Okayama University of Science

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolvent-Free Organic SynthesisK. Tanaka and F. TodaView Author Information Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Okayama 700-0005, Japan Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 3, 1025–1074Publication Date (Web):February 23, 2000Publication History Received17 June 1996Published online23 February 2000Published inissue 1 March 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr940089phttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr940089presearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views16220Altmetric-Citations1916LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Crystals,Irradiation,Mixtures,Molecules,Reaction products Get e-Alerts

A measurement of the Higgs boson mass is presented based on the combined data samples of the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the CERN LHC in the H→γγ and H→ZZ→4ℓ decay channels. The results are obtained from a simultaneous fit to the reconstructed invariant mass peaks in the two channels and for the two experiments. The measured masses from the individual channels and the two experiments are found to be consistent among themselves. The combined measured mass of the Higgs boson is m_{H}=125.09±0.21 (stat)±0.11 (syst) GeV.

We report on a systematic analysis of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) core- and valence-level spectra of clean and well-characterized iron oxide films, i.e., $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},$ ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}{\mathrm{O}}_{4},$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}.$ All iron oxide films were prepared epitaxially by ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on single crystalline MgO(100) and $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}(0001)$ substrates. The phase and stoichiometry of the films were controlled precisely by adjusting the ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ pressure during growth. The XPS spectrum of each oxide clearly showed satellite structures. These satellite structures were simulated using a cluster-model calculation, which could well reproduce the observed structures by considering the systematic changes in both the Fe $3d$ to O $2p$ hybridization and the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ electron-correlation energy. The small difference in the satellite structures between $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ resulted mainly from changes in the Fe-O hybridization parameters, suggesting an increased covalency in $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ compared to $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}.$ With increasing reduction in the $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ system, the satellite structures in XPS became unresolved. This was not only due to the formation of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ ions, but also to nonhomogeneous changes in the hybridization parameters between octahedral and tetrahedral ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ ions.

Combined ATLAS and CMS measurements of the Higgs boson production and decay rates, as well as constraints on its couplings to vector bosons and fermions, are presented. The combination is based on the analysis of five production processes, namely gluon fusion, vector boson fusion, and associated production with a W or a Z boson or a pair of top quarks, and of the six decay modes H → ZZ, W W , γγ, ττ, bb, and μμ. All results are reported assuming a value of 125.09 GeV for the Higgs boson mass, the result of the combined measurement by the ATLAS and CMS experiments. The analysis uses the CERN LHC proton-proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS and CMS experiments in 2011 and 2012, corresponding to integrated luminosities per experiment of approximately 5 fb$^{−1}$ at $\sqrt{s}$=7 TeV and 20 fb−1 at $\sqrt{s}$=8 TeV. The Higgs boson production and decay rates measured by the two experiments are combined within the context of three generic parameterisations: two based on cross sections and branching fractions, and one on ratios of coupling modifiers. Several interpretations of the measurements with more model-dependent parameterisations are also given. The combined signal yield relative to the Standard Model prediction is measured to be 1.09 ± 0.11. The combined measurements lead to observed significances for the vector boson fusion production process and for the H → ττ decay of 5.4 and 5.5 standard deviations, respectively. The data are consistent with the Standard Model predictions for all parameterisations considered.

A photosystem II reaction center complex consisting of D-1 and D-2 polypeptides and cytochrome b-559 was isolated from spinach grana thylakoids, treated with 4% (wt/vol) Triton X-100, by ion-exchange chromatography using DEAE-Toyopearl 650S. The isolated complex appears to contain five chlorophyll a, two pheophytin a, one beta-carotene, and one or two cytochrome b-559 heme(s) (molar ratio) and exhibits a reversible absorbance change attributable to the photochemical accumulation of reduced pheophytin typical for the intermediary electron acceptor of photosystem II reaction center. These results strongly suggest that the site of primary charge separation in photosystem II is located on the heterodimer composed of D-1 and D-2 subunits.

The phytohormone auxin plays critical roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been recognized as the major auxin for more than 70 y. Although several pathways have been proposed, how auxin is synthesized in plants is still unclear. Previous genetic and enzymatic studies demonstrated that both TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) flavin monooxygenase-like proteins are required for biosynthesis of IAA during plant development, but these enzymes were placed in two independent pathways. In this article, we demonstrate that the TAA family produces indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) and the YUC family functions in the conversion of IPA to IAA in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) by a quantification method of IPA using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem MS. We further show that YUC protein expressed in Escherichia coli directly converts IPA to IAA. Indole-3-acetaldehyde is probably not a precursor of IAA in the IPA pathway. Our results indicate that YUC proteins catalyze a rate-limiting step of the IPA pathway, which is the main IAA biosynthesis pathway in Arabidopsis .

Solvent-free organic synthesis , Solvent-free organic synthesis , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز

The K2K experiment observes indications of neutrino oscillation: a reduction of nu(mu) flux together with a distortion of the energy spectrum. Fifty-six beam neutrino events are observed in Super-Kamiokande (SK), 250 km from the neutrino production point, with an expectation of 80.1(+6.2)(-5.4). Twenty-nine one ring mu-like events are used to reconstruct the neutrino energy spectrum, which is better matched to the expected spectrum with neutrino oscillation than without. The probability that the observed flux at SK is explained by statistical fluctuation without neutrino oscillation is less than 1%.

