Research Center of Saline and Akali Land of State Foresty Administration

Abstract China has unique salt lake resources, and they are distributed in the east of Eurasian salt lake subzone of the Northern Hemisphere Salt Lake Zone, mainly concentrated in the regions with modern mean annual precipitation lower than 500 mm. This paper preliminarily reviews the progress made in salt lake research in China for the past 60 years. In the research of Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment from salt lake sediments, a series of salts have been proposed to be indicators of paleoclimate, and have been well accepted by scholars. The chloride‐sulfate depositional regions of the west Qaidam and the east Tarim have been revealed to be the drought center of China since the Quaternary, and more than 6 spreading stages of arid climate (salt forming) have been identified. Five pan‐lake periods with highstands have been proved to exist during the late Quaternary on the Tibetan Plateau. In mineral resource prospecting and theories of the forming of salt deposits: the atlas (1:2500000) of hydrochemical zoning of salt lakes on the Tibetan Plateau has been compiled for the first time, revealing the zonal distribution and transition from carbonate type to chloride type from south to north and presenting corresponding mineral assemblages for different type of salt lakes; several large continental salt deposits have been discovered and the theory of continental potash deposition has been developed, including the salt deposition in deep basins surrounded by high mountains, the mineral deposition from multistage evolution through chains of moderate or shallow lakes with multilevels, the origin of potassium rich brines in gravel layers, and the forming of potassium deposits through the inheriting from ancient salt deposits, thus establishing the framework of “Continental Potash Deposition Theory”; several new types of Mg‐borate deposits have been discovered, including the ulexite and pinnoite bed in Da Qaidam Lake, Qinghai, the pinnoite and kurnakovite bed in Chagcam Caka, Tibet, the kurnakovite bed in Lake Nyer, and the corresponding model of borate deposition from the cooling and dissolution of boron rich brines was proposed based on principles of geology, physics and chemistry. The anti‐floatation‐cold crystallization method developed independently has improved the capacity of KCl production to 3 million tons per year for the Qarham, serving the famous brand of potash fertilizer products. One 1.2 million ton K‐sulfate production Une, the biggest in the world, has been built in Lop Nor, and K‐sulfate of about 1.6 million tons was produced in 2015. Supported by the new technology, Le. brine preparation in winter‐cooling‐solarization‐isolation‐lithium deposition from salt gradient solar pond” the highest lithium production base at Zabuye Lake (4421 m), Tibet, has been established, which is the first lithium production base in China that reaches the year production of 5000 tons of lithium carbonate. The concept of Salt lake agriculture (Salt land agriculture) has been established based on the mass growth of Dunaliella and other bacillus‐algae and the occurrence of various halophytes in saltmarsh and salt saline‐alkali lands, finding a new way to increase arable lands and develop related green industry in salt rich environments. Finally this paper presents some new thoughts for the further research and development on salt science, and the further progress in salt science and technology will facilitate the maturing of the interdisciplinary science “Salinology”.

Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) irreversibly degrades cytokinin, regulates growth and development, and helps plants to respond to environmental stress. Although the CKX gene has been well characterized in various plants, its role in soybean remains elusive. Therefore, in this study, the evolutionary relationship, chromosomal location, gene structure, motifs, cis -regulatory elements, collinearity, and gene expression patterns of GmCKXs were analyzed using RNA-seq, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and bioinformatics. We identified 18 GmCKX genes from the soybean genome and grouped them into five clades, each comprising members with similar gene structures and motifs. Cis -acting elements involved in hormones, resistance, and physiological metabolism were detected in the promoter regions of GmCKXs . Synteny analysis indicated that segmental duplication events contributed to the expansion of the soybean CKX family. The expression profiling of the GmCKXs genes using qRT-PCR showed tissue-specific expression patterns. The RNA-seq analysis also indicated that GmCKXs play an important role in response to salt and drought stresses at the seedling stage. The responses of the genes to salt, drought, synthetic cytokinin 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA), and the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at the germination stage were further evaluated by qRT-PCR. Specifically, the GmCKX14 gene was downregulated in the roots and the radicles at the germination stage. The hormones 6-BA and IAA repressed the expression levels of GmCKX1 , GmCKX6 , and GmCKX9 genes but upregulated the expression levels of GmCKX10 and GmCKX18 genes. The three abiotic stresses also decreased the zeatin content in soybean radicle but enhanced the activity of the CKX enzymes. Conversely, the 6-BA and IAA treatments enhanced the CKX enzymes’ activity but reduced the zeatin content in the radicles. This study, therefore, provides a reference for the functional analysis of GmCKXs in soybean in response to abiotic stresses.

