Orange (Belgium)

5G is the next generation mobile network that enables innovation and supports progressive change across all vertical industries and our society. Through Radio Access Network (RAN) design and an orchestrated end-to-end architecture, it has the potential to boost innovation and generate economic growth across all verticals. 5G network deployments and market evolution are subject to the technology achieving the performance targets that accelerate adoption by vertical industries. This white paper highlights the technological innovations developed in the 5G Public Private Partnership (5G PPP) program and how they help reaching the key performance targets for the 5G service classes: enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC), and massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)3. These performance levels ensure an unprecedented experience for end users including high data rates, reduced end-to-end latency, massive connectivity, ultra-reliability and support for very high mobility, ubiquitously. This white paper shows how the 5G PPP innovations go beyond what is announced for early 5G deployments for the eMBB service class, and how all 5G service classes are delivered over a scalable and cost efficient network. It then explains how 5G technological innovations transform the network into a secure, reliable and flexible orchestration platform across multiple technology and administrative domains. Multi-domain orchestration allows a quick end-to-end service deployment and a dynamic sharing of infrastructure resources among stakeholders, offering new business opportunities and paving the way for new business models.

Dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) is devastating to the quality of life of individuals with DAT and to the lives of their caregivers. Progressive declines in language and communication isolate individuals with DAT and contribute to caregiver stress and burden. This article describes current communication education and training programs for caregivers of individuals with DAT. A case study involving a spousal caregiver of an individual with DAT is presented to illustrate the components of a comprehensive, individualized caregiver communication enhancement education and training program. Implications for future program development are discussed.

Purpose When firms are dealing with negative earnings and/or economic downturns, operational restructuring is often initiated as a rescue tool. Some firms recover and prevail, while the others fail to survive and are subsequently delisted from stock exchange. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors that are significantly associated with the delisting risk of restructuring firms. Design/methodology/approach The authors draw on a sample of firms with negative earnings that undertook restructuring during the 2001 economic recession. Logistic regression estimation is used to examine the delisting risk of these firms following the restructuring. Findings The paper finds that delisting risk increases when firms undertake repetitive restructurings, massive workforce reduction, and large‐scale asset downsizing. Firms with high levels of debt and failure to cut costs and/or narrowing its focus on core competencies are also more likely to delist. Practical implications By analyzing and synthesizing the information from empirical data and business experience, this paper provides a guide for managers to effectively plan and implement a restructuring program to improve performance amid an economic downturn. Originality/value This is the first study to examine the survivability or delisting risk of a poorly performing firm undergoing restructuring amid an economic recession.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the processes and outcomes of care in patients who had a stroke treated in urban versus rural hospitals in Australia. DESIGN: Observational study using data from a multicentre national registry. SETTING: Data from 50 acute care hospitals in Australia (25 urban, 25 rural) which participated in the Australian Stroke Clinical Registry during the period 2010-2015. PARTICIPANTS: Patients were divided into two groups (urban, rural) according to the Australian Standard Geographical Classification Remoteness Area classification. Data pertaining to 28 115 patients who had a stroke were analysed, of whom 8159 (29%) were admitted to hospitals located within rural areas. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Regional differences in processes of care (admission to a stroke unit, thrombolysis for ischaemic stroke, discharge on antihypertensive medication and provision of a care plan), and survival analyses up to 180 days and health-related quality of life at 90-180 days. RESULTS: Compared with those admitted to urban hospitals, patients in rural hospitals less often received thrombolysis (urban 12.7% vs rural 7.5%, p<0.001) or received treatment in stroke units (urban 82.2% vs rural 76.5%, p<0.001), and fewer were discharged with a care plan (urban 61.3% vs rural 44.7%, p<0.001). No significant differences were found in terms of survival or overall self-reported quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Rural access to recommended components of acute stroke care was comparatively poorer; however, this did not appear to impact health outcomes at approximately 6 months.

