San Juan College

ABSTRACT The Paradox basin, major area of tectonic subsidence in the Four Corners region, is, with its broad shelves and sediment-supplying highlands, more than 360 miles long in a northwest trend and about 180 miles wide in a northeast direction. Sediments of the Pennsylvanian system comprise the Atokan-early Desmoinesian shelf carbonates and fine clastics of the Molas and Pinkerton Trail formations; the Cherokee penesaline-saline-penesaline megacycle, interbedded with fine- to medium- and coarse-grained clastics from northeasterly sources which make up the Paradox formation; the Missouri to Virgil shelf carbonates grading westward into high-shelf dolomite and fine to medium clastics, and grading northeastward into coarse arkosic clastics to form the Honaker Trail formation; the Rico transition facies from marine to non-marine conditions and encompassing beds which range in age from Desmoinesian (Marmaton) near the uplifts to Wolfcampian Hueco in the accessways to the southeast and northwest through which the latest Paleozoic seas withdrew from the region. Results of this investigation establish the existence of an important datum (the “P” datum) which is the top of the Paradox formation. This datum, over a great part of the region, is a disconformity which marks the end of Paradox penesaline deposition, and is a mappable surface critical in the evaluation of the sedimentational and structural history of the Paradox geosyncline. As new drilling proceeds in the wildcat areas of the region, the Pennsylvanian system will need to be subdivided into smaller time-stratigraphic units which are correlative with practical lithic units here named, so that they can be used with confidence by geologists working in the Four Corners region.

Diet and abundance of San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) were monitored over 45 months (1989–1992) at a semi-arid site in southcentral California. From 1990 to early 1991, the mammalian prey of these endangered foxes declined markedly to densities 2–5 × lower than at peak. During late 1991 and 1992, however, the populations of at least three species of mammalian prey irrupted. Regardless of these fluctuations, foxes maintained consistent preferences among small mammals, and did not shift their diets to other prey when mammalian prey was scarce. Although we did not detect a clear functional response, foxes did respond numerically because their abundance decreased after the decline in mammalian prey. This decline in abundance was due to proportionately fewer females successfully rearing young and high coyote-induced mortality, rather than foxes abandoning their territories. Because kit foxes continue to prey on their staple species during times of prey scarcity, declines in rates of consumption could exert a strong influence on the population dynamics of this endangered fox. We suggest that population dynamics of kit foxes may be similar to those of obligate predators due to their apparent unwillingness or inability to switch to abundant, alternate prey during declines in density of their preferred prey.

BACKGROUND: Identifying ST-segment elevation myocardial infarctions (STEMIs) by paramedics can decrease door-to-balloon times. While many paramedics are trained to obtain and interpret electrocardiograms (ECGs), it is unknown how accurately they can identify STEMIs. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated paramedics' accuracy in recognizing STEMI on ECGs when faced with potential STEMI mimics. METHODS: This was a descriptive cohort study using a survey administered to paramedics. The survey contained questions about training, experience, and confidence, along with 10 ECGs: three demonstrating STEMIs (inferior, anterior, and lateral), two with normal results, and five STEMI mimics (left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH], ventricular pacing, left and right bundle branch blocks [LBBB, RBBB], and supraventricular tachycardia [SVT]). We calculated the overall sensitivity and specificity and the proportion correct with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We obtained 472 surveys from 30 municipal emergency medical services (EMS) agencies in five counties with 15 medical directors from seven hospitals. The majority (69%) reported ECG training within the preceding year, 31% within six months; and 74% were confident in recognizing STEMIs. The overall sensitivity and specificity for STEMI detection were 75% and 53% (95% CI 73%-77%, 51%-55%), respectively. Ninety-six percent (453/472, 95% CI 94%-98%) correctly identified the inferior myocardial infarction (MI), but only 78% (368/472, 94% CI 74%-82%) identified the anterior MI and 51% (241/472, 46%-56%) the lateral MI. Thirty-seven percent (173/472, 95% CI 32%-41%) of the paramedics correctly recognized LVH, 39% (184/472, 95% CI 35%-44%) LBBB, and 53% (249/472, 95% CI 48%-57%) ventricular pacing as not a STEMI. Thirty-nine percent (185/472, 95% CI 35%-44%) correctly identified all three STEMIs; however, only 3% of the paramedics were correct in all interpretations. The two normal ECGs were recognized as not a STEMI by 97% (459/472, 95% CI 95%-99%) and 100% (472/472, 95% CI 99%-100%). There was no correlation between training, experience, or confidence and accuracy in recognizing STEMIs. CONCLUSIONS: Despite training and a high level of confidence, the paramedics in our study were only able to identify an inferior STEMI and two normal ECGs. Given the paramedics' low sensitivity and specificity, we cannot rely solely on their ECG interpretation to activate the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Future research should involve the evaluation of training programs that include assessment, initial training, testing, feedback, and repeat training.