Saline-alkali (SA) stress induces excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in plant cells, resulting in oxidative damages of membranes, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Melatonin has antioxidant protection effects in living organisms and thus has received a lot of attention. This study aimed to investigate the effect and regulating mechanism of melatonin treatment on soybean tolerance to SA stress. In this study, cultivars Heihe 49 (HH49, SA-tolerant) and Henong 95 (HN95, SA-sensitive) were pot-cultured in SA soil, then treated with MT (0-300 μM) at V1 stage. SA stress induced ROS accumulation and DNA damage in the seedling roots of both cultivars, causing G1/S arrest in HN95 and G2/M arrest in HH49. Melatonin treatment enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes in soybean seedling roots and reduced ROS accumulation. Additionally, melatonin treatment upregulated DNA damage repair genes, thus enhancing the reduction of DNA oxidative damage under SA stress. The effects of melatonin treatment were manifested as decreased RAPD polymorphism, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanine (8-OH-dG) level, and relative density of apurinic sites (AP-sites). Meanwhile, melatonin treatment partially alleviated the SA-induced G1/S arrest in HN95 and G2/M arrest in HH49, thus enhancing soybean seedling tolerance to SA stress.

Abstract Long grain geng/japonica rice has a higher market preference due its excellent appearance quality. The dense and erect-panicle 1 ( dep1 ) gene has been widely used in the breeding of high-yielding geng/japonica rice cultivars in China. However, this gene causes short and round grain shape thus making it less attractive in global rice markets. Therefore, breeding of high-yielding long-grain geng/japonica rice cultivars by incorporating dep1 with major-effect grain shape gene is of high priority in rice industry. Up to now, multiple grain shape genes’ effect mechanism has been clearly elaborated, however, under the background of erect-panicle geng/japonica rice, the effect of major grain shape genes on the appearance quality need to be further clarified, as detailed reports are limited. Utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 technology, a series of near-isogenic lines (NILs) (YF47 dep1 - gw8 , YF47 dep1 - gs3 , YF47 dep1 - gl7 , YF47 dep1 - qgl3 and YF47 dep1 - tgw6 ) in Yanfeng 47(YF47 dep1 ) background were created. Grain appearance and yield components analysis showed that: (1) All NILs’ grain length to width ratio was significantly increased compared to that of YF47 dep1 , excepted YF47 dep1 - gs3 , (2) The chalkiness degree was significantly reduced in all of the NILs, (3) In all of the NILs, YF47 dep1 - gw8 grains exhibited the greatest length to width ratio and the lowest chalkiness degree, (4) The composition of glume cells and filling characteristics of the endosperm were two key factors contributing grain shape and grain chalk variations, respectively, and v) Owning to a substantial increase in the thousand grain weight, the yields of YF47 dep1 - gs3 and YF47 dep1 - tgw6 were significantly higher than that of YF47 dep1 , whereas YF47 dep1 - qgl3 exhibited the lowest yield because of a dramatic decrease in the effective panicle number and thousand grain weight. All the results revealed that pyramiding dep1 with major-effect grain shape alleles was an effective approach to improving the appearance quality of erect-panicle geng/japonica rice, owning to both of the appearance quality and yield improvement, GS3 and TGW6 alleles can be applied directly for breeding long-grain shape geng/japonica rice, and editing GW8 resulted in excellent appearance quality but low yield, therefore, this gene would be difficult to use directly but can be considered as the core germplasm resource.

Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential precursors for plant membrane lipids, cuticular waxes, suberin, and storage oils. Integral to the fatty acid elongase (FAE) complex, 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases (KCSs) function as crucial enzymes in the VLCFA pathway, determining the chain length of VLCFA. This study explores the in-planta role of the KCS19 gene. KCS19 is predominantly expressed in leaves and stem epidermis, sepals, styles, early silique walls, beaks, pedicels, and mature embryos. Localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, KCS19 interacts with other FAE proteins. kcs19 knockout mutants displayed reduced total wax and wax crystals, particularly alkanes, while KCS19 overexpression increased these components and wax crystals. Moreover, the cuticle permeability was higher for the kcs19 mutants compared to the wild type, rendering them more susceptible to drought and salt stress, whereas KCS19 overexpression enhanced drought and salt tolerance. Disrupting KCS19 increased C18 species and decreased C20 and longer species in seed fatty acids, indicating its role in elongating C18 to C20 VLCFAs, potentially up to C24 for seed storage lipids. Collectively, KCS19-mediated VLCFA synthesis is required for cuticular wax biosynthesis and seed storage lipids, impacting plant responses to abiotic stress.

