Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College

Abstract Amid growing controversy about the oft-cited “30-million-word gap,” this investigation uses language data from five American communities across the socioeconomic spectrum to test, for the first time, Hart and Risley's (1995) claim that poor children hear 30 million fewer words than their middle-class counterparts during the early years of life. The five studies combined ethnographic fieldwork with longitudinal home observations of 42 children (18–48 months) interacting with family members in everyday life contexts. Results do not support Hart and Risley's claim, reveal substantial variation in vocabulary environments within each socioeconomic stratum, and suggest that definitions of verbal environments that exclude multiple caregivers and bystander talk disproportionately underestimate the number of words to which low-income children are exposed. This article is commented on by Golinkoff et al (2019) and the authors in response. The commentary and author response were published in the previous 90.3 issue in error and are available online: Golinkoff et al (2019): https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13128 Sperry et al (2019): https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13125

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of music therapy on pain and anxiety in pediatric burn patients during a donor site dressing change. Fourteen subjects were randomly selected to participate in this study. The experiment was conducted in the Reconstructive Unit of Shriners Burns Hospital-Boston. The experimental group's intervention consisted of live music and was compared to a control group whose intervention was verbal interaction. Psychological, behavioral, and physiological data were assessed through the Wong Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, the Fear Thermometer, the Nursing Assessment of Pain Index, heart rate, and respiration rate. Data were analyzed using the ANCOVA, Mann-Whitney U, and regression analysis. The results were mixed and inconclusive. The members of the experimental group reported anecdotal information about the effects of music on pain and anxiety. An exploration of the limitations of the study and suggestions for further study are discussed.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of three different screen sizes (small, medium and large) and two types of multimedia instruction (text only and text with pictorial annotation) on vocabulary learning. One hundred thirty‐five Korean middle school students learning English as a foreign language were randomly distributed into six groups and were given a pretest, a self‐study multimedia instruction, a posttest and a retention test online. The pretest, posttest and retention test were identical and included 30 vocabulary questions. Results show that the large screen multimedia instruction helped the students to learn English vocabulary more effectively than the small screen instruction as demonstrated on both the posttest and retention test. However, there was little difference in vocabulary learning between the text‐only and text‐with‐pictorial annotation instructions. Although visual perception can be influenced by each learner's expectations and knowledge, using a smaller screen for instruction causes more challenges for learners to perceive and comprehend vocabulary learning.

Considers how recent concerns with service quality have led to increased awareness of the importance of the role of the front‐line employee, the service provider. Describes how internal marketing has been instrumental in raising service providers′ performance. Develops a method, drawing on organizational literature, for identifying segments of the service organization which can be targeted by internal marketing. Argues that the service marketer should view employees as “customers” who can be analysed using marketing techniques, thereby enabling the enhancement of service quality. Includes detailed recommendations and an appendix.

Many plants support symbiotic microbes, such as endophytic fungi, that can alter interactions with herbivores. Most endophyte research has focused on agronomically important species, with less known about the ecological roles of native endophytes in native plants. In particular, whether genetic variation among endophyte symbionts affects herbivores of plant hosts remains unresolved for most native endophytes. Here, we investigate the importance of native isolates of the endophyte Epichloë elymi in affecting herbivory of the native grass host, Elymus hystrix. Experimental fungal isolate-plant genotype combinations and endophyte-free control plants were grown in a common garden and exposed to natural arthropod herbivory. Fungal isolates differed in their effects on two types of herbivory, chewing and scraping. Isolates exhibiting greater sexual reproduction were associated with greater herbivore damage than primarily asexual isolates. Endophyte infection also altered patterns of herbivory within plants, with stroma-bearing tillers experiencing up to 30% greater damage than nonstroma-bearing tillers. Results suggest that intraspecific genetic variation in endophytes, like plant genetic variation, can have important 'bottom-up' effects on herbivores in native systems.

Journal Article The First American Frontier: Transition to Capitalism in Southern Appalachia, 1700–1860. By Wilma A. Dunaway. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. xx, 448 pp. Cloth, $49.95, ISBN 0-8078-2236-1. Paper, $21.95, ISBN 0-8078-4540-X.) Get access Paul Salstrom Paul Salstrom St. Mary-of-the-Woods College, St. Mary of the Woods, Indiana Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 83, Issue 3, December 1996, Pages 999–1000, https://doi.org/10.2307/2945673 Published: 01 December 1996

Abstract In response to Golinkoff, Hoff, Rowe, Tamis-LeMonda, and Hirsh-Pasek's (2018) commentary, we clarify our goals, outline points of agreement and disagreement between our respective positions, and address the inadvertently harmful consequences of the word gap claim. We maintain that our study constitutes a serious empirical challenge to the word gap. Our findings do not support Hart and Risley's claim under their definition of the verbal environment; when more expansive definitions were applied, the word gap disappeared. The word gap argument focuses attention on supposed deficiencies of low-income and minority families, risks defining their children out of the educational game at the very outset of their schooling, and compromises efforts to restructure curricula that recognize the verbal strengths of all learners. This commentary is the author response to the Golinkoff et al (2019) commentary: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13128; see original article: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13072

ABSTRACT Colleges appear to be more eager and willing than ever to adopt a market orientation given declining enrollments and the downsizing that many are experiencing. Yet, the factors which foster and produce a market orientation have not been well defined in previous research. This study examines three antecedents of the market orientation within the context of higher education: institution size (student enrollment), source of funding (public/private), and institutional innovativeness. While the findings indicate that all three have some effect on adoption of a marketing orientation, innovativeness overwhelmingly plays the largest role. The implications for administrators as well as directions for future research are discussed.