Abstract Within the San Juan basin the sandstone zones that occur at the top and bottom of the Mesaverde group were not deposited as a continuous blanket sand. In some areas thick, relatively clean sandstone units occur. In other areas thin, poorly sorted sandstone beds are found. These sandstone units exhibit a definite geometric pattern of distribution. Sandstone beds of the Point Lookout formation (lower Mesaverde) were deposited as a shoreline phase of a sea regressing northeastward. Sandstone bodies of the Cliff House formation (upper Mesaverde) represent the shoreline deposits of a sea transgressing south-westward at a later date. The shoreline along which these sands were deposited moved rapidly across some areas. In other areas it remained stationary for relatively long periods of time. The thicker sands correspond to places where the shoreline remained stationary, within a narrow belt, for the longer periods of time. The successive vertical and lateral positions of the various Cliff House and Point Lookout shorelines have been established and are demonstrated on cross sections and maps. Those positions where the shoreline stabilized for relatively long periods of time are apparent in the form of “steps” that can be traced across the central part of the San Juan basin. The relatively thick, well-sorted sandstone units that correspond to the positions where the shoreline stabilized have been divided into a series of sandstone “benches” of varying widths. Excellent examples of major “steps” in the Cliff House shoreline can be seen in surface exposures in the southeast and northwest parts of the San Juan basin. Those exposed at the surface in the northwest part of the basin exhibit a similar strand-line trend and in general correlate with the “steps” found in the subsurface.

The use of behavior to buffer extreme environmental variation is expected to enable species to (a) extend the breadth of environments they inhabit beyond that predicted from climatic data and (b) diminish the negative effects of broad scale and chronic disturbances such as climate change. The term Bogert effect refers to behavioral compensation entailing microhabitat selection to maintain performance across a gradient of environmental conditions resulting in evolutionary inertia of physiological traits. Here, we compare microhabitats used by plethodontid salamanders distributed along an elevational gradient to determine whether there is behavioral compensation that buffers them from deleterious temperatures and moisture levels. Overall, salamanders preferred cooler and more mesic environments and occupied microhabitats that maintained constant moisture conditions at both high- and low-elevation sites. Our results suggest that salamanders use microhabitats to regulate temperature and moisture levels, which is consistent with the Bogert effect. Maintenance of more moist conditions may help buffer these species from rising temperatures but only in suitable high-elevation environments that are likely to disappear over the next century. We conclude that behavioral regulation of temperature and moisture is a potential mechanism for the Bogert effect in plethodontid salamanders.

Abstract Although there have been numerous publications centered on the Hispanic and black student and a recent increase in articles concerning the Asian student, there is relatively little research focusing specifically on retention of the Native American student.

This article reports the cases of what we believe to be the youngest patients with traumatic meniscal tears treated by repair. The 2 cases were treated with different meniscal repair techniques. A review of the literature regarding traumatic meniscal tears in children is provided.

ABSTRACT This paper reports on the first and highly effective use of Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) technology to document Chaco roads, monumental linear surface constructions of the precolumbian culture that occupied the Four Corners region of the American Southwest between approximately AD 600 and 1300. Analysis of aerial photographs supplemented by ground survey has been the traditional methodology employed to identify Chaco roads, but their traces have become increasingly subtle and difficult to detect in recent years due to the impacts of natural weathering, erosion, and land development. Roads that were easily visible in aerial photography and on the ground in the 1980s are now virtually invisible, underscoring the need for new, cutting-edge techniques to detect and document them. Using three case studies of the Aztec Airport Mesa Road, the Great North Road, and the Pueblo Alto Landscape, we demonstrate lidar's unprecedented ability to document known Chaco roads, discover previously undetected road segments, and produce a precise quantitative record of these rapidly vanishing features.

