Passages

The logic of action for the “wired” is dominated by cost effectiveness and utilitarianism. They want to live faster, better, more intensely, not only by increasing the density of time (better organization of the execution and order of tasks thanks to flexible telecommunications) but by creating a double time (superimposing media time on physical time). Nevertheless, in the face of random, fleeting experiences leading to the dispersion and sometimes aberrations that can be the outcome of such a logic, we see a reaction emerging which is based on a critical logic aimed at enabling individuals to avoid being dispossessed of time of their own, of their own rhythms and history by generalized acceleration. This logic reintroduces the temporal depth needed for maturation, for reflection and for meditation where the clash of immediacy and urgency all too often demands an impulsive response.

Au sein de l’Union européenne, l’actualité des migrations internationales a érigé les espaces non métropolitains en des lieux clés de l’accueil des populations. En France, le démantèlement du bidonville de Calais à la fin de l’année 2016 a mis en lumière une politique de dispersion des demandeurs d’asile orchestrée dans l’urgence par les autorités. L’ouverture précipitée de centres dédiés sur l’ensemble du territoire a mis sur le devant de la scène des localités jusqu’alors peu concernées par les questions migratoires. À partir de l’analyse de données quantitatives traitées à l’échelle nationale, mais aussi d’enquêtes menées localement au sein des régions Nouvelle-Aquitaine et Occitanie, cet article propose une lecture géographique de la dispersion des demandeurs d’asile dans des espaces ruraux. Il s’inscrit dans les activités d’un programme de recherche en cours qui, depuis 2016, se consacre à l’analyse des mutations des campagnes françaises dans la dynamique des migrations internationales. Les travaux entrepris visent à documenter et comprendre la diversité des situations sociales et des configurations spatiales qui façonnent les territoires ruraux concernés notamment par l’accueil des exilés.

L’article vise à analyser les processus de cadrage de l’incertitude et de l’expertise légitime durant la controverse sur le gaz de schiste en France et au Québec (Canada). Il s’agit d’étudier la controverse entre 2010 et 2015 et de comprendre quels sont les mécanismes mis en œuvre pour tenter de réduire l’incertitude, quel type d’incertitude est ciblé, par quels outils, par quels acteurs et avec quels effets sur la trajectoire politique de la controverse. L’analyse développe un cadre théorique innovant faisant appel à l’analyse des politiques publiques, la sociologie de l’expertise et la sociologie de la participation publique. La comparaison de l’action publique en France et au Québec met en relief des attitudes contrastées face à un contexte similaire d’incertitude. Alors qu’en France, l’incertitude est confinée à la technique de fracturation hydraulique, au Québec, elle s’étend à de multiples domaines scientifiques. L’article défend ainsi que l’incertitude est socialement produite, politiquement cadrée et scientifiquement informée.

Abstract This article examines social protection pathways in the former French colonies in sub‐Saharan Africa. We identify five steps to understanding the patterns and dynamics of social protection in these countries that provide evidence of its exogenous construction. First, we characterize the main developments in social protection systems and policies from their inception, covering the colonial era to the present, underlining the role of colonial legacy and the global social policy framework. Second, we document the similarity of national social protection trajectories and lack of national ownership of the policy problem markedly that characterizes social protection pathways.

This paper presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a low-power capacity Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) system supplying a building on Bordeaux INP’s university campus, powered by the French low-carbon electricity mix. It compares environmental impacts with alternative thermal energy supply solutions, analyzing various scenarios including design choices, construction methods, equipment lifespan, and failures. Results show that the operational phase contributes 60% to the total environmental impact, mainly from electricity consumption by the heat pump and pumping wells. The ATES operational phase has a climate change impact of 37 gCO2eq kWhth−1, lower than reported in existing literature, but borehole construction, particularly chromium steel production for the casing, poses environmental burdens. The comparative assessment of the different scenarios underlines the pivotal influence of energy delivery optimization, borehole casing material choice, and heat pump performance coefficient on LCA outcomes. Comparative analyses demonstrate that ATES outperforms conventional natural gas or biomass heating and vapor compressor chillers for cooling, but slightly trails air or ground-source heat pumps. Despite high construction phase impacts, mitigation occurs relatively quickly, except for human health concerns. The study underscores the potential of low-power ATES systems with low-carbon electricity to replace fossil fuel or biomass-based heating, reducing environmental footprints. The choice between ATES and other heat pumps depends on the electricity mix, performance factors, and delivered energy.

