St. Catherine University

The authors applied functionalist theory to the question of the motivations underlying volunteerism, hypothesized 6 functions potentially served by volunteerism, and designed an instrument to assess these functions (Volunteer Functions Inventory; VFI). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on diverse samples yielded factor solutions consistent with functionalist theorizing; each VFI motivation, loaded on a single factor, possessed substantial internal consistency and temporal stability and correlated only modestly with other VFI motivations (Studies 1, 2, and 3). Evidence for predictive validity is provided by a laboratory study in which VFI motivations predicted the persuasive appeal of messages better when message and motivation were matched than mismatched (Study 4), and by field studies in which the extent to which volunteers' experiences matched their motivations predicted satisfaction (Study 5) and future intentions (Study 6). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The Box and Block Test, a test of manual dexterity, has been used by occupational therapists and others to evaluate physically handicapped individuals. Because the test lacked normative data for adults, the results of the test have been interpreted subjectively. The purpose of this study was to develop normative data for adults. Test subjects were 628 Normal adults (310 males and 318 females) from the seven-county Milwaukee area. Data on males and females 20 to 94 years old were divided into 12 age groups. Means, standard deviations, standard error, and low and high scores are reported for each five-year age group. These data will enable clinicians to objectively compare a patient's score to a normal population parameter.

In this paper we shall study a special class of solutions of the self-dual Yang-Mills equations. The original self-duality equations which arose in mathematical physics were defined on Euclidean 4-space. The physically relevant solutions were the ones with finite action—the so-called 'instantons'. The same equations may be

Ex ante homogeneous products may, after the purchase of one of them, be ex post differentiated by switching costs including learning costs, transaction costs, or "artificial " costs imposed by firms, such as repeat-purchase discounts. The nonco-operative equilibrium in an oligopoly with switching costs may be the same as the collusive outcome in an otherwise identical market without switching costs. How-ever, the prospect of future collusive profits leads to vigorous competition for market share in the early stages of a market's development. The model thus explains the emphasis placed on market share as a goal of corporate strategy. I.

Why do significant numbers of people engage in the unpaid helping activities known as volunteerism? Drawing on functional theorizing about the reasons, purposes, and motivations underlying human behavior, we have identified six personal and social functions potentially served by volunteering. In addition to developing an inventory to assess these motivational functions, our program of research has explored the role of motivation in the processes of volunteerism, especially decisions about becoming a volunteer in the first place and decisions about continuing to volunteer.

Development is often taken to mean rising incomes. Discussions of the “goals of development” now often emphasize the reduction of poverty, rather than raising average incomes per se. The role of social services—particularly basic health and education—has also received greater emphasis in the 1980s, viewed mainly as instruments for raising the incomes of the poor. But, in all these approaches, income growth of one sort or another is what development is all about. A rather different view of the meaning of development has recently found expression in the 1990 Human Development Report (HRD) produced by the United Nations Development Programme. A conceptual underpinning for this approach can be found in the work of Amartya Sen. The essence of this view is that human development—what people can actually do and be—is the overriding purpose of economic development. Underdevelopment is viewed as the lack of certain basic capabilities, rather than lack of income per se. We do not aim here to advocate one of these approaches over the other, but rather to explore their implications for development policy. For instance, what does the human development approach imply about the role of economic growth and, in particular, about reducing income poverty? Should development priorities shift toward the provision of public services in poor countries, even if such a shift is at the expense of income growth?

Learning as Transformation: Critical Perspectives on a Theory in Progress. Jack Mezirow & Associates. San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass Inc Publishers, 2000, hardback, 358 pp, $42. Some of the greatest challenges in preparing physical therapist students for autonomous practice are in the area of professionalism. How do we help students recognize and develop the necessary values and behaviors that uphold our commitment to serve diverse groups of patients with genuine compassion and respect? A text on teaching and learning in adult education provides some intriguing possibilities. Learning as Transformation is a collaborative text, coming out of the first National Conference on Transformative Learning in April 1998. This conference marked 20 years in developing the theory of transformative learning, initiated by Jack Mezirow in 1978, with the publication of his study of women returning to college. The primary theoretical foundation of Mezirow's work is perspective transformation. Through a process of critical self-reflection on their biographical, historical, and cultural beliefs about themselves and their role in society, the women developed new beliefs and perspectives about themselves and how they viewed the world. Fifteen scholars and practitioners join Mezirow in this text, presenting the core principles of transformative learning, analyzing the process of learning, describing different types of learners and learning strategies, and discussing findings from recent research. While Learning as Transformation is directed at a diverse group of educators, the concepts and practices are relevant for faculty in professional health care programs. The book is divided into three parts: Part One, Developing the Concepts of Transformative Learning; Part Two, Fostering Transformative Learning in Practice; and Part Three, Moving from Practice to Theory-Analyzing the Research. The preface is an interesting presentation of the theoretical development of this approach to learning and early influences of other disciplines. Mezirow begins Part One presenting a conceptual and theoretical framework for transformative learning. The focus of transformative learning is the process of individuals learning to act on their own values and beliefs, rather than on those assimilated from others, thus gaining greater control over their lives as socially responsible, clear thinking decision-makers. Transformative learning theorists use of reference to describe complex webs of assumptions, expectations, and values that act as filters through which we view the world and ourselves. Whereas instrumental learning is confined to adding only those ideas that are compatible to already existing frames of reference, transformative learning is described as a reformulation of these frames through a process of critical reflection. Transformations may be sudden and dramatic with reorienting insight, or they may be incremental, with a progressive series of transformations over time. These theorists suggest the result is not only a significant change in life perspective, but it is an actualization of that perspective. …