Salt stress is a common abiotic stress that negatively affects crop growth and yield. However, there have been significant differences found on the effect degree and management mechanism in plants under neutral salt stress and alkaline stress. In this study, two soybean cultivars, Heihe 49 (HH49, saline-alkali stress tolerant) and Henong 95 (HN95, saline-alkali stress sensitive), were hydroponically cultured and treated with salt solutions of 25, 50, and 75 mM Na+ in the form of NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3. Plants treated with alkaline stress (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) showed a greater decrease in root growth and root activity of both soybean cultivar seedlings than that under neutral salt stresses (NaCl and Na2SO4) with 25–75 mM Na+ concentration. Alkaline stress (25–50 mM Na+ content) activated a higher ability of antioxidant defense (by enhancing the activists of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)) and increased the content of soluble sugars to a higher level than that under neutral salt stresses. However, 75 mM Na+ content salt treatments reduced antioxidant enzyme activities and osmotic regulating substance content. Furthermore, alkaline salt and neutral salt stress was able to induce DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in HH49 and HN95 seedling roots. Treatment with Na2CO3 induced the least random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphism in soybean seedling roots among all salt treatments, which could have been related to the early cell cycle arrest.

Salt stress is a serious abiotic stress that primarily inhibits plant growth, resulting in severe yield losses. Our previous research found that flavonoids play important roles in A. venetum salt stress tolerance. In response to salt stress, we noted that the flavonoid content was depleted in A. venetum . However, the detailed mechanism is still not clear. In this study, the expression patterns of three flavonoids synthetase genes, AvF3H , AvF3’H , and AvFLS were systemically analyzed under salt stress in A. venetum seedlings. The salt tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis plants was improved by heterologous overexpression of these synthetase genes. The NBT and DAB staining results as well as H 2 O 2 and O 2 • - content analysis revealed that under salt stress, ROS molecules were reduced in transgenic plants compared to WT plants, which corresponded to the activation of the antioxidant enzyme system and an increase in total flavonoid content, particularly rutin, eriodictyol, and naringerin in transgenic plants. External application of flavonoids reduced ROS damage in WT plants just like what we observed in the transgenic plants (without the external application). Additionally, our transcriptome analysis demonstrated that auxin and jasmonic acid biosynthesis genes, as well as signaling transduction genes, were primarily activated in transgenic plants under salt stress, leading to activation of the cell wall biosynthesis or modification genes that promote plant growth. As a result, we investigated the mechanism through flavonoids enhance the salt tolerance, offering a theoretical foundation for enhancing salt tolerance in plants.

A series of Mn-exchanged SAPO-34 catalysts were synthesized and developed as catalysts for the low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excess oxygen.

Saline-alkali stress (SS) is a common abiotic stress affecting crop cultivation worldwide, seriously inhibiting plant growth and biomass accumulation. Melatonin has been proven to relieve the inhibition of multiple abiotic stresses on plant growth. Therefore, soybean cultivars Heihe 49 (HH49, SS-tolerant) and Henong 95 (HN95, SS-sensitive) were pot-cultured in SS soil and then treated with 300 μM melatonin at the V1 stage, when the first trifoliate leaves were fully unfolded, to investigate if melatonin has an effect on SS. SS increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in soybean leaves and thereby induced DNA oxidative damage. In addition, SS retarded cell growth and decreased the mesophyll cell size, chloroplast number, photosynthetic pigment content, which further reduced the light energy capture and electron transport rate in soybean leaves, and affected carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism. However, melatonin treatment reduced SS-induced ROS accumulation in the soybean leaves by increasing antioxidant content and oxidase activity. Effective removal of ROS reduced SS-induced DNA oxidative damage in the soybean leaf genome, which was represented by decreased random-amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphism, 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanine content, and relative density of apurinic/apyrimidinic-sites. Melatonin treatment also increased the volume of mesophyll cells, the numbers of chloroplast and starch grains, the contents of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids in soybean seedling leaves treated with SS, thereby increasing the efficiency of effective light capture and electron transfer and improving photosynthesis. Subsequently, carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism in soybean leaves under SS were improved by melatonin treatment, which contributes to providing basic substances and energy for cell growth and metabolism, ultimately improving soybean SS tolerance.

