Secretariat of Public Education

Carlos M. Jarque, Anil K. Bera, A Test for Normality of Observations and Regression Residuals, International Statistical Review / Revue Internationale de Statistique, Vol. 55, No. 2 (Aug., 1987), pp. 163-172

OBJECTIVE: Irisin is a novel myokine that seems to mediate the beneficial effects of exercise. Levels of circulating irisin before and after an 8-month physical activity program (PAP) in school-age children were evaluated. METHODS: Irisin and leptin were measured at baseline and at follow-up among 85 children with different BMI. RESULTS: Of the 85 children (mean age 8.9; 47% female), 25 children had normal weight, 23 were overweight, and 37 had obesity. We observed no significant difference in irisin serum levels between boys and girls. Irisin was positively associated with BMI before and after the PAP (r(before) = 0.42; r(after) = 0.37, P < 0.001), with the highest levels in children with obesity. There was a slight decrease of circulating irisin after PAP, but this decrease was not of statistical significance. We observed a high and positive association between irisin and leptin levels before and after the PAP (r(before) = 0.78; r(after) = 0.82, P < 0.001). Moreover, changes in leptin correlated with changes in irisin (r = 0.72, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating irisin is positively linked to BMI and leptin in school-age children, supporting the notion that that irisin is produced by adipose tissue. As in previous reports, this study failed to observe changes in irisin levels after exercise, likely because higher irisin levels are produced only during exercise.

Este trabajo centra su atención en la importancia que poseen las ilustraciones que utilizan los libros de texto de ciencias para la comprensión de su contenido. Para ello se parte de una fundamentación teórica en cuanto a los requisitos que deberían cumplir aquéllas para favorecer su adecuado procesamiento, así como la diferente morfología que suelen presentar en los libros de texto. A continuación se aborda un proceso de diseño y validación de una taxonomía para la categorización de las ilustraciones, la cual fue aplicada a los temas de mecánica de una muestra representativa de siete libros de educación secundaria obligatoria y a tres previos. Tras este análisis se discuten los resultados y se extraen unas conclusiones tendentes a la mejora en el uso de las ilustraciones.

Assessing student satisfaction contributes to successful decision-making when it comes to managing the quality of university education. The aim of this study was to identify the satisfaction of undergraduate students in two academic areas: Administration and Economics and Engineering and Architecture at a public university in the south of Mexico regarding elements of educational quality. These include the teaching-learning process, students perception of the treatment they receive from those who they must interact with during their studies, university infrastructure, and students self-realization. Based on non-experimental, cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational method of research, the study took a quantitative approach with a probabilistic sampling of a population of 7676 students. Using a questionnaire with a Likert scale, the confidence level was evaluated by means of the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient, which reports a value of .840, and was validated with a factorial confirmation through the SPSS-AMOS program. This research made it possible to identify areas of opportunity to increase student satisfaction with infrastructure and noted positive feedback on the respectful treatment students receive from their tutors. It also highlighted the opportunities for personal development the institution offers to students and statistically specified significant satisfaction differences between age groups, campuses, study programs and marital status.