College education for police officers has been a noble experiment in the move to professionalize law enforcement. Although the educational level of police officers has increased, attempts to achieve professional status and provide society with law enforcement agencies employing only college- educated officers have failed. This paper explores the history and philoso phy of college education for police officers and examines the reasons why, to some degree, the movement has not succeeded. Results suggest that in their zeal, the various commission reports failed to identify and consider five factors: the autonomy of police administrators, that agencies should be representative of the communities they serve, education's effect on pro fessionalism, the necessity of higher education and motivational factors associated with educational attainment. More disturbing are officers' per ceptions that agencies do not support their educational pursuits.

Three faculty present their experiences with online instruction utilizing the WebCT distance learning facilitator program. The courses discussed are Computer Literacy (for non-majors), Business Microcomputer Applications (Windows Operating System, Word, Excel, Access, PowerPoint for non-majors), and Introduction to Programming (for majors and non-majors). Each faculty member discusses the design, implementation, problems and possible solutions, and comparisons with traditional on-campus courses. The Computer Literacy course is intended for non-computing majors and is a breadth first approach to computer terminology, theory, concepts, hands-on use of popular applications, and exposure to networks, the Internet, and programming. The Business Microcomputer Applications course is a hands-on course providing real world training and experience in the Windows Operating System, database, spreadsheet, and word processing applications. The Introduction to Programming course is the first semester of C++ programming for both major and non-majors covering both structured and object-oriented programming concepts. Each course is discussed in terms of the following topics: student required materials; textbooks; preparation of the WebCT component; teaching the courses; testing; pros, cons and solutions; comparison with traditional course sections; and conclusions.

Abstract We report the direct observation of an electrically-induced magnetic susceptibility in the molecular nano- magnet [Fe 3 O(O 2 CPh) 6 (py) 3 ]ClO 4 · py, an Fe 3 trimer. This magnetoelectric effect results from the breaking of spatial inversion symmetry due to the spin configurations of the antiferromagnetic trimer. Both static and very low frequency electric fields were used. Fractional changes of the magnetic susceptibility of 11 ppb $$\pm 2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>±</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> per kVm -1 for the temperature range 8 . 5 &lt; T &lt; 13 . 5 K were observed for applied electric fields up to 62 kV m − 1 . The changes in susceptibility were measured using a tunnel diode oscillator operating at liquid helium temperatures while the sample is held at a higher regulated temperature.

Abstract The water‐production function is the relationship between marketable crop yield and seasonal evapotranspiration. Variability in the parameters of the function for different growing seasons result in error in estimating the effect of a water management strategy on yield. The present study was conducted to determine if the parameters describing the functional relationship between transpiration and yield for field‐grown spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), was stable for different levels of nitrogen fertility and seasonal differences in the atmospheric evaporative demand. A sprinkler‐line‐source was used to impose different irrigation treatments and seasonal evapotranspiration resulting from these treatments was calculated by a water budget technique. Soil‐water evaporation was estimated using equations taken from the literature and transpiration was calculated by subtracting the estimated evaporation from evapotranspiration. The experiment was done on a sandy loam soil, Typic Calciorthid (coarse, loamy, mixed, calcareous, mesic family), which resulted in frequent light irrigations being applied to maintain the barley at the sprinkler line under non‐moisture stress conditions. The water‐production function was found to vary significantly among N‐fertility levels, and between seasons. However, a constant linear relationship existed between grain yield and transpiration, independent of seasonal differences in evaporative demand, or the level of nitrogenfertility in the field.