This paper investigates a stochastic model for a software error detection process in which the growth curve of the number of detected software errors for the observed data is S-shaped. The software error detection model is a nonhomogeneous Poisson process where the mean-value function has an S-shaped growth curve. The model is applied to actual software error data. Statistical inference on the unknown parameters is discussed. The model fits the observed data better than other models.

During 2015 the ATLAS experiment recorded [Formula: see text] of proton-proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of [Formula: see text]. The ATLAS trigger system is a crucial component of the experiment, responsible for selecting events of interest at a recording rate of approximately 1 kHz from up to 40 MHz of collisions. This paper presents a short overview of the changes to the trigger and data acquisition systems during the first long shutdown of the LHC and shows the performance of the trigger system and its components based on the 2015 proton-proton collision data.

Abstract Dimethyl (1-diazo-2-oxopropyl) phosphonate (3) was transformed to dimethyl (diazomethyl)—phosphonate (4), which was used for the synthesis of enol ether or alkyne without isolation.

We present measurements of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ disappearance in K2K, the KEK to Kamioka long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. One-hundred and twelve beam-originated neutrino events are observed in the fiducial volume of Super-Kamiokande with an expectation of ${158.1}_{\ensuremath{-}8.6}^{+9.2}$ events without oscillation. A distortion of the energy spectrum is also seen in 58 single-ring muonlike events with reconstructed energies. The probability that the observations are explained by the expectation for no neutrino oscillation is 0.0015% ($4.3\ensuremath{\sigma}$). In a two-flavor oscillation scenario, the allowed $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}$ region at ${sin}^{2}2\ensuremath{\theta}=1$ is between 1.9 and $3.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{eV}}^{2}$ at the 90% C.L. with a best-fit value of $2.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{eV}}^{2}$.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been the subject of extensive previous research that can be grouped into two categories, viz. enzymatic surface modification of polyester fibers and management of PET waste by enzymatic hydrolysis. Different enzymes with rather specific properties are required for these two processes. Enzymatic surface modification is possible with several hydrolases, such as lipases, carboxylesterases, cutinases, and proteases. These enzymes should be designated as PET surface-modifying enzymes and should not degrade the building blocks of PET but should hydrolyze the surface polymer chain so that the intensity of PET is not weakened. Conversely, management of PET waste requires substantial degradation of the building blocks of PET; therefore, only a limited number of cutinases have been recognized as PET hydrolases since the first PET hydrolase was discovered by Müller et al. (Macromol Rapid Commun 26:1400-1405, 2005). Here, we introduce current knowledge on enzymatic degradation of PET with a focus on the key class of enzymes, PET hydrolases, pertaining to the definition of enzymatic requirements for PET hydrolysis, structural analyses of PET hydrolases, and the reaction mechanisms. This review gives a deep insight into the structural basis and dynamics of PET hydrolases based on the recent progress in X-ray crystallography. Based on the knowledge accumulated to date, we discuss the potential for PET hydrolysis applications, such as in designing waste stream management.

Protein knockdown using the auxin-inducible degron (AID) technology is useful to study protein function in living cells because it induces rapid depletion, which makes it possible to observe an immediate phenotype. However, the current AID system has two major drawbacks: leaky degradation and the requirement for a high dose of auxin. These negative features make it difficult to control precisely the expression level of a protein of interest in living cells and to apply this method to mice. Here, we overcome these problems by taking advantage of a bump-and-hole approach to establish the AID version 2 (AID2) system. AID2, which employs an OsTIR1(F74G) mutant and a ligand, 5-Ph-IAA, shows no detectable leaky degradation, requires a 670-times lower ligand concentration, and achieves even quicker degradation than the conventional AID. We demonstrate successful generation of human cell mutants for genes that were previously difficult to deal with, and show that AID2 achieves rapid target depletion not only in yeast and mammalian cells, but also in mice.

collision data, measurements of the reconstruction efficiency, as well as of the momentum scale and resolution, are presented and compared to Monte Carlo simulations. The reconstruction efficiency is measured to be close to [Formula: see text] over most of the covered phase space ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] GeV). The isolation efficiency varies between 93 and [Formula: see text] depending on the selection applied and on the momentum of the muon. Both efficiencies are well reproduced in simulation. In the central region of the detector, the momentum resolution is measured to be [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) for muons from [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) decays, and the momentum scale is known with an uncertainty of [Formula: see text]. In the region [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text] resolution for muons from [Formula: see text] decays is [Formula: see text] while the precision of the momentum scale for low-[Formula: see text] muons from [Formula: see text] decays is about [Formula: see text].

Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle ($\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}$) and pseudorapidity ($\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\eta}$) are measured in $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{TeV}$ $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC. The measurements are performed using approximately $1\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{b}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ of data as a function of transverse momentum (${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$) and the transverse energy ($\ensuremath{\Sigma}{E}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Pb}}$) summed over $3.1<\ensuremath{\eta}<4.9$ in the direction of the Pb beam. The correlation function, constructed from charged particles, exhibits a long-range ($2<|\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\eta}|<5$) ``near-side'' ($\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\sim}0$) correlation that grows rapidly with increasing $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{E}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Pb}}$. A long-range ``away-side'' ($\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\pi}$) correlation, obtained by subtracting the expected contributions from recoiling dijets and other sources estimated using events with small $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{E}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Pb}}$, is found to match the near-side correlation in magnitude, shape (in $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\eta}$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}$) and $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{E}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Pb}}$ dependence. The resultant $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}$ correlation is approximately symmetric about $\ensuremath{\pi}/2$, and is consistent with a dominant $\mathrm{cos}2\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\phi}$ modulation for all $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{E}_{\mathrm{T}}^{\mathrm{Pb}}$ ranges and particle ${p}_{\mathrm{T}}$.

The T2K experiment has observed electron neutrino appearance in a muon neutrino beam produced 295 km from the Super-Kamiokande detector with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. A total of 28 electron neutrino events were detected with an energy distribution consistent with an appearance signal, corresponding to a significance of 7.3σ when compared to 4.92±0.55 expected background events. In the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata mixing model, the electron neutrino appearance signal depends on several parameters including three mixing angles θ12, θ23, θ13, a mass difference Δm(32)(2) and a CP violating phase δ(CP). In this neutrino oscillation scenario, assuming |Δm(32)(2)|=2.4×10(-3) eV(2), sin(2)θ(23)=0.5, and Δm322>0 (Δm(32)(2)<0), a best-fit value of sin(2)2θ(13)=0.140(-0.032)(+0.038) (0.170(-0.037)(+0.045)) is obtained at δ(CP)=0. When combining the result with the current best knowledge of oscillation parameters including the world average value of θ(13) from reactor experiments, some values of δ(CP) are disfavored at the 90% C.L.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of alkenylchromium reagents prepared from alkenyl trifluoromethanesulfonates (triflates) with chromium(II) chloride under nickel catalysisK. Takai, M. Tagashira, T. Kuroda, K. Oshima, K. Utimoto, and H. NozakiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 19, 6048–6050Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00279a068https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00279a068research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4454Altmetric-Citations394LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

BACKGROUND: Polyamines are small polycationic molecules found ubiquitously in all organisms and function in a wide variety of biological processes. In the past decade, molecular and genetic studies using mutants and transgenic plants with an altered activity of enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis have contributed much to a better understanding of the biological functions of polyamines in plants. POSSIBLE ROLES: Spermidine is essential for survival of Arabidopsis embryos. One of the reasons may lie in the fact that spermidine serves as a substrate for the lysine hypusine post-translational modification of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A, which is essential in all eukaryotic cells. Spermine is not essential but plays a role in stress responses, probably through the modulation of cation channel activities, and as a source of hydrogen peroxide during pathogen infection. Thermospermine, an isomer of spermine, is involved in stem elongation, possibly by acting on the regulation of upstream open reading frame-mediated translation. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanisms of action of polyamines differ greatly from those of plant hormones. There remain numerous unanswered questions regarding polyamines in plants, such as transport systems and polyamine-responsive genes. Further studies on the action of polyamines will undoubtedly provide a new understanding of plant growth regulation and stress responses.

This review discussed about the green biosynthesis of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) and the biomedical applications, which mainly focus on the targeted anticancer drug delivery. Fe3O4-NPs have been studied and proved that Fe3O4-NPs can be used in various fields of application, due to “superparamagnetic” property that Fe3O4-NPs possessed. In targeted drug delivery system, drug loaded Fe3O4-NPs can accumulate at the tumor site by the aid of external magnetic field. This can increase the effectiveness of drug release to the tumor site and vanquish cancer cells without harming healthy cells. In order to apply Fe3O4-NPs in human body, Fe3O4-NPs have to be biocompatible and biodegradable to minimize the toxicity. So, green biosynthesis plays a crucial role as the biosynthesized Fe3O4-NPs is safe to be consumed by human because the materials used are from biological routes, such as plant extract and natural polymer. However, biosynthesis using plant extract is the most popular among them all as plant extract can act as both reducing and stabilizing agents in the synthesizing process of nanoparticles. This approach is not merely simple, yet economic and less waste production, which is environmental friendly. Several biomedical applications of Fe3O4-NPs are included in this review, but anticancer drug delivery study is discussed in detail. The criteria for Fe3O4-NPs to be used as drug delivery vehicle are discussed so as to study the optimum condition of Fe3O4-NPs in drug delivery application. Many researches showed the promising results of Fe3O4-NPs in treating cancer cells via in vitro study. Hence, this review is significant which summarize the vital points of Fe3O4-NPs in targeted anticancer drug delivery system. Conclusions have been made according to the literature reviewed and some points of view were proposed for future study. Keywords: Green biosynthesis, Superparamagnetic, Magnetite nanoparticle, Anticancer, Targeted drug delivery