Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy Building Application Technology

Glucose-sensitive drug delivery systems, which can continuously and automatically regulate drug release based on the concentration of glucose, have attracted much interest in recent years. Self-regulated drug delivery platforms have potential application in diabetes treatment to reduce the intervention and improve the quality of life for patients. At present, there are three types of glucose-sensitive drug delivery systems based on glucose oxidase (GOD), concanavalin A (Con A), and phenylboronic acid (PBA) respectively. This review covers the recent advances in GOD-, Con A-, or PBA-mediated glucose-sensitive nanoscale drug delivery systems, and provides their major challenges and opportunities.

A novel core cross-linked glycopolypeptide nanogel was prepared for glucose-triggered insulin delivery.

nanosheets can maintain photochemical stability after five consecutive runs. The remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity can be interpreted as the synergistic effects of the enhanced crystallinity, the large surface area, the reduced layer thickness and size and the reduced number of defects. A new layer exfoliation and splitting mechanism of the formation of the ultrathin nanosheets was proposed. This work provides a new strategy to develop a facile eco-friendly template-free one-step synthesis method for potential large-scale synthesis of ultrathin nanosheets with high yield, high photocatalytic efficiency and stable activity for environmental and energetic applications.

Vehicle exhaust pollutants has become a major source of urban air pollution and it is of great significance to study its diffusion law. This paper analyzes the factors that affect the diffusion of motor vehicle emissions in the street canyon and determines the research method of pollutant dispersion. This paper mainly simulates the influence of different wind speed and wind direction on the flow field and pollutant dispersion in the street canyon. Results show that the wind speed and wind direction has a great impact on the air flow and pollutant dispersion in the canyon. Vertical and inclined to the wind, the leeward side of the street canyons pollutant concentrations is much higher than the windward side of the concentration of pollutants, leeward pollutant concentration and the pollutant concentration of the windward side of is almost the same. The results of this paper can provide scientific basis for the control, monitoring and evaluation of urban motor vehicle emissions, and reasonable layout and planning of urban streets.

The effect of hydraulic and organic loading rate on the anaerobic digest EGSB (Expanded Granular Sludge Blanket) reactor for producing methane gas from starch wastewater was studied. The results show that, when the hydraulic loading rate of reactor is in the range of 1 - 4m/h and the influent concentration of CODCr is in the range of 5000 - 10000mg/L, the EGSB reactor can operate stably. Under the volumetric organic loading rate of 30 kg/ (m3•d), the removal rate of COD is over 80%. The granular sludge in the reactor has good settleability, the proportion of granular sludge in the bottom of reactor with particle diameter larger than 1.5mm accounted for more than 75%.

Mechanical ventilation technology is widely used in storage, and ventilation uniformity is an important indicator to measure the effect of internal mechanical ventilation in the granary. Based on the actual experimental data of the storage grain stack mechanical ventilation, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology numerical simulations were carried out to obtain the distribution of grain pile internal air flow field and pressure field of 3D real time with the fluid flow in porous media. The results show that the simulation model is better to simulate the distribution of flow field and pressure field in the storage grain stack mechanical ventilation. The study results can provide reference for the further application of CFD technology in grain storage ventilation system, and has certain guiding significance to the actual grain storage ventilation system optimization.

Numbers of high-rise buildings form the street canyon, in which the exhaust of vehicles accumulate and do harm to the urban residents. So the study on the pollutant dispersion characteristics and influence factors of vehicles emission in city streets is of great significance. This paper analyses the influence factors of the vehicles emissions, gets the numerical simulation of the building's roof shape on both sides of the street and the influences of the relative height of buildings on both sides of the street canyon on the air flow field and pollutant diffusion concentration field. The results show that with the increase of height, the diffusion of vehicle emissions is in a downward trend in the street leeward and windward surface, the pollutants at the top of the street is obviously less than the vehicle emissions of pollutants in the street and the pollutants is obviously less affected by traffic flow at the top of the street. The results of this article can provide scientific basis about the control, monitoring and estimate of pollutant emission from the urban vehicle, and the rational layout and planning of the city's streets.

A laboratory research on the distillers grains wastewater treatment and recycling biomass energy using Up-flow solid reactor (USR) was carried out. USR reactor was operated under thermophilic fermentation condition at 52℃. The results show that the alkalinity of the mixed liquor in reactor is sufficient to buffer the change of pH, although the pH of influent is about 4.5. The pH of feed water is not need to be adjusted during start-up and operation. The mixing liquid pH in the reactor is maintained in the range of 7.1 - 7.5, which ensures the efficient and stable operation of the USR reactor. The volumetric load was increased from 2 kgCOD/ (m3.d) to 8.9 kgCOD / (m3.d), and the corresponding hydraulic retention time was 7 day to 23 day. The removal rate of COD was about 90%, and the methane content was 55% ~ 60%.