Abstract The southwestern margin of the Late Cretaceous Sonora Pass Intrusive Suite, northern Sierra Nevada, California (USA), preserves a densely populated zone of magmatic structures that record dynamic magmatic layer formation and deformation (faulting and folding) within a solidifying upper-crustal magma mush. This zone consists largely of coupled melanocratic (or schlieren) and leucocratic bands hosted within the 95.6 ± 1.5 Ma Kinney Lakes granodiorite (Leopold, 2016), with orientations approximately parallel to the intrusive margin and with inward younging directions. Schlieren consist of a high modal abundance of medium-grained ferromagnesian minerals (hornblende + biotite), zircon, sphene, apatite, opaque minerals, and minor plagioclase and interstitial quartz. Leucocratic bands are dominated by coarse-grained feldspar + quartz with minor ferromagnesian and accessory minerals. Whole-rock geochemical and Sr and Nd isotopic data indicate that the schlieren are derived from the Kinney Lakes granodiorite by effective mechanical separation of mafic minerals and accessory phases. We interpret that the schlieren zone at the margin of the Kinney Lakes granodiorite formed by large-scale collapse of crystal mush by “magma avalanching,” facilitated by gravity, local convection, and possibly by host-rock stoping at the margin. This process eroded a significant portion of the solidifying margin of the chamber and resulted in the formation of magmatically deformed layered structures, which experienced further mingling, re-intrusion, magmatic erosion, and recycling processes. We envisage that magma avalanching of magma mushes in plutons can be achieved by any unstable process (e.g., tectonic, fluid-assisted, stoping, or gravity-driven) in large, long-lived magma-mush chambers.

A kinematic model of the interplanetary magnetic field in the heliosheath beyond the solar wind terminal shock is presented in order to evaluate the possible importance of MHD effects in that region of space. The need for this evaluation arises because the interplanetary magnetic field is compressed across the terminal shock and further amplified by the decreasing flow speed beyond the shock. Streamlines which approach the stagnation point before turning in the downstream direction lead to the strongest effects due to the extreme slowing of the solar wind and consequent compression of the embedded magnetic field. The magnetic volume force therefore cannot be neglected on streamlines that approach the heliopause in the upstream direction, where the volume containing them is a large fraction of the overall of the heliosheath in the upstream direction. The increase in the magnetic pressure may act to bring the upstream terminal shock significantly closer to the sun, potentially reconciling a conflict between models and observations.

The Category Test is a sensitive indicator of general cortical integrity, but requires an extremely long time for impaired subjects to complete. As a result, several authors have proposed abbreviated forms of the test. In this investigation, Study 1 compared three previously published short forms with the long form. Subjects were 100 consecutive adult referrals for neuropsychological assessment. Long-form protocols were rescored to yield the equivalent scores for the short forms. The 120-item short form appeared to be an excellent alternative to the long form. It correlated .981 with the standard 208-item Category Test, and had a comparatively small standard error of estimate. Study 2 compared the process of problem-solving by 52 additional subjects on this short form with the process on the equivalent items of the rescored protocols used to obtain the correlations. The processes appeared very similar.

Introduction:Anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that may occur in individuals not previously diagnosed with an allergy. Emergency first-line treatment of choice for acute anaphylaxis is intramuscular administration of epinephrine via an auto-injector. In the school setting, students with known allergies typically keep or carry an epinephrine auto-injector (EAI). For students who do not have a known allergy or for those whose personal EAIs are unavailable, an anaphylactic event could have serious adverse outcomes if an EAI is not available via an undesignated stock supply in the school. . Throughout this article, undesignated stock EAIs, stock EAIs, EAI stock, and open-order EAIs are used interchangeably. Conclusion:Anaphylaxis is increasing worldwide as the incidence of food allergies increases. Although stock EAIs for students in schools can have important benefits, the availability of EAIs in the school setting is limited. Barriers to undesignated stock EAIs include the lengthy administrative process for developing school policies and protocols; gaps in nurses' self-perceived knowledge versus objective knowledge on the topic of anaphylaxis; limited resources in many school districts; and complex role demands, lack of confidence in trained staff, or insufficient school nurse staffing. It is important that epinephrine be readily available in schools. Barriers to facilitating stock EAIs include those that can be addressed directly by nurses and those that may require policy changes. Nurses, particularly those working in school settings or pediatrics, could take the lead in discussions about the benefits of stock EAIs in schools, advocating for policy changes as warranted. Fully informed nurses can be better prepared to serve as advocates in ensuring that EAIs are available in school settings.

