State University System of Florida

Abstract This review examines several aspects of the climate of eastern Africa. The climatic commonality throughout the region is the frequent occurrence of drought severe enough to incapacitate the population. Because of recent droughts and evidence of disastrous, long‐term climatic change, the region has become a major focus of meteorological research. This review covers six relevant topics: climatic regionalization, seasonal cycle, intraseasonal variability, interannual variability, recent trends, and seasonal forecasting. What emerges is a markedly different view of the factors modulating rainfall, the dynamics associated with the seasons, and the character of teleconnections within the region and the interrelationships between the various rainy seasons. Some of the most important points are the following. (1) The paradigm of two rainy seasons resulting from the biannual equatorial passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone is inadequate. (2) The “long rains” should not be treated as a single season, as character, causal factors, and teleconnections are markedly different in each month. (3) The long rains have been declining continuously in recent decades. (4) The Madden‐Julian Oscillation has emerged as a factor in interannual and intraseasonal variability, but the relative strength of Pacific and Indian Ocean anomalies plays a major role in the downward trend. (5) Factors governing the short rains are nonstationary. (6) Droughts have become longer and more intense and tend to continue across rainy seasons, and their causes are not adequately understood. (7) Atmospheric variables provide more reliable seasonal forecasts than the factors traditionally considered in forecast models, such as sea surface temperatures and El Niño–Southern Oscillation.

MOTIVATION: The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. MAIN TYPES OF VARIABLES INCLUDED: The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. SPATIAL LOCATION AND GRAIN: ). TIME PERIOD AND GRAIN: BioTIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. MAJOR TAXA AND LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT: BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates. SOFTWARE FORMAT: .csv and .SQL.

Experts acquire domain‐specific skills as a result of the activities in which they participate throughout their development. We examine the domain‐specific activities in which two groups of elite youth soccer players participated between six and 12 years of age. Our goal was to examine early participation differences between those who progressed to professional status at 16 years of age and those who did not. Data were contrasted to a control group of recreational‐level players and examined in the context of the Developmental Model of Sport Participation, which supports the importance of late specialization and early diversity between six and 12 years of age. The elite players who went on to attain professional status accumulated more hours per year in soccer play activities, but not in soccer practice, competition or other sports, between six and 12 years of age, compared with those who did not progress. The two elite groups averaged more hours per year in soccer practice compared with recreational‐level players, but not soccer play, competition or other sports. We propose the “early engagement hypothesis” to explain our results. Accordingly, practice and play in the primary sport between six and 12 years of age contributes to the development of expert performance in English soccer.