The rapidly developing field of visual methods and growing body of literature employing visual methodologies in the collection of data have contributed to the acknowledgement of the senses with a prevalence of sight in the research process. Yet, the ‘sensuous scholarship’ is not always considered in the systematic methodological process when visual methodologies are at stake. The aim of this paper is to problematise this stance in the context of the particular field of migration research. Our aim is to ‘de-essentialise the visual’ by presenting cases from our studies on immigrant communities in Norway, Turkey, Israel, and Portugal, and to exemplify how the embodied knowledge gained by both the researcher and research participants can contribute to research findings. We argue that sensuous experiences are part of researchers’ positionality and influence the intellectual outcomes of our work. We support this stance with four claims that relate to a researcher's physical presence in the field. We claim that (1) our work suffers an intellectual bias, (2) our geographical bias influences the interpretation of sensory experiences, (3) we tend to overstudy groups for which we have sympathy/empathy, and (4) the sensing scholar does physical labour. As for the perspective of research participants, we argue that the attention to their sensory experiences may bring knowledge on important aspects of their livelihoods and can give in-depth insight into micro, meso, and macro processes the respondents are entangled with. We claim that (5) senses influence the inclusion-exclusion dynamic, (6) senses are drivers of ethnic boundary maintenance, and (7) emplacement is mediated by senses.

L’adoption massive par les adolescents du réseau socionumérique Snapchat, construit autour de l’éphémérité des échanges, pourrait faire penser que les contenus et conversations amenés à disparaître garantiraient aux jeunes une plus grande liberté communicationnelle, en les affranchissant du caractère habituellement permanent de ce qu’ils choisissent de partager dans les espaces numériques. Cet article, qui repose sur une méthodologie qualitative, nuance ce constat et explore la tension entre, d’une part, l’adhésion des adolescents au fonctionnement atypique et très codifié de ce dispositif sociotechnique et, d’autre part, les stratégies qu’ils mettent en place pour garder le contrôle sur le caractère éphémère de leurs contenus. Il montre en particulier que si l’utilisation de Snapchat implique à la fois l’appropriation de divers procédés de gamification empruntés aux outils de mesure de soi et l’acceptation de la notification systématique du screening , les jeunes parviennent aussi à se détourner de ces contraintes et à dessiner eux-mêmes les contours du « bon usage » de l’outil.

La nature des réactions à l'usage des téléphones mobiles dans un lieu public permet de qualitativement désigner ce lieu selon un mode de catégorisation inédit. Plus ces réactions seront nombreuses et négatives, et plus la réputation du lieu renverra à une civilité sensible, à une attention partagée, à une atmosphère de sympathie sociale, à une ambiance positivement vécue, bref au plaisir de goûter au lien social en public. Le mode « d'être- ensemble » dans ces lieux relèvera alors, au mieux d'une urbanité exquise et au pire d'une civilité appréciée. À l'inverse, moins les réactions seront nombreuses et impérieuses, et plus la réputation du lieu renverra à sa simple disposition fonctionnelle, à une approche instrumentale de ses services, à une vision utilitariste de ses ressources, à une relation concurrentielle avec ceux qui le fréquentent, bref à la nécessité de les pratiquer selon une logique utilitariste. Le mode « d'être-ensemble » dans ces lieux relèvera alors, au mieux d'un ajustement bien compris, au pire d'une brutalité urbaine.

Analyzing the case of France, this article aims to explain how the development of enhanced oil recovery techniques over the last decade contributed to politicizing the subsurface, that is putting underground resources at the center of social unrest and political debates. France faced a decline of its oil and gas activity in the 1990s, followed by a renewal with subsurface activity in the late 2000s using enhanced oil recovery techniques. An industrial demonstrator for carbon capture and storage was developed between 2010 and 2013 , while projects targeting unconventional oil and gas were pushed forward between 2008 and 2011 before eventually being canceled. We analyze how the credibility, legitimacy, and governance of those techniques were developed and how conflicts made the role of the subsurface for energy transition the target of political choices. The level of political and industrial support and social protest played a key role in building project legitimacy, while the types of narratives and their credibility determined the distinct trajectories of hydraulic fracturing and carbon capture and storage in France. The conflicts over enhanced oil recovery techniques are also explained through the critical assessment of the governance framework that tends to exclude civil society stakeholders. We suggest that these conflicts illustrated a new type of politicization of the subsurface by merging geostrategic concerns with social claims about governance, ecological demands about pollution, and linking local preoccupations to global climate change.