A two‐year study was conducted in 2002 and 2003 at the New Mexico State University Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, NM to evaluate postemergence herbicides for control of redroot and prostrate pigweed ( Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats.), black nightshade ( Solanum nigrum L.), common lambsquarters ( Chenopodium album L.), and Russian thistle ( Salsola iberica Sennen &amp; Pau) and their effect on field corn ( Zea mays ) injury and yield. Herbicide treatments gave over 95% control of redroot and prostrate pigweed and common lambsquarters through August, in both years. Russian thistle control was 70% or less with DPX 79406, foramsulfuron, and nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron when applied at 0.0115 plus 0.0115, 0.033, and 0.023 plus 0.012 lb a.i./acre, or in combination with mesotrione at 0.06 lb a.i./acre. Black nightshade control with foramsulfuron applied at 0.033 lb a.i./acre was 30 to 41% better than DPX 79406 or nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron applied at 0.0115 plus 0.0115 and 0.023 plus 0.012 lb a.i./acre. This research indicates that when nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron, DPX 79406, and foramsulfuron were applied in combination with diflufenzopyr plus dicamba, dicamba plus atrazine, mesotrione, or dicamba, broadleaf weed control increased significantly without field corn injury or yield reductions.

This study examines the interview narratives of owners of 73 small and medium-sized businesses from a large metropolitan area located in the southwestern U.S. Our analysis focuses on owner discussions of their motivations and goals for starting and running their own businesses. Our findings reveal three central motivational narrative themes: (1) traditional business-centered success outcomes—a category we refer to as “Business is Business”; (2) owners’ personal and family well-being and fulfillment, labeled as “Business is Personal”; and (3) social responsibility concerns directed toward the betterment of other people and society more generally that we labeled as “Business is Doing Good.” Owner narratives typically referenced motives in more than one of these three realms. However, relatively, they expended considerably more time and energy discussing altruistic or social responsibility goals compared to strictly business or personal motives. Our study reveals the importance of norms of social responsibility in the discursive constructions of small and medium-sized businesses.

Proso ( Panicum miliaceum L.) is a summer annual grass capable of producing seed in 60 to 90 d. This characteristic, and its efficient use of water, makes it well suited to the short, and often hot and dry, growing season in the high plains of the central Great Plains. The introduction of novel end‐use characteristics such as waxy starch can stimulate an increased market for proso. We evaluated 18 experimental F 5 waxy lines derived from a cross of ‘Huntsman’ and PI436626 across seven locations. Genotype × environment variation in waxy proso was mostly a matter of changes in magnitude and not crossover interaction. When crossover interaction was implicated, it was generally slight and occurred at lower environmental means—at locations with low mean response to any given variable. Waxy progeny mean yield was lower than Huntsman but significantly higher than PI436626. Except for test weight, waxy progeny mean response for most traits was similar to check cultivars. Mean yield of one experimental line did not differ significantly from Huntsman, and 14 did not differ significantly from ‘Horizon’, the second highest yielding cultivar. In addition, regression analysis suggests that top‐yielding waxy lines responded well to high‐yield environments. Seed sizes for all waxy lines were smaller than the check lines, but most were significantly larger than PI436626. Waxy lines generally headed at a similar time to Huntsman and the other nonwaxy checks, and most were significantly earlier than PI436626. Late maturity of PI436626 was the main factor limiting its culture in the High Plains region.

OBJECTIVE: To compare outpatient with inpatient misoprostol for preinduction cervical ripening at term. STUDY DESIGN: This concurrent cohort study was conducted between August 1999 and July 2002 at a rural community hospital. Pregnancies > or =38 weeks with an unfavorable cervix were eligible if there was a reactive nonstress test with no regular contractions or active medical/obstetric complications. Outpatients were given a single dose of misoprostol (50 microg intravaginally). A cohort group consisted of similar patients undergoing misoprostol therapy in the hospital. RESULTS: No differences were found between the outpatient (n=177) and inpatient (n=96) misoprostol groups for maternal age, parity, gestational age, and initial cervical dilation and station. No home deliveries occurred with outpatient therapy. Advanced cervical dilation at hospital admission the next morning was more common with outpatient misoprostol (10.2% vs. 2.1%; RR 5.0, 95% CI 1.2, 21.5). Differences in mean times from admission to vaginal delivery were significantly shorter with outpatient than inpatient misoprostol (nulliparas, 3.1 hours, 95% CI 1.5, 4.7; multiparas, 5.3 hours; 95% CI 3.8, 6.8). The very low proportions of fetal intolerance to labor, low Apgar scores and newborn complications were not different between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION: Outpatient vaginal misoprostol in a selected population led to more advanced cervical dilation at hospital admission the next morning and explained the shorter time until vaginal delivery.