Recognising the importance of new technology in the classroom, our aim is to promote the integration of information and communication technology (ICT) in teaching practice from a collaborative research in which action research style methods are applied involving 21 primary and secondary schools in Spain. In these research seminars, the participating teachers receive a progressive educational and technological training orientated towards the experiment and reflect on the possibilities of using a computer per student in the classroom and a digital whiteboard or interactive whiteboard (IWB). After the first period of research, we bring to the table significant ideas that have guided the training and put forward findings on the testing of teachers in their classrooms denoted classrooms 2.0 for being equipped with an IWB and computers with Internet access. In specific, from this experiment, we provide relevant results on the intensity of use of IWBs and computers, the usual activities conducted with these technological resources, their advantages and disadvantages found from use and their impact on student learnings. In the conclusions, the results are analysed and assessed, noting possible criteria for taking action in order to move twenty-first century teaching practices forward and promote the inclusion of ICT in classrooms. Asumiendo la importancia de las nuevas tecnologías en las aulas, pretendemos impulsar la integración de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) en la práctica docente desde una investigación colaborativa donde se aplican metodologías cercanas a la investigación-acción y participan 21 centros de educación primaria y secundaria de España. En los seminarios de esta investigación, el profesorado participante recibe progresivamente una formación didáctica y tecnológica orientada hacia la experimentación y la reflexión de las posibilidades de uso de un ordenador por alumno, en el aula, y de la pizarra digital o pizarra digital interactiva (PDI). Después del primer periodo de la investigación, aportamos ideas significativas que han guiado la formación impartida y avanzamos información de la experimentación del profesorado en sus aulas denominadas aulas 2.0 por estar dotadas de una PDI y de ordenadores con acceso a Internet. Concretamente, de esta experimentación, aportamos resultados relevantes sobre la intensidad de uso de la PDI y de los ordenadores, las actividades habituales realizadas con estos recursos tecnológicos, sus ventajas e inconvenientes destacables al utilizarlos y sus incidencias de uso en los aprendizajes de los estudiantes. En las conclusiones, se analizan y se valoran los resultados, apuntando posibles criterios de actuación para ir avanzando en la práctica docente del siglo XXI y en la inclusión de las TIC en las aulas.

Principal and supplementary reference sections provide data that clarify the stratigraphic relationships and depositional history of the Cerro del Pueblo Formation (CdP) - an important unit in Late Cretaceous paleobiogeographic studies in northeastern Mexico and the Western Interior of North America. At Saltillo, the CdP is 162 m thick, much thinner than previously reported. To the west, however, the CdP thickens to 449 m at Rincón Colorado (35 km west of Saltillo) and 540 m at Porvenir de Jalpa (70 km west of Saltillo). A substantial stratigraphic interval of interbedded grey-green and red beds is present above the CdP throughout the field area; for consistency, it is assigned to the overlying Cerro Huerta Formation (CH). Westward-thickening of the CdP indicates an increased rate of subsidence and accommodation in that direction, and further suggests that sediment was supplied from the west along a narrow, east-west oriented trough that paralleled the modern Sierra Madre Oriental south of the field area. This trough was likely the location of an embayment in which CdP sediments first aggraded and then slowly prograded to the east and northeast. Overall, the CdP records deposition in very low gradient lower coastal plain and shallow marine (ramp) settings that were influenced by high-frequency changes in relative sea-level and coastal storm events. Magnetostratigraphic data from 66 samples collected in the Saltillo area indicate that the CdP was deposited in magnetochronozones 32n.3r-32n.2n. This magnetostratigraphic interval falls within the combined Western Interior ammonite biozones of B. reesidei and B. jenseni, and suggests a maximum absolute age of 72.5 Ma for the CdP in the Saltillo area. The Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary (here accepted as 32n-31r) lies 90 m below the top of the overlying CH. A minimum sediment accumulation rate of 55 cm/1,000 yrs is proposed for the CdP.

While efforts to document endangered languages have steadily increased, the phonetic analysis of endangered language data remains a challenge. The transcription of large documentation corpora is, by itself, a tremendous feat. Yet, the process of segmentation remains a bottleneck for research with data of this kind. This paper examines whether a speech processing tool, forced alignment, can facilitate the segmentation task for small data sets, even when the target language differs from the training language. The authors also examined whether a phone set with contextualization outperforms a more general one. The accuracy of two forced aligners trained on English (hmalign and p2fa) was assessed using corpus data from Yoloxóchitl Mixtec. Overall, agreement performance was relatively good, with accuracy at 70.9% within 30 ms for hmalign and 65.7% within 30 ms for p2fa. Segmental and tonal categories influenced accuracy as well. For instance, additional stop allophones in hmalign's phone set aided alignment accuracy. Agreement differences between aligners also corresponded closely with the types of data on which the aligners were trained. Overall, using existing alignment systems was found to have potential for making phonetic analysis of small corpora more efficient, with more allophonic phone sets providing better agreement than general ones.