This paper is based on fieldwork carried out among Muslim migrants in Moscow. The research focuses on practices of ritual healing and expelling djinn in an urban post-secular environment and in the context of migration. Concerning the procedure of exorcism, both self-reflection and introspection of all the participants of the treatment are of interest to me – the mullah, his patients, their relatives and even critics of these Muslim practices. In this study, it is not my intention to delve too deeply into the analysis of what possession is or determine its causes, but rather to look at specific situations from my fieldwork through the lens of morality, authority and precarity, in order to attempt to present the experience of possession and my informants’ struggle against it in all its richness and complexity.

Depuis une vingtaine d’années, le rewilding, pratique hétérodoxe de conservation de la nature apparue en Amérique du Nord, se développe en Europe. Il s’agit d’engager un ré-ensauvagement des milieux qui – après des interventions initiales parfois fortes (telle que la réintroduction d’espèces) – sont destinés à évoluer sans contrôle. Cette volonté de ré-ensauvagement est renforcée par le contexte d’ensauvagement qui caractérise de nombreux espaces agropastoraux marginaux. Le rewilding et les discours qui le portent bousculent les principes de gestion patrimoniale de la nature et donnent lieu à une controverse sociotechnique. Cet article propose un état de l’art sur le rewilding en Europe et donne des clés d’analyse de la controverse. Il met en évidence la diversité des postures scientifiques qui participent à l’orientation du débat (accompagnement, approches critiques). De manière complémentaire, nous proposons de centrer l’analyse sur les effets sociaux et spatiaux des initiatives de ré-ensauvagement.

Le déploiement récent de plateformes de VoD, notamment américaines (Netflix, Amazon Video), a ravivé les débats sur les formes d’hégémonie liées à la globalisation culturelle qui apparaissent en des termes plus complexes, liés à de nouveaux enjeux industriels et économiques autour des technologies numériques mais aussi géographiques (contextes nationaux et aux « Suds »). À partir du cas de l’Inde, cet article propose d’examiner les enjeux d’hégémonie que soulèvent les plateformes de VoD, y compris dans leurs formes culturelles, industrielles et technologiques. Il s’agira de mieux comprendre comment les stratégies autour de la production de contenus culturels s’inscrivent dans des enjeux industriels et financiers plus larges, impliquant des relations complexes de concurrence et de collaboration entre acteurs indiens et étrangers, et sont aussi très dépendantes d’un ensemble de services et d’infrastructures numériques, très largement dominées par des acteurs étrangers. Cet article s’appuie sur des travaux d’enquêtes menés en Inde entre 2018 et 2020.

Construire demain par les cartes : usages de l’information géographique en prospective territoriale participative. An article from journal Cahiers de géographie du Québec (Prospective territoriale participative), on Érudit.

De la dconnexion aux TIC comme forme de rsistance l'urgence Francis Jaurguiberry L'urgence comme pige du temps 1 Ce ne sont pas les technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) qui crent l'urgence. Aucune technologie, quelle qu'elle soit, n'agit aussi directement sur les conduites. Les TIC ne sont pas des arrosoirs comportementaux dont l'eau serait puise en dehors du social, de la mme faon que les usagers ne sont pas de simples buvards qui, selon leur porosit, absorberaient avec plus ou moins de talent l'innovation technologique. Seul un dtour par les logiques d'action qui la fois prsident l'invention de ces technologies et conditionnent leurs usages permet de donner un sens aux conduites qui leur sont associes. Mais, d'un autre ct, affirmer que ces technologies ne sont pour rien dans la nature des comportements observs serait une erreur. En effet, si les TIC ne crent pas l'urgence, ce sont bien elles qui, de plus en plus souvent, la permettent. C'est parce qu'il y a dsormais, grce ces technologies, possibilit de ragir immdiatement et jusqu'au dernier moment que de plus en plus d'individus s'inscrivent dans des scnarios limites. Ils calculent en effet toujours plus juste sachant que, si a ne passe pas, il y aura toujours le recours ultime d'un appel urgent pour rparer leur retard, de la mme faon que certains alpinistes, assurs qu'ils pourront immdiatement dclancher des secours en cas d'accident, s'engagent dans des voies manifestement trop dures pour eux. Ce type d'appel ne devient heureusement pas la rgle, mais le raccourcissement des dlais et la prise de risques, oui.