Panicle traits directly associated with yield are a target of selection in rice breeding. Although abundant QTL for panicle traits have been identified, there is little information about the genetic basis of panicle traits in japonica super rice (JSR) cultivars. In this study, we identified QTL for panicle traits in three environments using a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the JSR cultivar Liaoxing 1. A total of 197 RILs were genotyped with 285 polymorphic SNP markers. Phenotypic data and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) value of primary branch number (BNP), secondary branch number (BNS), grain number on primary branch (GNP), grain number on secondary branch (GNS), grain number per panicle (GN), panicle length (PL) and grain density (GD) were used for QTL mapping. A total of 105 QTL for seven panicle traits were detected in single environments using their BLUP values. Individual QTL explained 0.51%–52.22% of the phenotypic variation. Of the 105, 49 were also detected by joint multi-environment analyses. Five stable QTL: qGD9, qPL9, qGNP9, qGN6, and qBNS6.2 were identified in multiple environments. qGD9, qGNP9, and qPL9, co-localizing on chromosome 9, likely correspond to the known gene DEP1. Importantly, qGN6 and qBNS6.2 in a co-localization region were identified as novel QTL, and their Liaoxing 1 alleles had a positive effect. Several RILs with the QTL allele combinations qGD9/qPL9/qGNP9 and qGN6/qBNS6.2 showed greater GN. Further investigation of the putative gene underlying qGN6/qBNS6.2 would shed light on the molecular mechanism of JSR.

japonica rice is mainly distributed in Northeast China and accounts for 44.6% of the total cultivated area of japonica rice in China. The comprehensive using of inter-subspecies heterosis is the main breeding mode of super japonica rice varieties in this region. Improving rice quality at relative high yielding level is the current research focus. Performing crosses between indica and japonica lines allows for the recombination of regulatory genes and genetic backgrounds, leading to complicated genetic rice quality characteristics, which can be used to explore patterns of quality improvement. In the present study, we utilize recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from indica-japonica hybridization to analyze the effect factors of rice quality derived from genetic factors, which contain both regulatory genes concerning rice quality and genetic backgrounds' random introduction frequency coming from indica (Di value), and the improvement strategy was further discussed. The regulatory genes involved in amylase content (Wx) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NRT1.1B) were the major factors affecting the amylose content (AC) and protein content (PC) in RILs, respectively. Both the Di value and the major grain width gene (GS5) had regulatory effects on milled rice width (MRW) in RILs, and their interaction explained the major variance of MRW in the RILs. With the mediation of MRW and chalkiness degree (C), Di value had a further impact on head rice rate (HR), which was relatively poor when the Di value was over 40%. In Northeast China, the Di value should be lowered by backcrossing or multiple crosses during the breeding of indica-japonica hybridization to maintain the whole better HR and further to emphasize the use of favorable genes in individual selection.

Heterosis is an interesting topic for both breeders and biologists due to its practical importance and scientific significance. Cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) consists of two subspecies, indica and japonica, and hybrid rice is the predominant form of indica rice in China. However, the molecular mechanism underlying heterosis in japonica remains unclear. The present study determined the genome sequence and conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using backcross recombinant inbred lines (BILs) and BILF1 lines to uncover the heterosis-related loci for rice yield increase under a japonica genetic background. The BIL population was derived from an admixture variety Habataki and japonica variety Sasanishiki cross to improve the genetic diversity but maintain the genetic background close to japonica. The results showed that heterosis in F1 mainly involved grain number per panicle. The BILF1s showed an increase in grain number per panicle but a decrease in plant height compared with the BILs. Genetic analysis then identified eight QTLs for heterosis in the BILF1s; four QTLs were detected exclusively in the BILF1 population only, presenting a mode of dominance or super-dominance in the heterozygotes. An additional four loci overlapped with QTLs detected in the BIL population, and we found that Grains Height Date 7 (Ghd7) was correlated in days to heading in both BILs and BILF1s. The admixture genetic background of Habataki was also determined by subspecies-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This investigation highlights the importance of high-throughput sequencing to elucidate the molecular mechanism of heterosis and provides useful germplasms for the application of heterosis in japonica rice production.