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Using natural gas in large bore engines reduces carbon dioxide emissions by up to 25% at a lower fuel cost than diesel engines. In demanding applications with highly transient operating profiles, however, premix gas engines have disadvantages compared to diesel engines because of the potential for knocking and misfire to occur. Operating a gas engine using the diesel cycle requires high gas injection pressures. Furthermore, a source of ignition is needed due to the high autoignition temperature of methane. State-of-the-art solutions inject a small quantity of diesel fuel before introducing the natural gas. One monofuel alternative ignites the gas jets with flame torches that originate in a prechamber. This paper presents the simulation based development of a prechamber ignited high pressure direct injection (HPDI) gas combustion concept and subsequent experimental validation. After the most promising arrangement of the prechamber and the high pressure gas injector was selected, the main focus was on optimizing the prechamber geometry and prechamber operating conditions. 3D simulation models were set up to determine the optimal geometry of the prechamber combustion volume as well as the number, size and shape of the channels connecting the prechamber to the main combustion chamber. The prechamber optimization targets include trapped fuel mass and mixture quality in the prechamber. Combustion of the gas jets was predicted with the ECFM-3Z model under the assumption of ideal injection rates. The results of the 3D simulation were transferred to a 1D multicylinder engine model to generate statements about engine efficiency and to provide boundary conditions for experimental validation. The best prechamber design was selected for prototype manufacturing and testing on the single cylinder research engine. After the prechamber concept is validated, it will be possible to make initial statements on the feasibility of the overall combustion concept for large bore engines.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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To estimate the exposure around a base station, the frequency-selective electromagnetic field measurement with a spectrum analyzer and antenna is the most appropriate method. In this paper, a theoretical model for the wideband code division multiaccess signal, which is measured by a spectrum analyzer, is extended to the measurement of the signal used in the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), where the transmitted signal is subject to power control. The developed model is successfully validated by measurements. It is shown that the presence of power control has important implications on the achievable accuracy of the measurements. Based on the developed model, the optimal settings of the spectrum analyzer are proposed for the exposure assessment around UMTS base stations.

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;High-pressure direct injection (HPDI) of natural gas into the combustion chamber enables a non-premixed combustion regime known from diesel engines. Since knocking combustion cannot occur with this combustion process, an increase in the compression ratio and thus efficiency is possible. Due to the high injection pressures required, this concept is ideally suited to applications where liquefied natural gas (LNG) is available. In marine applications, the bunkering of and operation with LNG is state-of-the-art. Existing HPDI gas combustion concepts typically use a small amount of diesel fuel for ignition, which is injected late in the compression stroke. The diesel fuel ignites due to the high temperature of the cylinder charge. The subsequently injected gas ignites at the diesel flame. The HPDI gas combustion concept presented in this paper is of a monovalent type, meaning that no fuel other than natural gas is used. The high-pressure gas jet is ignited with the aid of flame torches from a gas-scavenged prechamber. The design and layout of the combustion process and the prechamber shape were simulation-based. It’s predesign and validation on a single-cylinder research engine (SCE) were presented in SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0259. More detailed results of the SCE measurements are presented and discussed in this paper. The results clearly demonstrate the high number of degrees of freedom of the prechamber ignited HPDI gas combustion concept. The publication shows investigations on the influence of injection timing, ignition timing in the prechamber and gas supply pressure. Combustion can be altered by adjusting either injection timing or ignition timing when simultaneously adjusting the other parameter. Different combinations of these parameters have a strong influence on the rate of heat release by altering the amount of high pressure gas that can premix with the cylinder charge. Potential measures for improvement are outlined. An increase in the gas injection pressure helps to increase efficiency for a constant NOx emission level. Finally, a comparison of the prechamber ignited HPDI gas combustion concept and a representative diesel combustion concept reveals that the expected properties have been met. The same combustion performance as with a diesel engine can be achieved using the prechamber ignited HPDI concept.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

The ECLIPS project 'Extended collaborative integrated life cycle supply chain planning system' is introduced. The discussed project scope focuses on development of concepts and technologies in the domain of supply chain planning and managing at the product maturity phase. The concerned concepts and technologies are based on integrating analytical and simulation techniques in multi-echelon cyclic planning. Analytical techniques are used under conditions of dynamic and deterministic demand. Simulation techniques provide a test environment for analytical solutions and allow modeling and optimising planning decisions under conditions of demand variability and uncertainty

This document introduces the main MVNO solutions. It attempts to identify what are the strategic elements in the network architecture. The general trend is most probably an evolution towards an MVNO owning the whole core network architecture and buying access service to an MNO. A cost oriented pricing mode for these access services should be put in place, more systematically driven by regulation agencies promoting competition for mobile data services via the MVNO operating mode. A simple global economic model is proposed for MVNO and MNO. It explains why the activity of mobile network operator is limited to a small number of players and how an MVNO mode makes possible extending the viability of the mobile operator business to other actors.