Given the increasing numbers of openly lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and questioning (LGBTQ) people, music therapists are more likely to be in contact with LGBTQ individuals in their daily routines. LGBTQ people are coming out at earlier ages, staying out into their senior years, participating in marriage, and raising children. Expanding media coverage has focused on civil rights, marriage equality, bullying in the schools, and respect and pride in the community. Even though the AMTA Code of Ethics and Standards of Clinical Practice define a non-biased approach to working with LGBTQ individuals, the profession is still in need of best practice guidelines that will assist music therapists with tools to ensure that they are informed and sensitized to the needs of the LGBTQ community. The purpose of this paper is to propose a set of best practice guidelines and make recommendations for its implementation.

Systemic fungal endophytes (Clavicipitaceae) of grasses reproduce sexually when the fungus forms stromata and contagious ascospores, or asexually by vertical transmission of hyphae into seeds and seedlings. Vertical transmission is predicted to favor reduced virulence compared with horizontal transmission in systems with both types of transmission. Here, variation in vertical and horizontal transmission and its potential heritability in a host grass-endophyte interaction, Elymus hystrix infected with Epichloë elymi, were examined in natural populations and two common garden experiments using field-collected host tillers and seed progeny of maternal plants with known infection phenotypes. Transmission mode exhibited year-to-year variation in field and common garden environments. In the common garden there were consistent differences among maternal plant families in stroma production and significant correlations between stroma production in the common garden and in natural populations. Transmission mode differed among maternal families, spanning a continuum from pure vertical transmission to a high proportion of stroma production and horizontal transmission potential. Vertical transmission to seeds occurred at high rates in all maternal families regardless of their stroma production. Observed patterns of variation indicate that endophyte transmission mode and correlated changes in virulence can respond to selection by biotic and abiotic factors.

Recent environmental regulations regarding diesel fuel standards and the role the Midwest may play in future fuel production provides an opportunity to relate principles of organic chemistry to everyday life. Biodiesel is the transesterification product of triglycerides of vegetable oils with methanol to form fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). The resultant FAME fuel has decreased viscosity compared to vegetable oil and fuel properties similar to petroleum-based diesel fuel. In this two week lab sequence students synthesize and evaluate fatty acid methyl esters from simulated waste vegetable oil. To maximize product, students determine weight percent of free fatty acid in the sample and convert the acids to FAMEs via acid-catalyzed Fischer esterification. After conversion of FFA, the remaining mono-, di-, and triglycerides in the waste vegetable oil are converted to FAMEs by base-catalyzed transesterification. Finally, the completeness of the conversion product is determined indirectly by analysis of total, free, and combined glycerol in the final product by stoichiometric oxidation of vicinal alcohols by periodic acid. By determining the weight of glycerol in a specific weight sample of product biodiesel, the student determines whether the glycerol concentration is low enough to meet the specifications for marketable biodiesel.

Corrections of correlations for range restriction (i.e., selection) and unreliability are common in psychometric work. The current rule of thumb for determining the order in which to apply these corrections looks to the nature of the reliability estimate (i.e., restricted or unrestricted). While intuitive, this rule of thumb is untenable when the correction includes the variable upon which selection is made, as is generally the case. Using classical test theory, we show that it is the nature of the range restriction, not the nature of the available reliability coefficient, that determines the sequence for applying corrections for range restriction and unreliability.

Several tools are marketed to the educational community for plagiarism detection and prevention. This article briefly contrasts the performance of two leading tools, TurnItIn and MyDropBox, in detecting submissions that were obviously plagiarized from articles published in IEEE journals. Both tools performed poorly because they do not compare submitted writings to publications in the IEEE database. Moreover, these tools do not cover the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) database or several others important for scholarly work in software engineering. Reports from these tools suggesting that a submission has ldquopassedrdquo can encourage false confidence in the integrity of a submitted writing. Additionally, students can submit drafts to determine the extent to which these tools detect plagiarism in their work. Because the tool samples the engineering professional literature narrowly, the student who chooses to plagiarize can use this tool to determine what plagiarism will be invisible to the faculty member. An appearance of successful plagiarism prevention may in fact reflect better training of students to avoid plagiarism detection.

