Norwegian Agriculture Agency

Abstract Arctic charr ( Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus)) is a stenothermic cold‐water fish, which has been cultured in Northern Europe and North America since the 1980s. The industry has remained relatively small with an annual production between 6000 and 10 000 tonnes, and is still challenged by an unreliable offspring production. This review focuses on offspring production in Arctic charr aquaculture including holding conditions for brood‐stock, fertilisation and egg rearing until hatch. Brood‐stock requires low temperatures during summer (<12°C) with the optimum still unknown. The temperature maximum for egg incubation lies between 6 and 8°C. The composition of an optimal brood‐stock diet is debated regarding fatty acids. A demand for a freshwater‐based diet rich in omega‐6 fatty acids is indicated, but results remain inconclusive. Extensive knowledge has been gained on the timing of spawning and its manipulation through photoperiod, temperature and hormone treatments; spawning can be induced by short‐day photoperiod; and temperature drops to 5°C. Eggs are fertilised dry in ovarian fluid. Egg quality is highly variable and positively related to egg size and energy density. Contrary, little information is available on sperm quality and its impact on egg survival. There may also be profound differences between Arctic charr of stationary or anadromous origin regarding requirements for holding conditions of brood‐stock and their diet. However, these differences have received little attention, and direct comparative studies are in demand.

Neonates show considerable variation in growth that can be recognized through serial measurements of basic variables such as weight, length, and head circumference. If possible, measurement of subcutaneous and total body fat mass can also be useful. These biometric measurements at birth may be influenced by demographics, maternal and paternal anthropometrics, maternal metabolism, preconceptional nutritional status, and placental health. Subsequent growth may depend on optimal feeding, total caloric intake, total metabolic activity, genetic makeup, postnatal morbidities, medications, and environmental conditions. For premature infants, these factors become even more important; poor in utero growth can be an important reason for spontaneous or induced preterm delivery. Later, many infants who have had intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and are born small for gestational age (SGA) continue to show suboptimal growth below the 10th percentile, a condition that has been defined as extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) or postnatal growth restriction (PNGR). More importantly, a subset of these growth-restricted infants may also be at high risk of abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes. There is a need for well-defined criteria to recognize EUGR/PNGR, so that correctional steps can be instituted in a timely fashion.

Abstract The neurotransmitter dopamine has been shown to play an important role in modulating behavioral, morphological, and life history responses to food abundance. However, costs of expressing high dopamine levels remain poorly studied and are essential for understanding the evolution of the dopamine system. Negative maternal effects on offspring size from enhanced maternal dopamine levels have previously been documented in Daphnia . Here, we tested whether this translates into fitness costs in terms of lower starvation resistance in offspring. We exposed Daphnia magna mothers to aqueous dopamine (2.3 or 0 mg/L for the control) at two food levels ( ad libitum vs. 30% ad libitum ) and recorded a range of maternal life history traits. The longevity of their offspring was then quantified in the absence of food. In both control and dopamine treatments, mothers that experienced restricted food ration had lower somatic growth rates and higher age at maturation. Maternal food restriction also resulted in production of larger offspring that had a superior starvation resistance compared to ad libitum groups. However, although dopamine exposed mothers produced smaller offspring than controls at restricted food ration, these smaller offspring survived longer under starvation. Hence, maternal dopamine exposure provided an improved offspring starvation resistance. We discuss the relative importance of proximate and ultimate causes for why D . magna may not evolve toward higher endogenous dopamine levels despite the fitness benefits this appears to have.

