Shellharbour Hospital

Abstract Mudrocks are effective top seals for hydrocarbon accumulations because they possess very low permeabilities, high capillary entry pressures, and are often laterally continuous basin-wide. For leakage through the seal to take place, an additional mechanism must provide enhanced permeability in mudrocks. Tectonically induced, dilatant faulting and fracturing in brittle rocks is such a mechanism. The effectiveness of mudrocks as seals may be compromised by a number of other factors, such as tectonic fault displacements in excess of the seal thickness; tensile fracturing under extreme fluid pressure conditions; and leakage via a network of juxtaposed thin leaky beds across sub-seismic faults within the seal. Before hydrocarbon trap integrity analysis, seismic interpretations should honour the fundamental geometry of the trap as closely as possible because top seals can be reliably appraised only when basic geometries are accurately determined. Fluid pressure is a proven risk in many exploration provinces, in terms of mudrock top-seal leakage via opening mode fractures. This natural hydrofracturing can take place if buoyancy pressures, combined with fluid overpressures, exceed the minimum in situ horizontal stress, plus the tensile strenght of the seal, an occurrence that leads to mechanical failure of the seal rock. The rheology of a seal is another important factor as it determines the failure mode, i.e. whether the rocks are ductile and remain sealing after deformation or whether they deform in a brittle manner to create permeable leak paths. Several techniques have been developed to predict rock rheology; these rely on uplift, sonic velocity and clay content data. Burial curves can be used to determine overconsolidation of mudrocks. Sonic velocity data can be used to estimate unconfined compressive strength in mudrocks. The most direct method utilizes relationships between mudrock friction angle, swelling clay content and mudrock surface area to determine ductility. The effect on trap integrity of sub-seismic faults is also quantifiable because advances in structural geological technology now permit predictions of the numbers of sub-seismic faults in a trap. This information, combined with detailed top-seal stratigraphic data, provides the power to screen traps for the risk of top-seal leakage via sub-seismic fault juxtapositions within the seal. A simple strategy incorporating these factors and linking them to other structural and stratigraphic information can contribute to reducing uncertainty about top-seal leakage caused by tectonic deformation.

A suitable concentration of clove oil for anaesthetizing eight common Australian intertidal fishes was 40 mg l −1 . Induction and recovery times at this concentration varied markedly interspecifically, although were <3 and 5 min, respectively for all but Enneapterygius rufopileus . The number of species in clove oil samples was remarkably similar to bilge pumping samples in both small and large pools, although the number of individuals was significantly lower than bilge pumping in large pools. Number of species and individuals recorded by visual census differed from clove oil and bilge pumping methods in both large and small pools. Failure to detect all fish in pools by clove oil sampling and visual census was due to the secretive behaviour of many species and the tendency for such species as Bathygobius cocosensis not to emerge from under rocks during induction to anaesthesia. Complete draining of pools by bilge pumping, although time consuming, was a more accurate method of sampling rockpool fish assemblages than clove oil. However, clove oil is an effective stand‐alone sampling method because the number of fish and individuals are remarkably similar to samples obtained by bilge pumping. Clove oil is a favourable anaesthetic for temperate Australian intertidal fishes as mortality is extremely low, it is inexpensive and user‐safe, and induction and recovery times are short, although still sufficient to record biological information and identifications of fish whilst under anaesthesia.

In this article we examine factors that might impact on web advertising recall and recognition. These factors include the viewing mode, duration of page viewing, and web page context factors, including text and page background complexity and the style of the banner advertisement. Via an experimental design conducted on a student sample, we manipulate these factors over several levels. The key finding is that the longer a person is exposed to a web page containing a banner advertisement, the more likely they are to remember that banner advertisement. We also find that recognition scores are much higher than both unaided and aided recall scores. Finally, web users in a goal-directed mode are much less likely to recall and recognize banner advertisements than users who are surfing a site.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This article reviews the available literature that supports implementing bedside clinical handover in nursing clinical practice and then seeks to identify key issues if any. BACKGROUND: Clinical handover practices are recognised as being an essential component in the effective transfer of clinical care between health practitioners. It is recognised that the point where a patient is 'handed over' from one clinician to another is significant in maintaining continuity of care and that doing this poorly can have significant safety issues for the patient. DESIGN: An integrated literature review. METHOD: A literature review of 45 articles was undertaken to understand bedside clinical handover and the issues related to the implementation of this process. RESULTS: It was identified that there are a number of clinical handover mnemonics available that provide structure to the process and that areas such as confidentiality, inclusion of the patient/carer and involving the multidisciplinary team remain topical issues for practitioners in implementing good clinical handover practices. CONCLUSIONS: This literature review identified a lack of literature available about the transfer of responsibility and accountability during clinical handover and auditing practices of the clinical handover process. The nurses were more concerned about confidentiality issues than were patients. The use of a structured tool was strongly supported; however, no one singular tool was considered suitable for all clinical areas. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nursing clinicians seeking to implement best practice within their professional speciality should consider some of the issues raised within this article and seek to address these issues by developing strategies to overcome them.