UNLABELLED: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is reported with and associated to oral alterations, with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of oral soft tissue alterations in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Socioeconomic variables, gender, heredity, capillary glucose control and local factors (prosthesis, dry mouth sensation) were analyzed in 196 diabetic and non-diabetic patients enrolled in HIPERDIA, at 41 Health units of Natal, Brazil. STUDY DESIGN: A case study. RESULTS: The last blood glucose mean was 177.0 mg/dl for diabetics and 89.46 mg/dl for non-diabetics. Mean capillary blood glucose was elevated in diabetics (215.95 mg/dl); it was 102.31 mg/dl in non-diabetics. The family history confirmed the heredity nature of the disease in 68.8% of diabetic patients (n = 66) (p < 0.001); salivary flow was 49% (n = 47) in diabetics, and 34% (n = 34) in non-diabetics. Candidiasis was present in 30.5% of diabetic patients (n=29) and 36% of non-diabetics (n=36). Both groups had lesions in the palate - 81.4% (n = 35) in diabetics, and 71.1% in non-diabetics (n = 27) (p = 0.68). CONCLUSION: The alterations are not related to diabetes and are present independently of having or not type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

La rúbrica es un instrumento de evaluación auténtica del desempeño de los estudiantes. En el presente documento se define y describe el proceso para elaborar las rúbricas, sus ventajas y desventajas. Además se listan algunas herramientas web para la creación de e-rúbricas.

El auge de las agresiones cibernéticas entre estudiantes de secundaria y la importancia de ciertas variables de ajuste psicosocial para la comprensión de este tipo de conducta violenta, tanto en agresores como en víctimas, plantean como objetivo en el presente trabajo analizar el perfil psicosocial de ambos implicados en situaciones de ciberagresión. Las variables de ajuste analizadas fueron autoconcepto, estrés percibido, soledad, sintomatología depresiva, ansiedad social, satisfacción con la vida e inteligencia emocional. A partir de una muestra de 1318 adolescentes (47% chicos), de entre 11 y 18 años, se establecieron tres grupos de contraste para cibervíctimas (víctimas severas, moderadas y no cibervíctimas) y tres grupos para ciberagresores (ciberagresores severos, moderados y no ciberagresores). El análisis de varianza mostró que los implicados presentan perfiles psicosociales diferentes y deteriorados. Las cibervíctimas severas mostraron mayor estrés percibido, soledad, depresión y ansiedad social, y menor autoconcepto, satisfacción con la vida e IE, en comparación con las no cibervíctimas. Los ciberagresores severos mostraron mayor estrés percibido, soledad y depresión, y menor autoconcepto y satisfacción con la vida, comparativamente con los no ciberagresores. Estos resultados permiten profundizar en la comprensión del ciberacoso entre estudiantes y mejorar los programas preventivos y de intervención en escuelas. The rise of cyberbullying among high school students and the importance of certain variables of psychological adjustment for the comprehension of this type of violent behavior both in bullies and in victims. This work aims to analyze the psychological profile of individuals involved in situations of cyberbullying, both victims and bullies. The adjustment variables analyzed were self-concept, perceived stress, loneliness, depressive symptomatology, social anxiety, life satisfaction, and emotional intelligence. Using a sample of 1318 adolescents (47% boys), aged between 11 and 18 years (M = 13.8, SD = 1.32), three contrast groups were established for cybervictims (severe cybervictims, moderate cybervictims, and non-cybervictims) and three groups for cyberbullies (severe cyberbullies, moderate cyberbullies, and non-cyberbullies). The results obtained through analysis of variance showed that both cybervictims and cyberbullies show deterioration in most of the studied dimensions, albeit with a different profile. Severe cybervictims showed higher scores in perceived stress, loneliness, depression, and social anxiety, and lower scores in self-concept, life satisfaction, and emotional intelligence, in comparison with non-cybervictims. Severe cyberbullies obtained higher scores in perceived stress, loneliness, and depression, and lower scores in self-concept and life satisfaction, compared to non-cyberbullies. These results allow deepening our comprehension of cyberbullying among students to improve preventive and intervention programs in schools.