Rural energy construction is a special field in energy sustainable development for China. Rational energy structure is able to promote the social, economic and environmental development. This paper used system dynamics theory to analysis the rural energy system, divided it into four subsystems, including population, energy supply, renewable energy resources and structure. The simulation model for rural energy in Shandong Province was established to find rational patterns for rural energy sustainable development.

Abstract Geothermal heat pump (GHP) technologies utilize the underground environment as a heat source/sink to provide space cooling and heating. From a thermodynamic perspective, the operating cost of the GHP system is much lower than that of the air source heat pump because the underground environment experiences less temperature fluctuation compared to the ambient air temperature swing. Geothermal heat pumps, which may use various underground sources, have been basically grouped into three categories: groundwater heat pump, surface water heat pump, and ground‐coupled heat pump. The basic concepts and various options of the GHP systems that include groundwater heat pump, surface water heat pump, and ground coupled heat pump have been described in this chapter. The brief history of the GHP system has been addressed in terms of its research development and engineering applications. In addition, the advantages and limitations of each type of GHP systems have been summarized respectively. This chapter has also focused on the description of the design strategy or guidelines for these systems, especially for the vertical GCHP system that is considered to be the most widely used type of GHP throughout the world. Finally, various hybrid GCHP systems and some novel technologies have been comprehensively reviewed in order to further broaden and strengthen the applicability of the GHP systems. This chapter provides some design recommendations for various GHP systems, which can assist design engineers in determining what type of system is most suitable for the given location and in designing an optimal GHP system with lowest operating cost and capital cost.

A demonstrative solar greenhouse with underground pebble bed thermal storage was established and compared with a control case greenhouse.The experimental result shows that the thermal storage power of pebble bed system is more than that of buried pipe system with the former 94 W/m2 and the latter 76 W/m2.The lowest night temperature of the solar greenhouse with thermal storage is 5～8 ℃,which is higher than that of the greenhouse without thermal storage,and the diurnal amplitude in the solar greenhouse is decreased.The solar greenhouse facilitates the thermophilic crops to live through the winter.

Abstract Based on the regression function of water temperature and water density, two expressions of the thermal expansion coefficient function of water are obtained by integrating and differentiating the function. Compared with the measured data, the theoretical formula of the integral method is in good agreement with the measured accumulated thermal expansion coefficient of water obtained by the cumulative step size. The theoretical formula of the differential method is in good agreement with the measured cumulative thermal expansion coefficient of water obtained by equal step size and variable step size. Therefore, no matter the theoretical formula of the integral method or differential method, it can be used for the thermal expansion coefficient of water with cumulative step size or with finite equal step size or finite variable step size. The theoretical formula of the thermal expansion coefficient of water with integral method and differential method is of high precision and easy to use.

Generally, the occupants in a same inhabited environment may have different preferences. Moreover, the occupants' preferences change with varying space, time, etc, which desires that the intelligent agents have evolvement function. In this paper, a novel intelligent hyperball fuzzy control agent is proposed, which is embedded in the inhabited environment where it learn the user behavior in a non intrusive mode and control the environment on the user behalf to realize the intelligent ambience. First, an improved FCM fuzzy cluster method is given to determine the number of fuzzy rules. Second, the one-dimensional membership functions are replaced by the multi-dimensional membership functions. Third, a fuzzy inference algorithm is presented to calculate the initial values of fuzzy rule outputs. The proposed approaches can reduce the number of fuzzy rules and simplify the network calculation. Moreover, the fuzzy rules base can be modified online when the users' preferences changed. The simulation results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

Abstract: In this paper, according to the domestic large dairy farms waste gas energy environment engineering technology research, forecasts the market application prospect of biogas technology, and analyzes the two kinds of biogas engineering technology characteristics and how to correctly choose the biogas production process.

The traditional resistance heating method,which was generally used in the heating system of extruder,would consume large power energy and bring on heat pollution in environment. The paper analyzed the operating principle of the extruder heating system of a pipe enterprise and the power size of primary resistance heating system and implemented energy-saving reconstruction to the enterprise heating system using electromagnetic heating technology. Results showed that, on the premise of satisfying the process requirement,the electromagnetic heating technology realized rapid,high-efficiency and safe heating,the power-saving rate got over 25%.