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> In this article we examine factors that might impact on web advertising recall and recognition. These factors include the viewing mode, duration of page viewing, and web page context factors, including text and page background complexity and the style of the banner advertisement. Via an experimental design conducted on a student sample, we manipulate these factors over several levels. The key finding is that the longer a person is exposed to a web page containing a banner advertisement, the more likely they are to remember that banner advertisement. We also find that recognition scores are much higher than both unaided and aided recall scores. Finally, web users in a goal-directed mode are much less likely to recall and recognize banner advertisements than users who are surfing a site.

Groundwater contamination is a major problem in the Gaza Strip. In this study we investigate the groundwater quality in the Dier al-Balah Governorate. Water samples were collected from 19 municipal wells in April 2009 and April 2014 and analyzed for physio-chemical parameters (pH, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO42–, HCO3− and NO3−). The aim of the research is to determine the groundwater quality and to produce groundwater quality maps using the water quality index (WQI) method and geostatistical analysis. The results show that all water samples are very saline due to the intrusion of Mediterranean seawater in the coastal aquifer. Differences in chemical composition between 2009 and 2014 indicate that about 1% more seawater was mixed with the groundwater in this period. The majority of the observed chemical parameters of all wells are well above the WHO water quality standards and all WQI values indicate that the water quality is problematic. The spatial variation of the WQI scores is modelled by a deterministic component expressing a linear dependence on the distance to the coastline and a stochastic residual described by an exponential variogram with a practical range of 3000 m. The mapping of the WQI scores and derived water quality classes is achieved through regression-kriging. The results indicate that the groundwater in a large area along the coastline is unsuitable for human consumption and comparison of the maps of 2009 and 2014 shows that this region further expanded by about 700 m inland in a period of 5 years. The results of this study are worrying, but they also contribute to a better understanding of the factors that determine the groundwater quality and can help authorities and stakeholders with sustainable development.

AIMS: The aim of the current study was to test whether resazurin changed colour when incubated with a range of organic chemicals used as growth substrates in bioremediation studies and to determine whether resazurin was more effective in estimating microbial growth than turbidity alone (i.e. no resazurin) or use of the dye, methylene blue. METHODS AND RESULTS: Resazurin was incubated with a range of organic chemicals that were used as substrates in an MPN assay. Only 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 2,4-D, glycol sulphite and sulphinol reacted to generate false positives. Resazurin was also used to estimate micro-organisms in a series of bioremediation studies. CONCLUSION: The results showed that resazurin was more sensitive than methylene blue or turbidity alone as an indicator of microbial growth. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The significance of the current study is that resazurin should be used in MPN assays for estimating contaminant-degrading micro-organisms instead of turbidity alone or other dyes such as methylene blue.