La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la deserción escolar ocasionada por el bullying de discentes de tres bachilleratos rurales en el municipio de El Fuerte, Sinaloa, México. En el estudio se emplearon entrevistas semiestructuradas y un cuestionario. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por 35 desertores y 10 docentes de la unidad académica San Blas, de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa y sus extensiones. Los resultados mostraron que 77% de la población desertora fue víctima de algún tipo de bullying durante su estancia en la preparatoria. Las principales agresiones fueron burlas por el bajo rendimiento académico o por provenir de localidades indígenas. La mayoría de los desertores pertenece a comunidades con alto predominio indígena y habita en comunidades con marginación media o alta.

INTRODUCTION: The US deports more Mexicans to Tijuana than any other borderland city. Returning involuntarily as members of a stigmatized underclass, many find themselves homeless and de-facto stateless. Subject to routinized police victimization, many take refuge in the Tijuana River Canal (El Bordo). Previous reports suggest Tijuana River water may be contaminated but prior studies have not accessed the health effects or contamination of the water closest to the river residents. METHODS: A binational, transdisciplinary team undertook a socio-environmental, mixed methods assessment to simultaneously characterize Tijuana River water quality with chemical testing, assess the frequency of El Bordo residents' water-related diseases, and trace water contacts with epidemiological survey methods (n = 85 adults, 18+) in 2019, and ethnographic methods in 2019-2021. Our analysis brings the structural violence framework into conversation with an environmental injustice perspective to documented how social forces drive poor health outcomes enacted through the environment. RESULTS: The Tijuana River water most proximate to its human inhabitants fails numerous water-quality standards, posing acute health risks. Escherichia coli values were ∼40,000 times the Mexican regulatory standard for directly contacted water. Skin infections (47%), dehydration (40%) and diarrhea (28%) were commonly reported among El Bordo residents. Residents are aware the water is contaminated and strive to minimize harm to their health by differentially using local water sources. Their numerous survival constraints, however, are exacerbated by routine police violence which propels residents and other people who inject drugs into involuntary contact with contaminated water. DISCUSSION: Human rights to drinking water, sanitation and hygiene are routinely violated among El Bordo inhabitants. This is exacerbated by violent policing practices that force unhoused deportees to seek refuge in waterways, and drive water contacts. Furthermore, US-Mexico 'free-trade' agreements drive rapid growth in Tijuana, restrict Mexican environmental regulation enforcement, and drive underinvestment in sewage systems and infrastructure.

Reductions in the availability of energetically valuable prey associated with the El Nio Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may force seabirds to switch to low-energy prey or smaller prey, with consequent effects on their fitness. Impacts of ENSO on seabird diet have been documented in several regions but remain unexplored in the warm eastern tropical Pacific. Analysis of 5 yr of data on the blue-footed booby Sula nebouxii, a seabird specialized on small pelagic fish, revealed that both sexes switch diet and capture fewer types of prey when warm El Nio conditions prevail during the breeding season. Moreover, ENSO-related alternations in the relative abundances of anchovies and herrings, the main prey of these boobies and important commercial fishes in the region, were associated with boobies feeding on more and larger anchovies and fewer and smaller herrings during warm El Nio events, and vice versa during cold La Nia episodes. Females consumed herrings more frequently than males across the 5 yr and consistently fed on larger anchovies and herrings than males, with these differences likely due to this booby's reversed sexual size-dimorphism. We conclude that diet composition and prey size of boobies may be sensitive to variation in relative availabilities of different prey species associated with the ENSO, making these birds robust indicators of environmental fluctuations in the warm eastern tropical Pacific. Inter-annual variations in the availability of herrings, probably the most energetically valuable prey for these boobies, may explain the large ENSO-related variations in booby reproduction documented previously.