The activity and N₂ selectivity of Cu/SAPO and <italic>x</italic>Mn–2Cu/SAPO for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO<italic>x</italic> with NH₃ were investigated.

Abstract Crop straw returning can stimulate organic carbon mineralisation and C sequestration simultaneously, which affects soil fertility. However, the effects of crop straw on organic carbon mineralisation and soil bacterial community in orchards are not fully understood. A 90-day incubation experiment was performed to investigate the effects of wheat straw (0, 1, 4, 6, 8, and 10 t·ha −1 ) on organic carbon mineralisation and bacterial community in orchard soil. Wheat straw addition enhanced the CO 2 efflux rate and cumulative organic carbon mineralisation (C min ), especially high level. The trend of CO 2 efflux rate was increased sharply, especially during the early incubation stage (the first 13 days), and then decreased in the later phase. Furthermore, soil bacterial community structure displayed distinct changes in response to straw addition. Available nitrogen, potassium, organic carbon, β-glucosidase, and pH were the key factors driving soil bacterial community changes. The bacterial taxa in networks were significantly related to C min . The Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi were positively related to C min ; while Planctomycetes, Patescibacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes showed a negative relationship with C min by correlation and redundancy analyses. Co-occurrence network analysis showed a discrete bacterial network in 10 t·ha −1 of straw, while cohesive networks in others. Straw addition promoted organic carbon mineralisation by improving the soil biochemical properties, including enzymes activities, and nutrient contents, and regulating bacterial community composition. On the whole, 4 t·ha −1 of straw could be considered an economical level for improving soil organic carbon and bacterial community stability in orchards.

In response to the global ecological and agricultural challenges posed by coastal saline-alkali areas, this study focuses on Dongying City as a representative region, aiming to develop a high-precision soil salinity prediction mapping method that integrates multi-source remote sensing data with machine learning techniques. Utilizing the SCORPAN model framework, we systematically combined diverse remote sensing datasets and innovatively established nine distinct strategies for soil salinity prediction. We employed four machine learning models—Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Geographical Gaussian Process Regression (GGPR) for modeling, prediction, and accuracy comparison, with the objective of achieving high-precision salinity mapping under complex vegetation cover conditions. The results reveal that among the models evaluated across the nine strategies, the SVR model demonstrated the highest accuracy, followed by RF. Notably, under Strategy IX, the SVR model achieved the best predictive performance, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.62 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.38 g/kg. Analysis based on SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values and feature importance indicated that Vegetation Type Factors contributed significantly and consistently to the model’s performance, maintaining higher importance than traditional salinity indices and playing a dominant role. In summary, this research successfully developed a comprehensive, high-resolution soil salinity mapping framework for the Dongying region by integrating multi-source remote sensing data and employing diverse predictive strategies alongside machine learning models. The findings highlight the potential of Vegetation Type Factors to enhance large-scale soil salinity monitoring, providing robust scientific evidence and technical support for sustainable land resource management, agricultural optimization, ecological protection, efficient water resource utilization, and policy formulation.

The main aim of this study was to identify the bZIP family members in mung bean and explore their expression patterns under several abiotic stresses, with the overarching goal of elucidating their biological functions. Results identified 75 bZIP members in mung bean, which were unevenly distributed in the chromosomes (1–11), and all had a highly conserved bZIP domain. Phylogenetic analysis divided the members into 10 subgroups, with members in the same subgroup having similar structure and motif. The cis-acting elements in the promoter region revealed that most of the bZIP members might have the connection with abscisic acid, ethylene, and stress responsive elements. The transcriptome data demonstrated that bZIP members could respond to salt stress at different degrees in leaves, but the expression patterns could vary at different time points under stress. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), such as VrbZIP12, VrbZIP37, and VrZIP45, were annotated into the plant hormone signal transduction pathway, which might be regulated the expression of abiotic stress-related gene (ABF). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was applied to determine the expression of bZIP members in roots and leaves under drought, alkali, and low-temperature stress. Results showed that bZIP members respond differently to diverse stresses, and their expression was tissue-specific, which suggests that they may have different regulatory mechanism in different tissues. Overall, this study will provide a reference for further research on the functions of bZIP members in mung bean.