ABSTRACT Unlike vancomycin trough concentrations, data on the utility of vancomycin pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, namely, the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC 0–24 ), in predicting acute kidney injury (AKI) are limited. Our aim was to investigate this relationship in patients receiving vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (MRSA-B). A single-center retrospective observational cohort study involving 127 consecutive MRSA-B patients was conducted to examine the incidence of AKI (defined as serum creatinine of ≥0.5 mg/liter and a 50% increase from baseline) and vancomycin exposure parameters associated with nephrotoxicity. Bayesian estimation was used to predict individual vancomycin AUC 0–24 . All patients received vancomycin monotherapy for a minimum of 14 days following the diagnosis of MRSA-B. AKI was observed in 15.7% of patients (20/127). Clinical characteristics were similar between patients with and without AKI. At steady state, higher vancomycin trough concentrations were associated with AKI (17.2 mg/liter versus 13.1 mg/liter; P = 0.003). A vancomycin AUC 0–24 threshold for AKI of &gt;563 mg · h/liter was detected by classification and regression tree (CART) analysis; patients with exposures above this threshold were significantly more likely to experience AKI than patients with lower vancomycin exposures (40% [8/20] versus 11.2% [12/107]; P = 0.002). This parameter remained an independent predictor of AKI on multivariate logistic regression (odds ratio [OR], 5.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57 to 16.29; P = 0.006) and was a better predictor of nephrotoxicity than vancomycin trough concentrations. Overall, AKI is associated with higher vancomycin exposure as measured by AUC 0–24 . These results suggest that individualized patient dosing may be possible with dose modifications directed toward established pharmacodynamic targets while balancing AKI risks.

Mental health nurses are increasingly encouraged to discuss and document the outcomes of their nursing practice in order to maximize the care that they offer clients. One frequent function performed by mental health nurses working in inpatient units is the administration of 'as required' (PRN) psychotropic medications. However, according to the literature, this important aspect of nursing practice has been poorly explored and studies that have been undertaken demonstrate that nursing documentation of PRN medication administration is often inadequate. This study presents the results of a descriptive study examining the administration of PRN psychotropic medication at a secure acute inpatient mental health unit attached to a regional hospital in Australia. Of major concern is the findings of inadequate or no documentation regarding PRN administration. In 41% of cases the results of the PRN administration was not documented in the nursing progress notes, in 38.6% of entries it was not possible to identify who initiated the request for medication and in 9.1% of cases no reason was given for the administration of PRN medication.

Research Article| July 31, 2018 The Stratigraphically Preserved Signature of Persistent Backwater Dynamics in a Large Paleodelta System: The Mungaroo Formation, North West Shelf, Australia John Martin; John Martin 1Shell International Exploration and Production, Projects and Technology, Houston, Texas 77082, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Anjali M. Fernandes; Anjali M. Fernandes 2Center for Integrative Geosciences, University of Connecticut at Storrs, Connecticut 06269, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jennifer Pickering; Jennifer Pickering 1Shell International Exploration and Production, Projects and Technology, Houston, Texas 77082, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Nick Howes; Nick Howes 1Shell International Exploration and Production, Projects and Technology, Houston, Texas 77082, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Simon Mann; Simon Mann 3Shell Malaysia, Ltd., Kuala Lumpur, KUL 50470, Indonesia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Katja McNeil Katja McNeil 4Shell Australia, Ltd., Perth, WA 6000, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Journal of Sedimentary Research (2018) 88 (7): 850–872. https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2018.38 Article history first online: 31 Jul 2018 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation John Martin, Anjali M. Fernandes, Jennifer Pickering, Nick Howes, Simon Mann, Katja McNeil; The Stratigraphically Preserved Signature of Persistent Backwater Dynamics in a Large Paleodelta System: The Mungaroo Formation, North West Shelf, Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2018;; 88 (7): 850–872. doi: https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2018.38 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentBy SocietyJournal of Sedimentary Research Search Advanced Search Abstract As large, deep rivers enter their coastal reaches, they are usually affected by a lengthy backwater zone. Recent studies have demonstrated pronounced geomorphic effects, such as channel deepening and decreased lateral migration rates. These observations appear to be linked to variable fluxes of sediment in rivers that characteristically vary their discharge across their backwater segments. How do such a variable sediment transport regime and its depositional effects manifest as stratigraphic architecture over geologic time? To address this question, we mapped and analyzed over 700 channel belts from a large (70,000 km2) seismic survey of the Mungaroo Formation, Northern Carnarvon Basin, Australia. Following analysis of measurements of channel-belt patterns, we propose that the Mungaroo stratigraphy was constructed by a continental-scale paleodelta and that it reveals a record of backwater-influenced deposition over a length scale of 400 km. Width measurements of the Mungaroo channel belts decay only weakly down system, in a manner similar to the lowermost reaches of the late Holocene Mississippi River, here invoked as an analogous system. In addition, significant downstream fining in the Mungaroo system is interpreted from wireline-log and lithologic core data, a trend that is also seen in the Mississippi channel belt, where bank-attached bars fine downstream due to reduced contributions of bedload. By comparing the two systems, we show that the depositional trends expressed in the 103 year record of the Mississippi River and the 106 year record of the Mungaroo paleodelta are similar, each having generated channel belts that only slightly narrow down system but transition from sand-rich to heterolithic or mud-dominated along the lower 30 to 50 percent of the backwater reach. We present a transtemporal backwater-influenced depositional model that leverages quantitative data from an analogous modern transport system for characterization of an ancient stratigraphic system. You do not currently have access to this article.