This paper describes an Implementation Guide for an emerging standard for autonomic management &control of networks and services, namely the ETSI AFI GANA Reference Model for Autonomic Networking, Cognitive Networking and Self-Management (an emerging standard from ETSI). The implementation guide also takes into consideration the impact of emerging paradigms such as SDN and Virtualization. This is because as the standardized Reference Model has been published, it becomes important to provide an associated Implementation Guide that can be followed in implementing autonomic management & control in network architectures.

This standardization oriented paper describes the SDN (Software-Driven Networking) Enablers in the ETSI AFI GANA Reference Model for Autonomic Management & Control (an emerging standard from ETSI), and impact of Virtualization. This is because in this study we see that Autonomic Management & Control and SDN (Software-Driven Networking) share the same objective of enabling programmable, manageable, dynamically self-adaptable and cost-effective networks and services. SDN enablers in the AFI GANA Model are: (1) Modularization of Logically centralized Control Software (the GANA Network Level DEs in the GANA Knowledge Plane) and Reference Points Definitions; (2) Primitives for Programmability at various layers; (3) Use of Runtime Executable Behavioral Models to complement the use of Policy-Control and dynamic policies; (4) The role and value the GANA MBTS (Model Based Translation Service) brings in SDN; (5) The role and value the GANA ONIX (Overlay Network for Information eXchange) brings in SDN; (6) Interworking GANA Knowledge Plane Decision Elements and SDN Controllers; (7) GANA “Decision-Making-Elements” logics as “software” that can be loaded into nodes and network (enabling “software-empowered networks”). The study is important because it is now becoming critical to study and explore the relationships between Autonomic Management & Control and SDN paradigms, as well as Virtualization, identify complementarities between the paradigms and close the gaps by unifying SDN concepts and associated frameworks with the emerging ETSI AFI GANA Reference Model standard for Autonomic Networking, Cognitive Networking and Self-Management, a hybrid model enabling to combine both centralized and distributed control.

High voltage GaN power transistors have the potential to enable high efficiency and power density of power electronic converters like on- board charger (OBC) in electric vehicles. A comprehensive design optimization with state-of- the-art GaN-HEMT devices is essential to achieve a lightweight, compact and efficient OBC. This paper presents a design optimization for achieving multiple objectives (efficiency and volume) at the same time. The optimization searches for optimal switching frequencies and suitable GaN-HEMT transistors for a given power rating. These state- of-the-art GaN-HEMT transistors are collected from different manufacture regarding the smallest values of Rds(on) and different type of packaging. The optimal solutions show that a 3.7 kW OBC based on 650V GaN devices can achieve an efficiency of 96.32%, volume of 1.82 L and power density of 2.03 kW/L.

The supply of small independent retailers, or nanostores, in urban areas is highly fragmented. Reducing this fragmentation potentially leads to reduced costs for last mile deliveries as well as lower transport-related externalities. Through case studies in different cities globally, including emerging economies, the potential of various possibilities to reduce fragmentation in supplying nanostores is studied. Different methodologies are applied. Results show that fragmentation can be reduced by considering the behaviour of manufacturers and storeowners as well as the feasibility of actual transport. The distinctive characteristics of an urban area that determine the feasibility are also discussed.

Power Hardware-In-the-loop (HIL) testing is increasing in the automotive industry for testing subsystems for new vehicles. Usually, the test is located in a unique place (stand-alone (local) HIL). The key-points for a vehicle manufacturer and subsystems suppliers are time and confidentiality. Using the cloud is a way to satisfy the both. Cloud model sharing is developed to spare time and cloud-based real-time simulation limits the access to the models to only certain variables. In this paper, a cloud-based power HIL testing is proposed using a cloud of vehicle models. The Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) formalism is used to organize all the models. It facilitates the interconnections between the simulated and power tested subsystems. Two new batteries are experimentally tested, one for an electric vehicle, the other one for a plug-in hybrid vehicle. The same cloud is used and the power test facilities are located in two different locations. This shows the flexibility of the method.