This article examines the role played by digital platforms in the transformation of the audio-visual industry in India. Are video-on-demand platforms contributing to India’s growing dependence on global players or are they asserting the diversification of domestic players and the progress of Indian capitalism in the cultural and digital industries? To answer, we analyse the strategies of competition and collaboration between historical audio-visual players versus communication players, the dynamics of foreign ownership and the content localisation strategies of global players. We conclude that the study of digital platforms offers an important insight into new forms of economic and cultural hegemony in the cultural industries.

The Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) is a social mammal living in mountainous grassland areas and has the particularity to hibernate in winter. Recent studies on a population in the French Alps found that climate change is affecting Alpine marmot population dynamics and might impact their overall distribution in the future. Using Species Distribution Models (SDMs), the effect of climate change on Alpine marmot's future distribution was investigated at a local scale, in the western part of the Pyrenean massif (New-Aquitaine region, France). This scale was chosen as an appropriate action scale for the conservation strategy for the species. Three climatic scenarios were used (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5) over three future 30-year periods (2021–2050, 2040–2070, 2071–2100) to predict the short- to long-term potential distribution of the target species. The results are consistent with naturalistic knowledge of the species´ ecological needs in terms of variable importance and response type. Mean maximum temperature in winter, standard-deviation of daily temperature in winter, along with the median rainfall amount in summer were the three most important climatic variables. Predictions under the two most pessimistic climate scenarios showed potential large habitat loss. In the long term, for RCP 4.5, an estimated habitat loss of 18% was predicted. In the case of RCP 8.5, a higher impact was predicted, with a 54% habitat loss. Our results show that high impact due to climate change can be expected at a long term. In addition, if winter climatic conditions are important for marmot survival through hibernation, drought in summer might be one of the drivers of future population dynamic and distribution. Our findings can be applied for other species living in grassland mountainous environments and for which access to food resources in summer is essential, facilitating the conservation of target areas.

Even if the “critical cartography” movement has been decisive into opening a denaturalizing approach to maps, we argue in this chapter that it has failed into grasping all the consequences digital transition brought to its concepts, methods and objects. Nor maps, nor mapping nor critical cartography will have the same political dimension from now on. In this chapter, our purposes are threefold: to draw up a reasoned assessment of what the digital poses as new conceptual and methodological challenges to critical cartography; to point out some of the historical shortcomings of the field that have made it more difficult to analyze the new phenomena; to propose avenues of methodological aggiornamento that can better account for the new ways in which power and representations of space interact today. In short, to redo political cartography in the digital age.

International audience

The ecology of fear has become a common rhetoric in efforts to support climate mitigation. The thesis of the collapse is an extreme version, asserting the inevitable collapse of the world. Fear, then, becomes the ultimate emotion for spurring action. In this article, drawing on the work of the pragmatist John Dewey, we show that fear is an ambiguous emotion. Dewey stressed the quality of an emotion. Following his reasoning, this article draws a distinction between intense and moderate fear. Intense fear annihilates action, while moderate fear fulfils the conditions for an emotion of quality (in the Deweyan sense), which enables action. For this reason, the thesis of the collapse must be rejected, while an ecology of fear, drawing on moderate fear, may be maintained.

The wine market is very heterogeneous and complex, being the knowledge of the behaviour and attitudes of consumers a key tool to design efficient marketing plans, namely in countries that are traditionally wine producers and consumers, such as Portugal. In this country, Port wine is an economic and cultural icon, but, in the last decade, total sales have been decreasing. Despite this trend the domestic consumption has been gaining relevance and therefore a focus to reverse the negative cycle of total sales. The main goal of this paper is to analyse the profile and behaviour of domestic Port wine consumers, identifying homogeneous market segments. For this purpose, an online survey was applied and random sample of 678 Portuguese Port wine consumers was collected. Using multivariate statistical techniques, three profiles of purchasers/consumers emerged: experienced, less experienced and inexperienced consumers. This segmentation shows that Port wine consumers can be grouped according to their involvement with the product, consumption occasion and price they are willing to pay. In addition to the academic contribution of wine market segmentation, the paper provides useful insights to be used in designing marketing plans, both by institutional stakeholders and wineries.