Ages varying from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic have been proposed by different authors for the onset of rifting in the Northern Carnarvon Basin. Seismic sections from the Exmouth Sub-basin and outer Exmouth Plateau demonstrate significant growth strata associated with displacement on normal faults starting at least at the base of the R. rhaetica zone (Rhaetian). This tectonic event coincides with a marked change in sequence architecture and a large landward shift (~300 km) of the paleo-shoreline to the vicinity of the Rankin and Alpha Arch trends. Rapid creation of accommodation in the inboard narrow rift basins (Exmouth, Barrow and Dampier sub-basins) is suggested to be the most likely cause of this major transgression. The preferential development of associated carbonate build-ups during the Rhaetian on the footwall side of active tilted fault blocks provides additional evidence for the onset of significant extensional faulting occurring during this time. An earlier more subtle initiation phase of rifting, however, is interpreted during the Norian, from around the middle part of the H. balmei biozone time, above which a change in stratigraphic architecture from aggrading to retrograding occurs. The observed structural and stratigraphic transitions can be related to typical phases of evolution described in many rift basins around the world. The work highlights the importance of integrating regional structural geology, sequence stratigraphy and depositional systems observations to provide robust constraints for basin evolutions.

Abstract This paper describes 13 case studies illustrating initiatives to embed sustainable development in the Australian minerals industry spanning a decade and a half from 1990. For each case study, a brief background to the mining site or mineral processing operation is given, a description of the existing processes prior to implementing the initiatives, a description of the initiatives, and the drivers, barriers and conclusions drawn from each set of initiatives. The key outcomes from the case studies are that minerals companies in Australia are putting sustainable development into operation at their sites and these are as follows: environmental and social improvements at operations and communities in which they operate can realize economic benefits and will not always incur a major financial cost; local communities provide the means by which a mining or minerals processing operation can realize its full potential in contributing to a region's economic and social well‐being; improvements to waste management practices and waste prevention, can lead to cost reductions and often increased revenues; energy and water efficiency improvements will be needed by any mining company planning to remain viable in the future, particularly in Australia; at the operations level, there needs to be clear commitment from senior management to make the case for change to a more sustainable mining or minerals processing operation; and mining companies need to work closely with businesses and suppliers to identify new processes that increase the sustainability of their businesses. The most commonly employed mechanisms for implementing sustainable development across the 13 case studies surveyed were two elements of cleaner production, technology modification and on‐site recycling (or re‐use) of wastes (each >60%), as well as stakeholder engagement (>50%). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is grateful to Dr W. J. Altham, Western Australian Government, for his assistance in compiling case studies. The opinions herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of his employer, Shell Australia.

A suitable concentration of clove oil for anaesthetizing eight common Australian intertidal fishes was 40 mg l−1. Induction and recovery times at this concentration varied markedly interspecifically, although were <3 and 5 min, respectively for all but Enneapterygius rufopileus. The number of species in clove oil samples was remarkably similar to bilge pumping samples in both small and large pools, although the number of individuals was significantly lower than bilge pumping in large pools. Number of species and individuals recorded by visual census differed from clove oil and bilge pumping methods in both large and small pools. Failure to detect all fish in pools by clove oil sampling and visual census was due to the secretive behaviour of many species and the tendency for such species as Bathygobius cocosensis not to emerge from under rocks during induction to anaesthesia. Complete draining of pools by bilge pumping, although time consuming, was a more accurate method of sampling rockpool fish assemblages than clove oil. However, clove oil is an effective stand-alone sampling method because the number of fish and individuals are remarkably similar to samples obtained by bilge pumping. Clove oil is a favourable anaesthetic for temperate Australian intertidal fishes as mortality is extremely low, it is inexpensive and user-safe, and induction and recovery times are short, although still sufficient to record biological information and identifications of fish whilst under anaesthesia.

Abstract The Australian marine research, industry, and stakeholder community has recently undertaken an extensive collaborative process to identify the highest national priorities for wind-waves research. This was undertaken under the auspices of the Forum for Operational Oceanography Surface Waves Working Group. The main steps in the process were first, soliciting possible research questions from the community via an online survey; second, reviewing the questions at a face-to-face workshop; and third, online ranking of the research questions by individuals. This process resulted in 15 identified priorities, covering research activities and the development of infrastructure. The top five priorities are 1) enhanced and updated nearshore and coastal bathymetry; 2) improved understanding of extreme sea states; 3) maintain and enhance the in situ buoy network; 4) improved data access and sharing; and 5) ensemble and probabilistic wave modeling and forecasting. In this paper, each of the 15 priorities is discussed in detail, providing insight into why each priority is important, and the current state of the art, both nationally and internationally, where relevant. While this process has been driven by Australian needs, it is likely that the results will be relevant to other marine-focused nations.

Abstract Deepwater turbidite reservoirs are composed of interbedded porous and permeable sands with variable proportions of thin silt and clay beds. These reservoir sands vary in thickness from millimeter to meters in thickness. The reservoirs are highly permeable, but the silt and clay laminations affect the reservoir permeability in each layer, resulting in changes in the well productivity and sweep properties. We illustrate the applications of NMR, borehole images and wireline formation testing technology in oil-base mud to evaluating the lithology, the geometry, and the net producible fraction of these reservoirs: We demonstrate that the partitioning of NMR T2 distribution is a robust method for calculating independent volumes of clay, silt and sand.We present the experimental set-up and the application of a novel method to calculate the thin sand fraction of a laminated reservoir from NMR free fluid volume. The results of this method are compared to the sand counts from a high resolution borehole image and from core images. This comparison reveals the effect of the lamination geometry on the formation evaluation.We illustrate the effects of thin silt and clay laminations on wireline formation tests, and on the productivity and flow profile of a production test. The dynamic reservoir information obtained from these measurements enables to understand the fluid flow behaviour and potential productivity in such a reservoir. These techniques reduce the uncertainty of hydrocarbon volume and productivity computations in a highly laminated deepwater reservoir. The field example used in this paper is a turbidite sand from North West Borneo. The techniques demonstrated here are also applicable to the analysis of other categories of thinly bedded, shaly sand reservoirs.

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1998The effect of fracture filling fluids on shear‐wave propagationAuthors: Sean GuestCees van der KolkHans PottersSean GuestShell Development Australia, Cees van der KolkShell Research and Technical Services, and Hans PottersPetroleum Development Omanhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820648 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820648FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByReferences24 May 2016A strategy for automated analysis of passive microseismic data to image seismic anisotropy and fracture characteristics12 August 2010 | Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. 58, No. 5Fluid-dependent shear-wave splitting in a poroelastic medium with conjugate fracture setsGeophysical Prospecting, Vol. 55, No. 3Preview Number 10816 January 2019 | Preview, Vol. 2004, No. 108Seismic characterization of vertical fractures described as general linear-slip interfaces14 March 2003 | Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. 51, No. 2Converted‐wave seismic exploration: ApplicationsRobert R. Stewart, James E. Gaiser, R. James Brown, and Don C. Lawton27 February 2003 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 68, No. 1Seismic Determination of Saturation in Fractured Reservoirs1 September 2002 | SPE Journal, Vol. 7, No. 03Fluid-dependent shear-wave splitting in fractured media28 July 2009 | Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. 50, No. 4Shear wave velocity dependence on fluid saturationReynaldo Cardona, Michael Batzle, and Thomas L. Davis3 January 2005Estimation of fracture parameters from reflection seismic data—Part III: Fractured models with monoclinic symmetryAndrey Bakulin, Vladimir Grechka, and Ilya Tsvankin7 February 2012 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 65, No. 6Poroelastic model to relate seismic wave attenuation and dispersion to permeability anisotropyJorge O. Parra7 February 2012 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 65, No. 1Preview Number 419 January 2019 | Preview, Vol. 1992, No. 41 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1998ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1998 Pages: 2092 publication data© 1998 Copyright © 1998 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished: 06 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Sean Guest, Cees van der Kolk, and Hans Potters, (1998), "The effect of fracture filling fluids on shear‐wave propagation," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 948-951. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820648 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...