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Computational models widely employed for predicting the dispersion of fuel sprays in combustion engines suffer from well-known drawbacks associated with the utilization of case-dependent empirical phase-change models, describing the conversion of liquid into vapour during fuel injection. The present work couples the compressible Navier-Stokes and energy conservation equations with a thermodynamic closure approximation covering pressures from 25 to 2000bar and temperatures that expand from compressed liquid, vapor-liquid equilibrium to trans/supercritical mixing, and thus, cover the whole range of P-T values that diesel fuel undergoes during its injection into combustion engines. The model assumes mechanical and thermal equilibrium between the liquid, vapour and surrounding air phases and thus, it avoids utilization of case-dependent empirical phase-change models for predicting in-nozzle cavitation and vaporization of fuels. Model development is based on the recent works reported for one mono-component (&lt;i&gt;n-&lt;/i&gt;dodecane) and extended here to consider the influence of two multicomponent diesel surrogates. Fuel properties are predicted via the Perturbed Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) equation of state (EoS). The tabulated thermodynamic approach proposed is based on P-T tables, providing very high accuracy across the range of conditions with only a small number of interpolation points. The developed model is validated against experimental data for the liquid and vapour penetration for the Spray A conditions reported in the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) database. Results show good agreement for three non-reacting target conditions. Then, from simulations obtained using the two multi-component fuel surrogates their effect can be quantified on spray development.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

LoRaWAN prides itself in having security specified and implemented from the start. LoRaWAN also boasts end-to-end security between the device and the application server using an application session key, which protects in confidentiality the applicative payload, shielding it away from the prying eyes of the operator. Control messages exchanged between the end-device and the network server are also authenticated, with a different key, the network session key. However, with the current LoRaWAN 1.0 specification, both session keys (network and application) are generated by the same network server and they are derived from the same master key. Therefore, even though there are two different derived keys, there is no real isolation between network and application flows. As a result, this does not achieve good separation between network security and application security. Besides, it makes it complex to define the liability chain in case of key compromise. Moreover, with LoRaWAN 1.0, an end-device can only be connected to one application server. This connection is established as the end-device joins the network and is fixed as long as the end-device is connected to the network. The device cannot later send data to another application server, unless it de-associates with the network and re-associates, which is cumbersome and costly in terms of control messages.

This paper reviews different configurations of the hybrid-energy-storage-system (HESS), a combination of Li-ion Battery (LiB) pack, Li-ion capacitor (LiC) bank, and dc-dc converters, for Plug-in hybrid electric (PHE) buses. A new HESS configuration is proposed to improve the efficiency of power transfer from battery port and reduce the rating voltage of LiC bank associated the cell balancing problem. The simulation results with a standard SORT driving cycle will be used to optimize the sizing of LiB and LiC packs. The comparative analysis illustrates that the proposed configuration has several merits against the conventional hybrid topology based on high-energy batteries and electrical double-layer capacitors in term of weight and volume.

This paper deals with a generic problem of matching agents with underlying preferences while guaranteeing a certain level of privacy is met. As a general framework, we consider consumers and prosumers who trade energy on a platform. Consumers buy energy to the platform to maximize their usage benefit while minimizing the cost paid to the platform. Prosumers, who have the possibility to generate energy, self-consume part of it to maximize their usage benefit and sell the rest to the platform to maximize their revenue. Inspired by a variant of the Hotelling model, product differentiation is introduced and consumers can specify preferences regarding locality and green origin of their supply. The consumers and prosumers problems being coupled through a matching probability, we provide analytical characterization of the resulting Nash equilibrium, and conditions for existence and uniqueness. Assuming supply shortages occur on the platform, we reformulate the local market clearing problem as a consensus problem that we solve using Consensus Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (C-ADMM), enabling minimal information exchanges between prosumers and consumers. C-ADMM complexity is recalled and strategyproofness is analysed. The algorithm is then run on a case study made of 300 prosumers from New South Wales in Australia, equipped with solar panels. We consider privacy-preservation output against a centralized benchmark approach, and evaluate C-ADMM computational time under three scenarios with an increasing number of agents. Regarding economic analysis, we observe that it is more profitable for prosumers than for consumers to be flexible within a local energy community, and that belonging to a local energy community incentivizes them to reduce their demands by comparison with their initial targets. Furthermore, the expectation to make a substantial profit is a main driver for prosumers’ engagement within a community; whereas for consumers, the green origin of the supply is determinant.

Using Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) methods become more and more common in Augmented Reality (AR). To achieve real-time requirement and to cope with scale factor and the lack of absolute positioning issue, we propose to decouple the localization and the mapping step. We explain the benefits of this approach and how a SLAM strategy can still be used in a way that is meaningful for the end user.