DNA is generally found within viruses and cells in a tightly packaged state, typically occupying only 10(-4)-10(-6) of the volume of the uncondensed DNA wormlike coil. Condensation can be induced in vitro at low salt by the naturally occurring polyamines spermidine3+ and spermine4+, by hexammine cobalt(III), and even by Mg2+ in methanol-water mixtures. These condensates generally have an orderly, toroidal, or rodlike shape and size similar to that of DNA gently lysed from phage heads. It is also striking that the condensate size distribution is independent of DNA molecular length from 400 to 40,000 base pairs (bp), but that shorter DNA molecules (e.g., 150-bp mononucleosomal DNA) cannot condense in this fashion. We have constructed a successive association equilibrium theory to attempt to explain these results, using an equation devised by Tanford for micelle formation. Most of the obvious attractive and repulsive free energy contributions (mixing, bending, hydration, and other nearest-neighbor interactions) are linear in the amount of DNA incorporated, but the net attractive delta G0 grows nonlinearly because of the increasing average number of nearest neighbors of each duplex as the particle grows. In order that the size distribution have a maximum, a quadratic repulsive free energy is also required, arising from the electrostatic self-energy of the incompletely neutralized particles. The net attractive free energy per base pair interaction is tiny, on the order of 10(-3) kT. Despite the apparent generally correct order of magnitude of the various free energy terms, the calculated size distribution is smaller and narrower than observed experimentally. It appears that the size distribution of condensed particles is determined kinetically rather than thermodynamically. Very short DNA molecules cannot nucleate stable aggregates because they cannot develop adequate overlap, either internally or intermolecularly. A substantial fraction of rodlike condensates is observed in aqueous solutions only with a rather inefficient condensing agent, permethylated spermidine. This suggests that slow condensation kinetics may be required to overcome the high activation energy of highly distorted DNA bends or kinks at the turning points of rods. Evidence is reviewed that condensation may be associated with localized helix structure distortion provoked by condensing agents.

Journal Article Pigou, Taxation and Public Goods Get access A. B. Atkinson, A. B. Atkinson University of Essex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N. H. Stern N. H. Stern St Catherine's College, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 41, Issue 1, January 1974, Pages 119–128, https://doi.org/10.2307/2296403 Published: 01 January 1974

The concept of the forgiveness triad—forgiving others, receiving forgiveness from others, and self‐forgiveness—is introduced and discussed. Each aspect is defined, presented as philosophically rational and therefore appropriate within counseling, and described within a psychological framework of how people go about that aspect of forgiveness. The interactions of the triad are described, showing how the counseling process that employs forgiveness strategies may become quite complicated. A counselor's awareness of all 3 aspects of forgiveness may lead to greater clarity in the therapeutic encounter. Implications for the helping professions and for moral development of the client are discussed.

The present investigation used responses to Independent Sector's 1992 national survey of giving and volunteering in the United States to address several questions about the motivations of volunteers. Drawing on the functional approach to volunteers' motivations, and its operationalization in the Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI), relations between motivations and various aspects of volunteer behavior were examined, along with associations of motivations and demographic variables. Analyses revealed that current volunteers and nonvolunteers differed on motivations; people with different volunteering histories revealed different motivational patterns; unique combinations of motivations were associated with different types of volunteering activities; and motivational differences were associated with different demographic groups. The implications of these findings for understanding the nature and function of the motivations to volunteer, and the applications to the practice of volunteerism, are discussed.

Preference theory is a new approach to explaining current and future patterns of employment and fertility among women in modern societies. Although economists usually claim that preferences cannot be measured, methods for identifying women's and men's lifestyle preferences were developed and applied in British (and Spanish) national surveys, confirming the results of previous British and American studies showing three distinct lifestyle preference groups. The results confirm the heterogeneity of women's preferences and suggest that preferences are the primary determinant of fertility and employment decisions. The implications for policies to raise fertility are discussed.

The sequential nature of activities like research, development, or exploration requires optimal funding criteria to take account of the fact that subsequent funding decisions will be made throughout the future. Thus, there is a continual possibility of reviewing a project's status, based on the latest information. After setting up a model to capture this feature, optimal funding criteria are investigated. In an important special case, an explicit formula is derived. As well as throwing light upon the nature of development activities, the analysis is also relevant to the general theory of information gathering processes.