Research Article| June 01, 1968 The Glacial Origin of Carboniferous Conglomerates West of Barraba, New South Wales A. H WHITE A. H WHITE Shell Development (Australia) Ltd., P. O. Box 872K, Melbourne, 3001, Australia Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information A. H WHITE Shell Development (Australia) Ltd., P. O. Box 872K, Melbourne, 3001, Australia Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 17 Apr 1967 Revision Received: 19 Jul 1967 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1968, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1968) 79 (6): 675–686. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[675:TGOOCC]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 17 Apr 1967 Revision Received: 19 Jul 1967 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation A. H WHITE; The Glacial Origin of Carboniferous Conglomerates West of Barraba, New South Wales. GSA Bulletin 1968;; 79 (6): 675–686. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[675:TGOOCC]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract A Carboniferous terrestrial conglomerate near Barraba, in northern New South Wales, is considered to be a tillite, and a detailed examination shows that lithologic and fabric criteria authenticate its glacial origin. The tillite, of probable Middle Carboniferous age, occurs near the top of the Spion Kop Conglomerate, a lenticular terrestrial conglomerate formation reaching a maximum thickness of 1800 feet. The tillite is nonsorted and nonstratified, and is associated with stratified disrupted-framework conglomerates believed to be fluvioglacials. When compared with other rocks in the sequence, it is unique in that it contains no volcanic detritus, and is composed of mostly angular clasts of sedimentary, metasedimentary, and acidic igneous intrusive origin, some of which reach 4 m in length. Some smaller clasts are striated and even faceted. The lower boundary of the tillite is gradational with the underlying fluvioglacials, which include a compacted silty layer and varve-like layers containing dropped pebbles. Fabric data suggest that the tillite was mostly an ablation moraine, and that the glacier flowed toward the east. Fine-grained layers (probably varves) overlie the tillite, and it is considered that the onset of proglacial lacustrine sedimentary conditions protected the moraine from reworking by glacial meltwaters. The known paleogeography and restricted occurrences of glacial deposits in the Carboniferous rocks in this region of New South Wales suggest that the glaciation was alpine rather than ice-cap glaciation. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

The Gaza Strip is in a chronic state of water shortage and the coastal aquifer as the only freshwater source is increasingly depleted and polluted, especially by nitrate. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution is essential for adequate protection and management. In this study, the assessment of the aquifer vulnerability to contamination is derived by applying the DRASTIC procedure, firstly with original default weights and ratings and, secondly, improved by estimating rating values by multiple linear regression of observed log-transformed nitrate concentration in groundwater, with DRASTIC factors extended to land-use. The results are very different because high and low vulnerability areas shift considerably. Subsequently, a geostatistical analysis of the spatial distribution of the nitrate concentration is performed, firstly by ordinary kriging interpolation of the observed nitrate concentration and secondly by regression kriging using DRASTIC factors and land-use as indicators of the spatial variation in nitrate occurrence. These maps differ because the map obtained by regression kriging interpolation shows much more details of environmental factors such as dunes, ridges, soil types and built-up areas that affect the presence of nitrate in groundwater. The results of this study can be used by the Palestinian authorities concerned with sustainable groundwater management in the Gaza Strip.

Abstract Methods are described for extracting organic‐walled plant microfossils from New Zealand sediments. Modifications to existing techniques and laboratory equipment are featured. Emphasis is given to safety and protection of equipment. Methods for recording preparation details, mounting small residues, and storing unmounted residues are described.

Forty-eight children from grades 3 to 6 of two inner city primary schools were selected on the basis of poor performance on a social perception test. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: social perception training (SPT); attention placebo control (APC; drama activities) or a no treatment control (NTC; assessment only). The SPT and APC groups participated in nine twice weekly sessions over a five week period. Children receiving SPT did not show a significantly greater improvement in social perception skills than either of the control conditions. There was also no significant effect of SPT on certain measures of behavioral functioning which have previously been associated with social perception skill, namely peer sociometric status, Walker Problem Behaviour Checklist or Childrens' Depression Inventory. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research.