Background: Cancer surgery is associated with risk of complications and loss of function. Vulnerability factors, such as advanced age, malnutrition, smoking, comorbidity, frailty, and low socioeconomic status increase the risk. Lifestyle intervention prior to surgery, known as prehabilitation, often include physical activity, nutritional support, psychological coaching, and smoking cessation, increase functional reserves and reduce postoperative complications. Most importantly, it prevents loss of functional capacity and dependence. Methods: The dHOPE study is a three-armed, open-labelled, parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT) with non-inferiority design to compare a digital home-based prehabilitation program with a hospital-based program or no organized prehabilitation. In addition, the dHOPE study aims to identify measurable parameters reflecting the effect of prehabilitation, thus preparing for future personalization of the prehabilitation programs. Discussion: The feasibility of multimodal prehabilitation is threatened by low compliance to hospital-based programs due to burdensome commuting, even in central and metropolitan areas. In sparsely populated countries, this challenge is even more pronounced. To ensure equal healthcare to all citizens regardless of address or economic situation, there is a need to transfer the prehabilitation program to the patients' homes. Thus, the primary hypothesis of dHOPE is that a digital home-based program is not inferior to a hospital-based program. Moreover, given the patient diversity, prehabilitation must be personalized to meet individual profiles or needs. An exploratory subtask of dHOPE is to confirm the utility of clinical, genetic, and molecular factors in evaluating prehabilitation response ultimately to identify new biomarkers and develop medical software for individual risk stratification and development of personalized prehabilitation programs. Clinical Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier (NCT06231576).

PURPOSE: Compressed workweek arrangements, where employees work extended daily hours in exchange for fewer workdays, are adopted to address individual and organizational needs. While advocates highlight benefits such as improved work-life balance and reduced commuting time, the effects on employee health/well-being and work outcomes remain unclear. The objective of the current paper is to summarize existing knowledge on the longitudinal relationship between compressed workweeks and employee health/wellbeing and work outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic search in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cinahl, and Web of Science in March 2023. We included peer-reviewed publications that empirically investigated the longitudinal relationship between compressed work schedules and employee health/well-being or work outcomes in employees working no more than 55 h a week. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. The study is registered in Prospero (CRD42020172595). RESULTS: The 20 longitudinal studies yielded mixed results, identifying positive and negative effects on health/well-being and work outcomes. Most studies found no significant differences in at least one outcome. Results suggest that a compressed workweek increases sickness absence but also improves shift satisfaction. Predominantly negative health effects were observed when comparing a compressed workweek to fixed day work, mixed effects when comparing a compressed workweek with 12 h shifts to alternative shifts arrangements, and limited evidence for a compressed workweek with 10 h shifts. CONCLUSION: The impact of compressed workweeks remains uncertain, demonstrating mixed results on employee health and work outcomes. The findings vary depending on the length of shifts and alternative schedule.

nema

Summary Texture loss in fermented citron on heating is a problem for the candying industry. The loss in texture could be found in certain lots of the raw material. Therefore a test system for the control of fermented citron was examined. A correlation between the total acid content in the brines and the texture of the fruits after heating was found. No such correlation was found between the total acid content and the texture of fruits not exposed to heat. None of the microbiological or enzymatical tests examined showed any relation to the texture loss. Over‐fermentation of the fruits seemed to be the main cause of the texture problem.

The neurotransmitter dopamine has been shown to play an important role in modulating behavioural, morphological and life-history responses to food abundance. However, costs of expressing high dopamine levels remain poorly studied and are essential for understanding the evolution of the dopamine system. Negative maternal effects on offspring size from enhanced maternal dopamine levels have previously been documented in Daphnia. Here, we tested whether this translates into fitness costs in terms of lower starvation resistance in offspring. We exposed Daphnia magna mothers to aqueous dopamine (2.3 mg/L or 0 mg/L for the control) at two food levels (ad libitum versus 30% ad libitum) and recorded a range of maternal life history traits. The longevity of their offspring was then quantified in the absence of food. In both control and dopamine treatments, mothers that experienced restricted food ration had lower somatic growth rates and higher age at maturation. Maternal food restriction also resulted in production of larger offspring that had a superior starvation resistance, compared to ad libitum groups. However, although dopamine exposed mothers produced smaller offspring than controls at restricted food ration, these smaller offspring survived longer under starvation. Hence, maternal dopamine exposure provided an improved offspring starvation resistance. We discuss the relative importance of proximate and ultimate causes for why D. magna may not evolve towards higher endogenous dopamine levels despite the fitness benefits this appears to have.