Journal Article Interpersonal Comparability and Social Choice Theory Get access Kevin W. S. Roberts Kevin W. S. Roberts MIT and St Catherine's College, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Review of Economic Studies, Volume 47, Issue 2, January 1980, Pages 421–439, https://doi.org/10.2307/2297002 Published: 01 January 1980 Article history Received: 01 July 1976 Accepted: 01 March 1979 Published: 01 January 1980

The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for 6- to 19-year-olds on four tests of hand strength. The Jamar dynamometer was used to measure grip strength and a pinch gauge was used to measure tip, key, and palmar pinch. A sample of 231 males and 240 females from the seven-county Milwaukee area was tested, using standardized positioning and instructions. Results of this study indicate that increases in grip and pinch strength coincide with increases in chronological age, that males are stronger than females in all age groups, and that hand dominance does not significantly affect hand strength scores. Normative data collected in this study were slightly higher than norms from previous American and Australian studies.

A comprehensive dietary fiber (DF) definition was adopted by the CODEX Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (1) to reflect the current state of knowledge about DF, (2) to recognize that all substances that behave like fiber regardless of how they are produced can be named as DF if they show physiological benefits, and (3) to promote international harmonization for food labeling and food composition tables. This review gives the history and evolution of the state of DF knowledge as looked at by refinements in DF methods and definitions subsequent to the launch of the DF hypothesis. The refinements parallel both interventional and epidemiological research leading to better understanding of the role of DF in contributing to the numerous physiological benefits imparted by all the various digestion resistant carbohydrates. A comparison of the CODEX definition (including its footnote that authorizes the inclusion of polymers with DP 3-9) and approved CODEX Type 1 methods with other existing definitions and methods will point out differences and emphasize the importance of adoption of CODEX-aligned definitions by all jurisdictions. Such harmonization enables comparison of nutrition research, recommendations, food composition tables and nutrition labels the world over. A case will be made that fibers are analogous to vitamins, in that they vary in structure, function and amount needed, but each when present in the right amount contributes to optimal health. Since the intake of DF is significantly below recommended levels throughout the world, the recognition that 'all fibers fit' is an important strategy in bridging the 'fiber gap' by enfranchising and encouraging greater intake of foods with inherent and added DF. Fortifying foods with added DF makes it easier to increase intakes while maintaining calories at recommended levels.

A psychological strategy for understanding the motivational underpinnings of volunteerism is described. In a presentation that merges the theoretical interests of researchers with the practical interests of volunteer administrators, six different motivational functions served by volunteerism are identified, and an inventory designed to measure these motivations is presented. The implications of this functional approach for the recruitment, placement, and retention of volunteers are then elaborated. Finally, recommendations are provided for volunteer administrators who seek to increase the number of people who volunteer and to improve their human resource management.

The phenomenal character of perceptual experience involves the representation of colour, shape and motion. Does it also involve the representation of high‐level categories? Is the recognition of a tomato as a tomato contained within perceptual phenomenality? Proponents of a conservative view of the reach of phenomenal content say ‘No’, whereas those who take a liberal view of perceptual phenomenality say ‘Yes’. I clarify the debate between conservatives and liberals, and argue in favour of the liberal view that high‐level content can directly inform the phenomenal character of perception.

The intertwining ideas of self-determination and well-being have received tremendous support in western bioethics. They have been used to reject medical paternalism and to justify patients' rights to give informed consent (or refusal) and execute advanced directives. It is frequently argued that everyone is thoroughly unique, and as patients are most knowledgeable of and invested in their own interests, they should be the ones to make voluntary decisions regarding their care. Two results of the strong focus on autonomy are the rejection of the image of patients as passive care recipients and the suspicion against paternalistic influence anyone may have on patients' decision-making process. Although the initial focus in western bioethics was on minimizing professional coercion, there has been a steady concern of family's involvement in adult patients' medical decision-making. Many worry that family members may have divergent values and priorities from those of the patients, such that their involvement could counter patients' autonomy. Those who are heavily involved in competent patients' decision-making are often met with suspicion. Patients who defer to their families are sometimes presumed to be acting out of undue pressure. This essay argues for a re-examination of the notions of autonomy and undue pressure in the contexts of patienthood and relational identity. In particular, it examines the characteristics of families and their role in adult patients' decision-making. Building on the feminist conception of the relational self and examining the context of contemporary institutional medicine, this paper argues that family involvement and consideration of family interests can be integral in promoting patients' overall agency. It argues that, in the absence of abuse and neglect, respect for autonomy and agency requires clinicians to abide by patients' expressed wishes.

Several partners jointly own an asset that may be traded among them. Each partner has a valuation for the asset; the valuations are known privately and drawn independently from a common probability distribution. We characterize the set of all incentive-compatible and interim-individually-rational trading mechanisms, and give a simple necessary and sufficient condition for such mechanisms to dissolve the partnership ex post efficiently. A bidding game is constructed that achieves such dissolution whenever it is possible. Despite incomplete information about the valuation of the asset, a partnership can be dissolved ex post efficiently provided no single partner owns too large a share; this contrasts with Myerson and Satterthwaite's result that ex post efficiency cannot be achieved when the asset is owned by a single party.