sampling even minor differences in culm solidness can be shown to exert significant influence on sawfly resistance.

EVIDENCE derived from studies on low temperature exposure of the chicken embryo (Moreng and Shaffner, 1951; Moreng and Bryant, 1952, 1953) indicates that the fertile egg and its developing embryo exhibit a high degree of resistance to cold exposure for relatively short periods of time. Colosanti (1875) reported that the vitality of the germ was uninjured in an egg immersed in an ice bath of 14° to 25°F. for one to two hours, while Raband (1899) and Grodzinski (1933 and Grodzinski (1934) reported that respective low temperature exposures of –0.4°F. for one-half hour and 27°F. for four days prior to incubation caused abnormal development of the embryo. Lamson and Kirkpatrick (1918) found that embryos were able to stand four to five hours exposure to 50°F. after 24 hours of incubation. Following this first period the length of exposure could be increased to 15 hours, but after the seventeenth-day, exposure time dropped sharply …

Use of resistant and susceptible cultivar blends of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated over a 3-yr period as a method to suppress wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, damage. Blends provided inconsistent protection against stem cutting. Differences in estimated harvestable yield were only detected in 1 year. Total yield and milling and baking qualities of blends were not significantly different from those of monocultures. Blends may be useful in situations where the potential for damage by wheat stem sawfly is low to moderate.

Stilbestrol, implanted as a pellet subcutaneously, did not consistently stimulate gains of growing-fattening pigs as with beef cattle and lambs. The non-treated controls required from 5.2 to 13.7% more feed per hundred pounds gain than did the treated pigs. Treatment of gilts with the levels used is not to be recommended because of prolapse of the uterus as a result of the stilbestrol. Stilbestrol treatment caused teat development in both sexes, a mild nymphomaniac response and extreme swelling of external genitalia of gilts, and in barrows, a restored ability for erection and renewed sex desire. Subcutaneous implantation in the ear is not to be recommended because of greater chance for encapsulation or cyst formation around the pellet in that area.

Abstract Clays from two Reddish-Brown Lateritic soils from the southern Mississippi Coastal Plain were fractionated and the mineral associations and weathering transformations were examined. The clays were found to be dominated by well-chloritized expansible layer silicates, gibbsite and kaolinite, with smaller amounts of quartz, mica and anatase. The abundance of gibbsite appeared to be related to the presence of expansible layer silicates and to soil pH variations. This mineral and kaolinite were found in appreciable amounts in even the finest clay fractions. Quartz and mica decreased to insignificant amounts with soil depth and decreasing particle size whereas gibbsite content of the clays rose suggesting an interrrelationship between these minerals.

Journal Article Evaluation of Insect Predation on European Corn Borer in North Dakota , Get access R. D. Frye R. D. Frye North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Fargo 58102 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 1, Issue 4, 1 August 1972, Pages 535–536, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/1.4.535 Published: 01 August 1972 Article history Received: 17 December 1971 Published: 01 August 1972

To properly study lipase activity in milk it is desirable to control the loss in activity of the enzyme that occurs during the first hours of cold storage. This the authors have succeeded in doing by deaerating the milk by nitrogen ebullition. Editor.

The results of four experiments are presented. There were no consistent differences in lamb production from ewes fed rations approximately equal in total digestible nutrients but which varied from 6.8 to 11.0 percent total protein. There were no apparent differences in production between ewes fed linseed meal or dried skimmilk as a protein supplement to a grass hay, shelled corn ration. Pregnant Shropshire ewes averaging 135 pounds in body weight remained in positive nitrogen balance, made satisfactory gains and gave birth to thrifty lambs when fed an average of 0.10 pound digestible protein per ewe daily. No improvement in utilization of protein or production was noted from the addition of 0.10 percent DL methionine.Further work is needed relative to the protein requirements of pregnant ewes.

Two experiments designed to study the protein requirements of pregnant ewes are reported. Six lots of twenty ewes each were included in each experiment. In the first experiment rations which contained approximately 7, 10, and 13 percent total crude protein were compared and in the second rations containing 5, 8, and 11 percent protein. No statistically significant differences were found between the various rations in fleece weight, birth weight of lambs, or weight of lambs at thirty days of age. Some trends were noted, however, in that the ewes fed the lowest levels of nitrogen tended to shear lighter fleeces and their twin lambs weighed slightly less at thirty days. The death loss of ewes was somewhat higher on the low-protein rations. The low nitrogen intake may have been a predisposing factor in a number of these deaths. Nitrogen balance experiments showed no significant differences in nitrogen retention between the three levels of nitrogen intake during early and mid gestation. In late pregnancy the ewes fed the higher levels of nitrogen retained significantly larger amounts. A highly significant correlation (r=0.69) was found to exist between nitrogen retention and digestible dry matter intake. Covariance analysis showed that, at the levels fed in these investigations, the amount of nitrogen stored was influenced more by the amount of dry matter digested than by the amount of nitrogen fed. The results obtained indicate that present recommendations with respect to amounts of crude protein for pregnant ewes may be decreased when the rations fed are adequate in other nutrients.

THE embryo of the chicken has been demonstrated to be resistant to limited periods of exposure to sub-freezing temperatures by Moreng and Bryant (1954a, b). When the ambient temperature was held at −10°F. it was found that the age of the embryo as well as the length of the exposure period were closely related to mortality of embryos. The early embryo was the most resistant to exposure up to a period of 125 minutes, when nearly 100 percent mortality was recorded for all age groups. Appearance of the embryo after death suggested that the direct cause of death was hemorrhaged tissue probably resulting from ice crystal formation. Ice crystal formation commences in the chicken egg at approximately 28°F. and then during the solidification process the internal temperature of the egg remains at approximately 30°F. (Moreng and Shaffner, 1951). Eggs were exposed in this study to an ambient temperature of …

Summary The butyryl, caproyl, and caprylyl esters of 2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid (sodium salt) have been synthesized and purified. These esters, particularly the butyryl, possess a reasonable degree of water solubility and are all hydrolyzed by some component of raw milk, presumably the lipase. 2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid (sodium salt), one of the products of hydrolysis of these esters, can be estimated photometrically by using Folin and Ciocalteu's phenol reagent to develop color. A photometric method for estimating the lipase content of whole milk is presented which makes use of these esters as substrates and in which color is developed with the above mentioned reagent.