To determine whether sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) grain shape should be considered as a predictor of salt tolerance, seeds of three grain shapes, namely long seeds (DC6009 and RH3146 with a width‐length ratio [WLR] of 0.39), long ovate seeds (SH909 and 135 with a WLR of 0.49) and broadly ovoid seeds (RH118 with a WLR of 0.61) were exposed to 0, 1000, and 2000 mg L −1 NaCl for 30 d. Increases in the WLR increased the 100‐seed weight and kernel/hull rate (KHR) but decreased the water absorption rate (WAR). A level of 2000 mg L −1 NaCl delayed the seed mean germination time (MGT), reduced the germination percentage (GP) and germination index (GI) and caused shorter root length (RL). A level of 1000 mg L −1 NaCl improved the GP and GI compared with the no NaCl‐stressed control with the exception of the long ovate seeds. RL decreased with increasing NaCl levels, and plants with broadly ovoid seeds had longer roots than those with other shapes. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) were lower in the NaCl‐stressed plants than the controls. The malondialdehyde (MDA) contents increased with the NaCl levels in all cultivars. The broadly ovoid seeds exhibited the greatest enzyme activities and the highest net photosynthetic rate (Pn) at both NaCl levels. Based on emergence, early seedling growth and physiological characteristics, the long ovate seeds had a higher salt tolerance than those of the other two shapes, followed by those with long seeds. Low dose of NaCl generally improved the germination of most cultivars. Broadly ovoid seeds exhibited the greatest enzyme activities at both NaCl levels and grain shapes. Sunflowers with long‐ovate seeds perform better when subjected to slightly salinized land.

Five new lipids, tricholixins A–E (1–5), and two known terpenoids, brasilane A (6) and harzianone A (7), were discovered from a deep-sea strain (R22) of the fungus Trichoderma lixii isolated from the cold seep sediments of the South China Sea. Their structures and relative configurations were identified by meticulous analysis of MS and IR as well as NMR data. The absolute configuration of 5 was ascertained by dimolybdenum-induced ECD data in particular. Compounds 1 and 2 represent the only two new butenolides from marine-derived Trichoderma, and they further add to the structural diversity of these molecules. Although 6 has been reported from a basidiomycete previously, it is the first brasilane aminoglycoside of Trichoderma origin. During the assay against wheat-pathogenic fungi, both 1 and 2 inhibited Fusarium graminearum with an MIC value of 25.0 μg/mL, and 6 suppressed Gaeumannomyces graminis with an MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL. Moreover, the three isolates also showed low toxicity to the brine shrimp Artemia salina.

The reaction of root growth to salt was studied through a germination experiment conducted by soaking 123 rice seeds in pure water,100 mmol/L NaCl and 150 mmol/L NaCl solutions.The result showed that with the increase of salt concentration,the mean root numbers and mean root length per plant decreased obviously and the data distributed continuously indicating that the genotype difference is one of the screening basis for salt-tolerance rice germplasm.

ABSTRACT Despite advances in salinity prediction, a knowledge gap exists in accurately integrating remote sensing indices and environmental factors for effective management strategies. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between soil salinity (EC e ) and remote sensing (RS) indices, soil texture properties, and ecological features. Several statistical techniques, such as Pearson correlation, Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), were used to investigate the capability of these indices and indicators for the prediction of soil salinity. The study revealed that the Decision Tree (DT) showed the highest accuracy for soil salinity prediction among the machine learning models, while XGBoost exhibited lower predictive performance. Evaluating the environmental indices with ECe, the Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI) showed the highest positive correlation with ECe ( r = 0.88), reflecting its effectiveness in salinity prediction. Moderate positive correlations were observed with the Soil Salinity Index (SSI, r = 0.65), while the Bare Soil Index (BSI, r = −0.85) and Soil‐Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVSI, r = −0.76) demonstrated strong negative correlations. Soil physicochemical properties, including clay, silt, sand, organic carbon, and bedrock, exhibited weak relationships with ECe, with R 2 values consistently below 0.04, indicating limited predictive power. PCA analysis revealed distinct contributions of RS indices to ECe variability, with NDSI and SSI positively influencing salinity variability, whereas SAVSI contributed inversely, aligning negatively along PC1. SHAP analysis further reinforced the predictive dominance of RS indices, assigning the highest importance value to NDSI (0.61), followed by BSI (0.28) and SAVSI (0.08). In contrast, soil texture properties and organic carbon exhibited minimal significance, with importance values under 0.02. NDSI was further tested across low‐ and high‐salinity farms, consistently outperforming other indices. These findings highlight its advantage in improving salinity mapping management strategies and advancing precision agriculture/environmental planning through modern analytical approaches.