Traditional fan coil unit has no humidifying function.In winter,the relative humidity of the room which is conditioned by fan coil air conditioning system without fresh air is too low to meet the comfort requirements.But those with wet film humidifier can easily humidify the room and improve the indoor comfort.This article makes an experimental study on the room temperature and relative humidity fields conditioned by fan coil with wet film humidifier,analyses the room temperature and relative humidity changes with the wet film humidifier operating and gets the influence rule of indoor temperature and relative humidity by using wet film humidifier.The results show that the fan coil units with wet film humidifier have better humidifying effect.The indoor relative humidity increases from 30% to 55% and the temperature of each measuring point decreases slightly.The distribution of the indoor temperature and relative humidity is constant.

In the field of geoengineering, predicting foundation settlement is a critical topic. Traditional settlement prediction methods struggle to accurately reflect settlement under complex geological conditions. This study combines cone penetration test (CPT) data and collects data from 46 different geoengineering sites from the literature. Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Deep Neural Network (DNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF) models are individually established, and an ensemble model is proposed to predict shallow foundation settlement St. The results show that the proposed ensemble model exhibits the best predictive performance, providing a reference for practical engineering projects. The predictions of the optimal model are compared with those of single models and traditional methods, and the uncertainty of model predictions is quantified using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS). Sensitivity analyses are conducted using feature importance analysis and SHAP methods to assess the influence of input parameters on the prediction results. Finally, Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are introduced to generate new data to validate the generalization capability of the model.

• Multi-objective model predictive controller (MOMPC) based on multiple models. • Bed temperature, flue gas O 2 , CO 2 , and emissions were analyzed under varying loads. • Based on the subspace identification method, state space submodels of different loads are established. • MOMPC can achieve low KCl emissions and high boiler efficiency simultaneously. Biomass direct-fired circulating fluidized bed (BCFB) boilers face significant challenges in coordinating chloride emission control with boiler efficiency, particularly under variable load conditions. This study aims to develop a multi-objective model predictive control (MOMPC) strategy to simultaneously optimize combustion efficiency and suppress KCl emissions in a 130t/h BCFB boiler. Based on a mechanistic model validated against operational data, subspace identification was employed to establish state-space sub-models at three load levels (60%, 80%, and 100% BMCR). A MOMPC framework was then designed to handle the nonlinear and non-minimum phase characteristics of the combustion process, with primary and secondary air valves as control inputs and boiler efficiency and flue gas KCl concentration as controlled outputs. Simulation results demonstrate that MOMPC effectively improves boiler efficiency and reduces KCl emissions under both steady and varying loads. Notably, under variable load conditions, the multi-model MOMPC outperforms single-model approaches, achieving a 3.99% reduction in KCl concentration at 80% BMCR compared to equal air distribution. This study provides a practical control solution for enhancing the operational flexibility and environmental performance of biomass-fired power plants, contributing to cleaner energy production and extended equipment service life.

The three-dimensional numerical simulation of temperature and moisture in grain heap in warehouse during cooling ventilation with F layout was conducted based on computational fluid dynamics theory.The movement of temperature and moisture inside of grain heap was obtained and compared with the real measurement.

Climate change, resource scarcity, and ecological degradation have become critical bottlenecks constraining socio-economic development. Basin cities serve as key nodes in China’s ecological security pattern, playing indispensable roles in ecological civilization construction. This study established an evaluation index system spanning five dimensions to assess the effectiveness of ecological civilization construction. This study employs the entropy-weighted Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Back-Propagation (BP) neural network methods to evaluate the level of ecological civilization construction in the Yellow River Basin from 2010 to 2022, to analyze its indicator weights, and to explore the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of each city. The results demonstrate the following: (1) Although the ecological civilization construction level of cities in the Yellow River Basin shows a steady improvement, significant regional development disparities persist. (2) The upper reaches are primarily constrained by ecological fragility and economic underdevelopment. The middle reaches exhibit significant internal divergence, with provincial capitals leading yet demonstrating limited spillover effects on neighboring areas. The lower reaches face intense anthropogenic pressures, necessitating greater economic–ecological coordination. (3) Among the dimensions considered, Territorial Space and Eco-environmental Protection emerged as the two most influential dimensions contributing to performance differences. According to the ecological civilization construction performance and changing characteristics of the 48 cities, this study proposes differentiated optimization measures and coordinated development pathways to advance the implementation of the national strategy for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin.