Shippensburg University

The authors reviewed the application of consensual qualitative research (CQR) in 27 studies published since the method’s introduction to the field in 1997 by C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, and E. N. Williams (1997). After first describing the core components and the philosophical underpinnings of CQR, the authors examined how it has been applied in terms of the consensus process, biases, research teams, data collection, data analysis, and writing up the results and discussion sections of articles. On the basis of problems that have arisen in each of these areas, the authors made recommendations for modifications of the method. The authors concluded that CQR is a viable qualitative method and suggest several ideas for research on the method itself. In the early 1990s, when we wanted to conduct qualitative research, we explored several different approaches. Although the existing qualitative approaches had a number of valuable features, we were frustrated because the descriptions seemed vague, diffi-cult to comprehend, and equally difficult to implement. Hence, based on our experiences, we (Hill, Thompson, & Williams, 1997) developed consensual qualitative research (CQR), which we hoped

The use of the internet and social media have changed consumer behavior and the ways in which companies conduct their business. Social and digital marketing offers significant opportunities to organizations through lower costs, improved brand awareness and increased sales. However, significant challenges exist from negative electronic word-of-mouth as well as intrusive and irritating online brand presence. This article brings together the collective insight from several leading experts on issues relating to digital and social media marketing. The experts’ perspectives offer a detailed narrative on key aspects of this important topic as well as perspectives on more specific issues including artificial intelligence, augmented reality marketing, digital content management, mobile marketing and advertising, B2B marketing, electronic word of mouth and ethical issues therein. This research offers a significant and timely contribution to both researchers and practitioners in the form of challenges and opportunities where we highlight the limitations within the current research, outline the research gaps and develop the questions and propositions that can help advance knowledge within the domain of digital and social marketing.

Chapter One Situating the Research: First Steps Chapter Two Meeting the Obligations of High Quality Inquiry Chapter Three Incorporating Theoretical Perspectives Chapter Four Designing Research Chapter Five Perspectives on Sampling Chapter Six Challenges in Collecting Data Chapter Seven Issues in Analysis and Interpretation Chapter Eight Anticipating and Navigating Ethical Issues Chapter Nine Lessons Learned and Future Directions

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural and Functional Evolution of MetallacrownsGellert Mezei, Curtis M. Zaleski, and Vincent L. PecoraroView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Willard H. Dow Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108-1005, and Department of Chemistry, Franklin Science Center, Shippensburg University, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania 17257-2200 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 11, 4933–5003Publication Date (Web):November 14, 2007Publication History Received8 March 2007Published online14 November 2007Published inissue 1 November 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr078200hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr078200hresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6064Altmetric-Citations447LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Ions,Ligands,Oxygen,Transition metals Get e-Alerts

Building upon Eck and Clarke’s (2003) ideas for explaining crimes in which there is no face-to-face contact between victims and offenders, the authors developed an adapted lifestyle–routine activities theory. Traditional conceptions of place-based environments depend on the convergence of victims and offenders in time and physical space to explain opportunities for victimization. With their proposed cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory, the authors moved beyond this conceptualization to explain opportunities for victimization in cyberspace environments where traditional conceptions of time and space are less relevant. Cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory was tested using a sample of 974 college students on a particular type of cybervictimization—cyberstalking. The study’s findings provide support for the adapted theoretical perspective. Specifically, variables measuring online exposure to risk, online proximity to motivated offenders, online guardianship, online target attractiveness, and online deviance were significant predictors of cyberstalking victimization. Implications for advancing cyberlifestyle–routine activities theory are discussed.

The authors define broaching as the counselor's ability to consider how sociopolitical factors such as race influence the client's counseling concerns. The counselor must learn to recognize the cultural meaning clients attach to phenomena and to subsequently translate that cultural knowledge into meaningful practice that facilitates client empowerment, strengthens the therapeutic alliance, and enhances counseling outcomes. A continuum of broaching behavior is described, and parallels are drawn between the progression of broaching behavior and the counselor's level of racial identity functioning.

Journal Article The Gender/Sexuality Reader: Culture, History, Political Economy. Ed. Roger N. Lancaster and Micaela di Leonardo. New York: Routledge, 1997. x + 574 pages. $27.95 paper. Get access The Gender/Sexuality Reader: Culture, History, Political Economy. Ed. Roger N. Lancaster and Micaela di Leonardo. New York: Routledge, 1997. x + 574 pages. $27.95 paper. Kim Martin Long Kim Martin Long Shippensburg University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar MELUS, Volume 23, Issue 4, December 1998, Pages 212–215, https://doi.org/10.2307/467841 Published: 01 December 1998

Given the powerful implications of relationship quality for health and well-being, a central mission of relationship science is explaining why some romantic relationships thrive more than others. This large-scale project used machine learning (i.e., Random Forests) to 1) quantify the extent to which relationship quality is predictable and 2) identify which constructs reliably predict relationship quality. Across 43 dyadic longitudinal datasets from 29 laboratories, the top relationship-specific predictors of relationship quality were perceived-partner commitment, appreciation, sexual satisfaction, perceived-partner satisfaction, and conflict. The top individual-difference predictors were life satisfaction, negative affect, depression, attachment avoidance, and attachment anxiety. Overall, relationship-specific variables predicted up to 45% of variance at baseline, and up to 18% of variance at the end of each study. Individual differences also performed well (21% and 12%, respectively). Actor-reported variables (i.e., own relationship-specific and individual-difference variables) predicted two to four times more variance than partner-reported variables (i.e., the partner's ratings on those variables). Importantly, individual differences and partner reports had no predictive effects beyond actor-reported relationship-specific variables alone. These findings imply that the sum of all individual differences and partner experiences exert their influence on relationship quality via a person's own relationship-specific experiences, and effects due to moderation by individual differences and moderation by partner-reports may be quite small. Finally, relationship-quality change (i.e., increases or decreases in relationship quality over the course of a study) was largely unpredictable from any combination of self-report variables. This collective effort should guide future models of relationships.

OBJECTIVE: To compare sex differences regarding the incidence of concussions among collegiate athletes during the 1997-1998, 1998-1999, and 1999-2000 seasons. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cohort study of collegiate athletes using the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance System; certified athletic trainers recorded data during the 1997-2000 academic years. SUBJECTS: Collegiate athletes participating in men's and women's soccer, lacrosse, basketball, softball, baseball, and gymnastics. MEASUREMENTS: Certified athletic trainers from participating NCAA institutions recorded weekly injury and athlete-exposure data from the first day of preseason practice to the final postseason game. Injury rates and incidence density ratios were computed. Incidence density ratio is an estimate of the relative risk based on injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures. RESULTS: Of 14 591 reported injuries, 5.9% were classified as concussions. During the 3-year study, female athletes sustained 167 (3.6%) concussions during practices and 304 (9.5%) concussions during games, compared with male athletes, who sustained 148 (5.2%) concussions during practices and 254 (6.4%) concussions during games. Chi-square analysis revealed significant differences between male and female soccer players (chi(2)(1) = 12.99, P =.05) and basketball players (chi(2)(1) = 5.14, P =.05). CONCLUSIONS: Female athletes sustained a higher percentage of concussions during games than male athletes. Of all the sports, women's soccer and men's lacrosse were found to have the highest injury rate of concussions. Incidence density ratio was greatest for male and female soccer players.

Abstract This study uses unit root and cointegration tests to examine the relationships among the stock markets in Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. All the stock prices are analyzed both individually and collectively to test for international market efficiency. Unit roots in stock prices are found. Pairwise and higher‐order cointegration tests indicate that there is no evidence of cointegration among the stock prices. The findings suggest that the stock prices in major Asian markets and the United States are weak‐form efficient individually and collectively in the long run. It also implies that international diversification among the markets is effective.

This study examines the relationships among stock prices in eighteen national stock markets by using unit root and cointegration tests for the period 1961‐‐92. All the markets were analyzed individually and collectively in regions to test for market efficiency. The results from unit root tests suggest that the world equity markets are weak‐form efficient. The cointegration test results show that there are only a small number of significant cointegrating vectors over the last three decades. However, the number of significant cointegrating vectors increases after the October 1987 stock market crash, a result that is consistent with the contagion effect.

Empirical research on corporate social responsiveness, including its relationship to economic performance, is examined. The research suggests the use of a contingency approach to social responsiveness, based on factors such as organizational size, relevance of a social issue, and industry characteristics. The relationship between social responsiveness and economic performance is inconclusive.

This manuscript describes the stepwise, ligand-directed assembly, characterization, and prospective applications of three-dimensional Au and Ag nanoparticle, multlilayered films. Films were prepared by successive treatments of a Au nanoparticle monolayer with a bifunctional cross-linker and colloidal Au or Ag solutions. Changes in film electrical and optical properties are reported for a series of bifunctional cross-linkers of varying molecular lengths. Interestingly, these films exhibit Beer's law behavior despite the presence of strong interparticle optical coupling. Multilayer films with greater than six exposures to 2-mercaptoethylamine and Au colloid were highly conductive and resembled bulk Au in appearance. In contrast, films of similar particle coverage generated using a longer cross-linker (1,6-hexanedithiol) exhibited higher transmission in the near-infrared region and exhibited a reduced conductivity. Measurement of the multilayer morphology with atomic force microscopy , electrostatic force microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a porous, discontinuous morphology composed of large, continuous regions of aggregated nanoparticles. This, in turn, results in a surface roughness contribution to surface plasmon scattering and surface-enhanced Raman scattering observed for Au, Au/Ag, and Ag colloid multilayers. Particulate multilayer films made using horseradish peroxidase as a cross-linker remained enzymatically active, even beneath three layers of colloidal Au. Multilayers could also be prepared on surfaces patterned by microcontact printing. These data show how Au colloid multilayers grown in solution are a viable alternative to evaporated metal films for a number of applications.

The Park City Math Institute 2016 Summer Undergraduate Faculty Program met for the purpose of composing guidelines for undergraduate programs in data science. The group consisted of 25 undergraduate faculty from a variety of institutions in the United States, primarily from the disciplines of mathematics, statistics, and computer science. These guidelines are meant to provide some structure for institutions planning for or revising a major in data science.

Scrub typhus and the rickettsial diseases represent some of the oldest recognized vector-transmitted diseases, fraught with a rich historical aspect, particularly as applied to military/wartime situations. The vectors of Orientia tsutsugamushi were once thought to be confined to an area designated as the Tsutsugamushi Triangle. However, recent reports of scrub typhus caused by Orientia species other than O. tsutsugamushi well beyond the limits of the Tsutsugamushi Triangle have triggered concerns about the worldwide presence of scrub typhus. It is not known whether the vectors of O. tsutsugamushi will be the same for the new Orientia species, and this should be a consideration during outbreak/surveillance investigations. Additionally, concerns surrounding the antibiotic resistance of O. tsutsugamushi have led to considerations for the amendment of treatment protocols, and the need for enhanced public health awareness in both the civilian and medical professional communities. In this review, we discuss the history, outbreaks, antibiotic resistance, and burgeoning genomic advances associated with one of the world’s oldest recognized vector-borne pathogens, O. tsutsugamushi.

Despite an abundance of educated, qualified women in the workforce, they continue to be underrepresented at the top of institutional leadership hierarchies. Theories of gendered organizations explain that work processes reproduce gendered structures of society in the workplace. These processes advantage men while forming barriers to women's success. This paper extends critical human resource development (HRD) theory by applying the concept of sexism hidden in the workplace to leadership and by outlining both social and organizational practices that create gender inequities in leadership. Our cross‐sector analysis of women leaders in religion and higher education revealed twenty‐seven gender‐based leadership barriers which operate at the macro, meso, and micro levels of society. We argue that most current efforts to promote women into leadership focus one by one on only a few barriers, primarily those within organizations, while failing to take into account the wide variety of barriers and their prevalence across all societal levels. We offer strategies to address barriers across all three levels to help organizations create gender‐equitable leadership environments.