Esta investigación se enmarca en la formación del profesorado en el Máster Universitario en Profesorado de Educación Secundaria. Se muestran resultados de un análisis de las guías docentes de asignaturas de las especialidades de Biología y Geología y de Física y Química del Máster con el fin de examinar en qué medida está presente la educación para la sostenibilidad (EpS). Así mismo se aborda la formación de equipos colaborativos del profesorado para favorecer la adquisición de competencias en sostenibilidad y en EpS entre las metas formativas de sus proyectos docentes y que arbitren los medios, recursos y procedimientos para su consecución eficaz. Se proponen aportaciones fundamentadas que traten de impulsar la atención a la EpS en la formación del profesorado de Secundaria.

El presente artículo refiere a la interactividad educativa en plataformas de formación online, para optimizar sus potencialidades en pro de auspiciar la formación virtual. El objetivo de este escrito es caracterizar las TIC más utilizadas y determinar si existe asociación entre algunos elementos relacionados con la interactividad virtual, a fin de proponer atributos, métricas e indicadores que permitan cualificar la operatividad en entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. Por lo tanto, se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo que examinó el uso y la aplicabilidad de las TIC en el e-learning, en dos programas de Ingeniería de Sistemas, los cuales pertenecen a la Universidad de Medellín - Colombia y a la Universidad de Córdoba - Argentina. Se analiza la necesidad de repensar la evaluación y seguimiento de la interactividad, para brindar aportes metodológicos claves que generen en dicho proceso un mejoramiento y favorezcan la interacción social en un entorno virtual de aprendizaje. El tema de interés no solo cobra validez en el proceso formativo sino también en la socialización de fundamentos que pueden contribuir a la calidad educativa en entornos virtuales. También, se comparten juicios a partir de elementos teóricos que optimizan la interactividad mediada con TIC y la interacción virtual. En este texto se logra establecer como conclusión principal, que algunos entornos virtuales no incorporan herramientas de seguimiento para potenciar el desarrollo de procesos de interactividad desde requisitos expuestos por los actores educativos.

Phrase-final position is cross-linguistically the locus of both processes of phonetic reduction and processes of phonetic enhancement. In tone languages, phrasal position is a conditioning environment for processes of tone sandhi/allotony, though such patterns emerge from local processes of tonal enhancement or reduction. The current article examines the production of tone in Yoloxóchitl Mixtec, an endangered language of Mexico with nine lexical tones and fixed, stem-final stress, across phrasal and utterance positions via three experiments. In the first two experiments, the findings show that speakers lengthen syllables and expand the tonal F0 range in utterance-final position. The effect of this range expansion is high tone raising, low tone lowering, and falling contour lowering. Rising contour tones undergo substantial leveling when produced in a non-utterance-final context, similar to Taiwanese Mandarin. These findings suggest that postural changes in F0 range are controlled, intonational effects in tonal languages and not paralinguistic. In the third experiment, we examine utterance-level declination and raising within sentences consisting entirely of level tones. We show that utterance-level F0 changes are independent from local tonal hyperarticulation effects in phrase-final position. Together, the experiments largely support prosodically-conditioned phonetic undershoot as a control mechanism in tone production and demonstrate how tonal complexity may constrain universal tendencies in speech production.