This randomized, controlled, mixed-methods pilot study examined the effectiveness and experiences of grief-specific music therapy, in addition to standard care, with adults (N = 10) who have complicated grief (CG) and mental illness, as compared to standard care alone. The study tested Worden's (2009 Worden, J. W. (2009). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner (4th ed). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co. [Google Scholar]) theories of grief therapy as well as a new grief-specific music therapy intervention, based on Shear, Frank, Houck, and Reynolds' (2005 Shear, K., Frank, E., Houck, P. R. & Reynolds, C. F. III. (2005). Treatment of complicated grief: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2601–2608. doi:10.1001/jama.293.21.2601[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) imaginal dialogue intervention and Austin's (2008 Austin, D. (2008). The theory and practice of vocal psychotherapy. Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley. [Google Scholar]) method of vocal psychotherapy. Results demonstrated that participants in the experimental group had a greater decrease of grief symptoms, as measured by the ICG-R, as compared with the control group.

Institutions of higher learning have increasingly adopted marketing principles to achieve the institutions' objectives. However, direct application of the traditional marketing mix as characterized by the 4 P's can be problematic. This paper describes and illustrates the reconceptualization of the marketing mix to the 4 C's of Concept, Cost, Channel and Communication.

This article extends Lemieux’s concern for the interdisciplinary tension between philosophy and sociology to the intradisciplinary tension within psychology between approaches to the study of children focusing on universal principles and approaches adopting a contextual lens. This tension arises both in how development is defined and in the methods chosen for its study. This tension is exemplified in terms of the recent American preoccupation with the Word Gap (WG), a supposed difference of 30 million words heard by socioeconomically diverse children by the age of 4 that is blamed for educational disparities throughout the school years. The article discusses the political implications of WG discourse as it gives rise to the erasure of language practices of diverse Americans and obscures the role that the educational system plays in fostering a ‘one-size-fits-all’ instructional model. The article concludes with a discussion of attempts to combat the deficit model that the WG discourse reproduces.

This descriptive, matched-pair pilot study explores whether children with AD/HD respond differently to a specific art directive compared to children without learning or behavioral disorders. Two groups of boys aged 6 to 11, one group diagnosed with AD/HD and the other with no known learning or behavior problems (n = 5X2), were asked to "Draw a Picture of a Person Picking an Apple from a Tree" (PPAT). Using the Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale (FEATS) containing 15 global art elements, five raters, blind to the hypotheses, evaluated their drawings. Statistical analysis (p = < 0.05) including Pearson coefficient to estimate inter-rater reliability, ANOVA, and logistic regression, indicated three FEATS elements in the PPAT that together would most accurately predict the artists into the AD/HD group: Color Prominence, Details of Objects and Environment, and Line Quality. Implications for these findings for art therapy research and practice are discussed.

Conversational conventions predict that receivers weigh later information more heavily than earlier information because they presume that communicators add later information only when it is particularly relevant and important. Drawing on Pettigrew's observation of the ultimate attribution error, the present research predicted that intergroup bias could override this conversational convention when individuals received multiple explanations (one beneficial, one condemning) for acts committed by out-group members vs. in-group members. Specifically, subsequently presented mitigating explanations for negative acts should not temper impressions of out-group members, and subsequently presented crediting explanations for positive acts should not enhance impressions of out-group members. Results supported this pattern, and the discussion considers these findings in light of communication rules, and in-group/out-group definition.

Music therapy internship directors provide supervision to interns during a critical phase in their educational process. Although the American Music Therapy Association provides guidelines for this role, little is known about the supervision practices currently being employed. In order to investigate these practices, a mailed survey was sent to all current national roster internship directors. This descriptive research project gathered information related to demographics, education and training, techniques, roles, challenges, and rewards. Results suggest that internship directors represent diverse demographics, clinical populations, and experience levels. They have advanced levels of education and experience but desire further training in supervision. A wide variety of supervisory techniques are employed, with coleading, live observation, and reviewing assignments being the most frequently utilized. Internship directors feel they hold many responsibilities and report high levels of enjoyment in their roles. Results are compared to previous studies and implications of providing further training to internship directors are explored. Recommendations for future research include the addition of university-affiliated internship programs.

The pro-inflammatory potency and causal relationship with asthma of inhaled endotoxins have underscored the importance of accurately assessing the endotoxin content of organic dusts. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay has emerged as the preferred assay, but its ability to measure endotoxin in intact bacteria and organic dusts with similar sensitivity as purified endotoxin is unknown. We used metabolically radiolabeled Neisseria meningitidis and both rough and smooth Escherichia coli to compare dose-dependent activation in the LAL with purified endotoxin from these bacteria and shed outer membrane (OM) blebs. Labeled [ 14 C]-3-OH-fatty acids were used to quantify the endotoxin content of the samples. Purified meningococcal and E. coli endotoxins and OM blebs displayed similar specific activity in the LAL assay to the purified LPS standard. In contrast, intact bacteria exhibited fivefold lower specific activity in the LAL assay but showed similar MD-2-dependent potency as purified endotoxin in inducing acute airway inflammation in mice. Pre-treatment of intact bacteria and organic dusts with 0.1 M Tris-HCl/10 mM EDTA increased by fivefold the release of endotoxin. These findings demonstrate that house dust and other organic dusts should be extracted with Tris/EDTA to more accurately assess the endotoxin content and pro-inflammatory potential of these environmental samples.