Hypotheses derived from face theory predict that the words people use in online dispute resolution affect the likelihood of settlement. In an event history model, text data from 386 disputes between eBay buyers and sellers indicated a higher likelihood of settlement when face was affirmed by provision of a causal account and a lower likelihood of settlement when face was attacked by expression of negative emotions or making commands. These aspects of language and emotion accounted for settlement likelihood even when we controlled for structural aspects of disputes, such as negative feedback filings and the filer's role as buyer or seller.

Abstract The Large Hadron–Electron Collider (LHeC) is designed to move the field of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) to the energy and intensity frontier of particle physics. Exploiting energy-recovery technology, it collides a novel, intense electron beam with a proton or ion beam from the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The accelerator and interaction region are designed for concurrent electron–proton and proton–proton operations. This report represents an update to the LHeC’s conceptual design report (CDR), published in 2012. It comprises new results on the parton structure of the proton and heavier nuclei, QCD dynamics, and electroweak and top-quark physics. It is shown how the LHeC will open a new chapter of nuclear particle physics by extending the accessible kinematic range of lepton–nucleus scattering by several orders of magnitude. Due to its enhanced luminosity and large energy and the cleanliness of the final hadronic states, the LHeC has a strong Higgs physics programme and its own discovery potential for new physics. Building on the 2012 CDR, this report contains a detailed updated design for the energy-recovery electron linac (ERL), including a new lattice, magnet and superconducting radio-frequency technology, and further components. Challenges of energy recovery are described, and the lower-energy, high-current, three-turn ERL facility, PERLE at Orsay, is presented, which uses the LHeC characteristics serving as a development facility for the design and operation of the LHeC. An updated detector design is presented corresponding to the acceptance, resolution, and calibration goals that arise from the Higgs and parton-density-function physics programmes. This paper also presents novel results for the Future Circular Collider in electron–hadron (FCC-eh) mode, which utilises the same ERL technology to further extend the reach of DIS to even higher centre-of-mass energies.