In recent years there has been a renewal of educational software encouraged by the incorporation of specific designs based on serious games. Previous studies on their use do not provide conclusive data on the advancement in learning, both at a general level and in specific contents. The main objective of this work is to study the impact of the use of serious games in primary education classrooms, specifically on mathematics fluency, taking into account gamification variables and teaching experience. A quasi-experimental study was carried out with a pretest-posttest design, without a control group and with several experimental groups, involving 284 students from the first to the fourth grade. The results show a significant improvement in mathematics fluency with the use of serious games in the different grades and classroom groups studied. The gamification strategy promotes even greater progress over the classes where it has not been implemented. There is a similar time of use of serious games by both novice and experienced teachers, with better results in mathematics fluency in the case of the second group. It also shows the relationship between the results obtained and the school grades of the students. The findings point to the potential of using serious games designed specifically for school environments and challenge previous work on generational barriers in teachers. En estos últimos años ha habido una renovación del software educativo propiciada por la incorporación de diseños específicos basados en juegos serios. Los estudios previos sobre su uso no ofrecen datos concluyentes sobre el avance en el aprendizaje, tanto a nivel general como de contenidos específicos. El objetivo principal del presente trabajo es conocer el impacto del uso de juegos serios en las aulas de educación primaria, concretamente en la fluidez matemática del alumnado, atendiendo a variables de gamificación y experiencia docente. Se lleva a cabo un estudio cuasi-experimental con pretest-postest, sin grupo control y con varios grupos experimentales, en el que participan 284 estudiantes de primero a cuarto curso. Los resultados muestran una mejora significativa de la fluidez matemática con el uso de juegos serios en los distintos cursos y grupos-aula estudiados. La estrategia de gamificación promueve un progreso aún mayor respecto a las aulas en las que no se ha implementado. Se observa un tiempo de uso similar de los juegos serios por parte de profesores noveles y experimentados, con mejores resultados en fluidez matemática en el caso de los segundos. También se muestra la relación existente entre los resultados obtenidos y las calificaciones del alumnado. Las conclusiones señalan el potencial del uso de juegos serios diseñados específicamente para entornos escolares y cuestionan trabajos previos sobre las barreras generacionales en el profesorado.

Colombia's PACES program provided over 125,000 poor children with vouchers that covered half the cost of private secondary school. The vouchers were renewable annually conditional on adequate academic progress. Since many vouchers were assigned by lottery, program effects can reliably be assessed by comparing lottery winners and losers. Estimates using administrative records suggest the PACES program increased secondary school completion rates by 15-20 percent. Correcting for the greater percentage of lottery winners taking college admissions tests, the program increased test scores by two-tenths of a standard deviation in the distribution of potential test scores. Boys, who have lower scores than girls in this population, show larger test score gains, especially in math.

El trabajo se inicia con una introducción que subraya la importancia de la lectura en todos los ámbitos sociales y destaca la labor docente como eje fundamental de la formación de hábitos lectores. La descripción del trabajo recoge el marco conceptual y legislativo de la materia, la finalidad, la hipótesis y los objetivos propuestos para este estudio. El capítulo metodológico establece el universo, la muestra, el trabajo de campo y la descripción de los contextos de intervención. La información analizada, según los indicadores del cuestionario, se agrupa en bloques relacionados con el estudio y la lectura; el libro, los géneros literarios y el empleo del tiempo libre, y la Lengua y la Literatura en el ámbito académico. Finalmente, se establecen las conclusiones del análisis: los alumnos del primer ciclo obtienen mejores resultados globales con respecto a sus compañeros de la segunda etapa. A partir de los datos obtenidos, hacemos una reflexión que valora las teorías publicadas sobre el hábito lector en los jóvenes, las influencias sobre la afición a la lectura de los estudiantes actualmente y la estrecha relación entre el gusto por la lectura y el rendimiento académico de nuestros alumnos.

The entrepreneurship during last years has become in one of the most important topics to the plans, programs and projects designing of public policies of enterprises and startup to every government, due that it has converted in one of the revitalizing of the worldwide economics. Currently, a lot of programs have been created to start entrepreneurial ideas due that they contribute to generate new employment positions. Generally the population´s unknowledge about the implemented programs, failure fair, the lack of information and the lack of trust in the business ideas are the obstacles to open new concepts of entrepreneurship in the country. The purpose of this document is to analyse the impact of the public policies of entrepreneurship implemented during the last years in the country's development.