Abstract Over the last decade, researchers have consistently reported that stalking is a disturbing reality for many individuals, especially youths. Cyberstalking, however, has received much less attention from the research community than stalking. Few estimates of cyberstalking victimization or cyberstalking offending have been published. The current study attempts to address these gaps by estimating lifetime prevalence of both cyberstalking victimization and offending among a sample of undergraduates from a large urban university in the Midwest. Results show that 40.8% had experienced cyberstalking victimization, with females, nonwhites, non-heterosexuals, and non-singles disproportionately experiencing cyberstalking. Approximately 4.9% of students had perpetrated cyberstalking, but there were few differences in offending across students' demographic characteristics. Notes 1These wide ranges likely reflect differences in definitions of stalking, populations under study (e.g., general population, college students, adolescents), country where the study was conducted (e.g., United States, England, Australia), and type of sample (e.g., clinical/forensic, general population) (Spitzberg and Cupach Citation2007). 2These estimates vary depending upon the definition of cyberstalking used. 3Of the harassers, 31% were female and in 27% of cases, the gender of the stalker was unknown. 4Students may not have received their invitations for a variety of reasons. For instance, spam filters may have sent the invitations into junk or spam folders. Of those e-mails that were delivered as intended, many may have been deleted outright, without having been read or opened by students. We do know that at least 1,951 students opened the e-mail and followed the provided Web link to the informed consent form and the survey. 5Survey administration via Web-based surveys, while becoming commonplace, does tend to yield lower response rates than more traditional methods of survey distribution. Further, it is not uncommon to obtain a response rate of 10% or less using such methods (Couper Citation2000). However, because of the nature of electronic survey administration there is ultimately no way of knowing how many persons in fact read the e-mail invitation to participate in the survey. Of those who were sent e-mails, 13.1% participated in the survey. A lower response rate such as 13.1% is a potential limitation of the current study, but comparable to what other researchers utilizing Web-based surveys have obtained (e.g., Dillman et al. Citation2009; Hilinski Citation2009; Nobles et al. Citation2009). 6Some respondents only partially completed the survey, meaning they stopped before reaching the final question. Any respondent who failed to answer over 50% of the questions on the survey was removed from the final sample. 7Only those students enrolled in classes during spring 2009, between the ages of 18 and 24, and attending full time were included. This decision helped to ensure that those at high risk (i.e., younger college students) of victimization were included in the sample. a Due to missing data, the number students possessing the respective characteristic may not add up to total number of students. +Cyberstalking total will not equal sum of values of pursuit behaviors as an individual may have experienced more than one type of behavior. *p < .05. a Identity fraud was not included as respondents were only asked if it happened and not how many times it happened. +Due to missing data, the number of students possessing the respective characteristic may not add up to total number of students. a Relationships were examined with numbers of incidents rather than respondents as a single respondent could have multiple victim–offender relationships. a Due to missing data, the number students possessing the respective characteristic may not add up to total number of students. +Cyberstalking total will not equal sum of values of pursuit behaviors as an individual may have performed more than one type of behavior. *p < .05. Additional informationNotes on contributorsBradford W. Reyns BRADFORD W. REYNS is an Assistant Professor in the Criminal Justice Department at Weber State University, and the book review editor for Security Journal. He received his Ph.D. in criminal justice from the University of Cincinnati in 2010. His research focuses on victims of crime, especially the intersection of technology and victimization, and opportunities for victimization. His recent work has appeared in Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Journal of Criminal Justice, Police Quarterly, and Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. Billy Henson BILLY HENSON is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice at Shippensburg University. His previous works have focused on cybercrime victimization, interpersonal victimization, and policing, with studies appearing in Police Quarterly, Victims and Offenders, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Violence and Victims, and Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. He continues to perform research on violent, sexual, and repeat victimization, fear of crime, and online victimization. Bonnie S. Fisher BONNIE S. FISHER is a Professor in the School of Criminal Justice at the University of Cincinnati. She recently coauthored The Dark Side of the Ivory Tower: Campus Crime as a Social Problem and Unsafe in the Ivory Tower: The Sexual Victimization of College Women. She also co-edited the Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention. Her current research interests include the extent and nature of victimization among college students, the measurement of victimization and the evaluation of the effectiveness of bystander intervention programs to reduce dating and sexual violence among high school and college students.

Cigarette smoking can lead to many human pathologies including cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Recent studies have defined a role for fibroblasts in the development of colon cancer. Moreover, fibroblasts are now thought of as key "sentinel" cells that initiate inflammation by releasing proinflammatory mediators including prostaglandins (PGs). Pathological overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and excess eicosanoid production are found in the early stages of carcinogenesis. By promoting chronic inflammation, COX-2 and eicosanoid production may actually cause a predisposition to malignancy. Furthermore, the associated inflammation induced by production of these mediators is central to the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Little is known of the responses of normal lung fibroblasts to cigarette smoke, despite their abundance. We report herein that normal human lung fibroblasts, when exposed to cigarette smoke extract, induce COX-2 with concurrent synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The mechanisms by which cigarette-derived toxicants lead to increased COX-2 levels and PGE2 synthesis include increases in steady-state COX-2 mRNA levels (approximately four- to fivefold), phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and nuclear translocation of the p50 and p65 subunits of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, which are important elements in COX-2 expression. Furthermore, there was a dramatic 25-fold increase in microsomal prostaglandin E synthase, the key enzyme involved in the production of PGE2. We propose that normal human lung fibroblasts, when exposed to cigarette smoke constituents, elicit COX-2 expression with consequent prostaglandin synthesis, thus creating a proinflammatory environment. This chronic inflammatory state may act as one of the first steps towards epithelial transformation.