AbstractThe War on Drugs popularized a set of policies and practices that dramatically increased the number of drug arrests, particularly for low-level drug offenses. The War's tactics have affected Americans of every race; however, minorities have been most dramatically affected. There are several explanations for the observed racial disparity in drug arrests, but relatively little research directly tests these explanations. In this study, we test three common explanations of racial disparities in drug arrest rates. We find that racial disparities in drug arrests cannot be explained by differences in drug offending, nondrug offending, or residing in the kinds of neighborhoods likely to have heavy police emphasis on drug offending. Our findings are most consistent with explanations focusing on racial bias in drug sanctions.Keywords: race and drug offendingrace and crimedrug offendingracial crossover AcknowledgementsThis project was supported by Award No. 2011-IJ-CX-0004/USF, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, US Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.Notes1. Hereafter, for parsimony we use the term "race" to refer to both race and ethnicity.2. It is important to note that the USA has fought several earlier wars against drugs. Perhaps most notably, President Nixon launched a drug war in the late 1960s. President Nixon's drug war was different as it emphasized international efforts at crop eradication, the apprehension of high-level drug dealers, and drug treatment (Boyum and Reuter, Citation2005). Under President Nixon, methadone treatment centers were opened across the country and a majority of federal drug control funds were spent on drug treatment (Goode, Citation2007; Musto, Citation1999). President Reagan also attempted to launch an earlier drug war aimed largely at marijuana. For example, Reagan famously said in June of 1982 "[W]e're running up a battle flag. We can fight the drug problem, and we can win." Notably, the only specific drug mentioned in this speech was marijuana (Reagan, Citation1982). This early campaign against drugs did not resonate with lawmakers and led to relatively few policy changes. It was only after crack cocaine gained notoriety in the mid-1980s that Reagan's attempt to engage in a "new" drug war escalated into what we refer to as the "War on Drugs."3. It is important to note that the sharp increase in drug arrests occurred in a period in which drug use was generally declining. The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse reports that among those 12 years old and older, past month illicit drug use dropped from 14% in 1979 to 12.1% in 1985; thus, drug use was dropping prior to the commencement of the War on Drugs. Drug use continued to drop after the war was declared: 7.7% of those 12 and over reported past month illicit drug use in 1988 and 5.9% reported past month drug use in 1993. Likewise, Monitoring the Future's survey of high school seniors reveals that drug use peaked in 1979 and dropped markedly in the years preceding the launch of the War. Clearly, drug use was generally decreasing and had been for several years prior to the start of this new drug war.4. It is important to note that many scholars contend that the War on Drugs is an example of institutional racism (e.g. Duster, Citation1997; Provine, Citation2007; Lynch, Citation2011). For instance, Lynch (Citation2011), using Haney López's (2000) conceptualization of institutional racism, argues that the War on Drugs is a manifestation of institutional racism in that the War on Drugs' policies and tactics are affected by widely shared negative stereotypes of African-Americans as drug offenders. (Haney Lopez refers to these negative stereotypes as "racial institutions.") According to these authors, given that the War on Drugs' policies and tactics are influenced by racial institutions, it is predictable that these policies would reinforce existing racial status hierarchies (protecting whites and disadvantaging blacks). As David Cole notes many of the aggressive policies and tactics utilized in the War on Drugs such as "street sweeps", consent searches, foreseeably affect African-Americans disproportionately, while relatively rarely affecting whites. From this perspective, such tactics reinforce the existing racial hierarchy and the very racial institutions that gave rise to the drug war's (purportedly) racially biased policies/tactics.5. Note that number of property crimes independent variable is a composite of theft, property destruction, and "other property crimes." We combined these measures for parsimony and to reduce the likelihood of multicollinearity.6. Note that we conceptualize prior assaults as both a measure of prior nondrug offending and as a measure of differences in the nature of drug offending. We recognize that our conceptualization of variables that tap differences in the nature/extent of drug offending is subjective and debatable. However, this distinction is purely academic and has no influence the results that follow.7. The missing data problems associated with not asking many respondents about offending after round 7 are mitigated by the fact that these data are missing at random and therefore should not bias the results; and, the primary analytic strategy employed (fixed-effects regression) handles unbalanced data well.8. Age was centered at 16 years old to avoid the intercept reflecting an unrealistic age (age 0) and to avoid the intercept from extrapolating beyond the youngest observed age (age 12). We arbitrarily centered age at age 16, because this is the youngest age for which data were available on the vast majority of respondents. Centering age, at some arbitrary but meaningful value, is a necessary step for many kinds of longitudinal data analysis (see e.g. Singer & Willett, Citation2003).Additional informationNotes on contributorsOjmarrh MitchellOjmarrh Mitchell is an associate professor in the Department of Criminology at the University of South Florida. Professor Mitchell earned his PhD in Criminal Justice and Criminology from the University of Maryland with a doctoral minor in Measurement, Statistics, and Evaluation. His research interests include drugs and crime, race and crime, corrections and sentencing, and meta-analysis.Michael S. CaudyMichael S. Caudy is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Center for Advancing Correctional Excellence (ACE!) in the Department of Criminology, Law & Society at George Mason University. His primary research interests include correctional interventions for justice-involved individuals with substance use, mental health, and co-occurring disorders; evidence-based community corrections; and the relationship between race, crime, and criminal justice sanctioning.

In the literature on state policy innovation, there are three major explanations for what causes a government to adopt a new policy. One is the internal determinants model, which posits that the main factors leading a state to innovate are internal political, social and economic characteristics of the stale. The other two are diffusion models—the regional diffusion model, and the national interaction model—which see slate policy adoptions as emulations of earlier adoptions by other states. Each of the three models has been associated with a distinct strategy for empirical testing. The regional diffusion model has been tested with factor analysis, the national interaction model with time‐series regression, and the internal determinants model with cross‐sectional regression. In this paper, I explore the ability of these “single‐explanation” methodologies to detect the true innovation process underlying stale policy adoptions, by applying these methodologies to data generated from simulated innovation processes with known characteristics. I find that the methodologies often yield incorrect conclusions about the character of innovation. I conclude by presenting an agenda for refining a superior alternative methodology: the event history analysis approach to state policy innovation research introduced by Berry and Berry (1990).

Abstract Aggressive children are known to have friends. However, less is known about the impact of aggression on friendship development and how this can differ for overt and relational (i.e., the forms) and instrumental and reactive (i.e., the functions) aggression. This longitudinal study utilized the forms and functions perspective on aggression to assess social selection and influence in adolescents' (N = 337, 12–14 years) friendship networks. Instrumentally and relationally aggressive peers became mutual friends with similar peers. Influence effects were observed in all types of aggression except overt aggression, suggesting that instrumental, reactive, and relational aggression may be the most susceptible to social influence. The findings are discussed in terms of theoretical and methodological implications for the study of aggression and adolescent friendships.

Two studies investigated the domain of attitudes about condom use as an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-relevant behavior and their relation to self-reported condom use, past and intended. In so doing, the Condom Attitude Scale (CAS) was developed. Subjects for both studies (n = 248, n = 528) were undergraduates, primarily heterosexual. Factor analysis of the initial item pool indicated 8 attitude factors (subscales). The total CAS, its subscales, and measures of condom use had high internal consistency. The total CAS and the majority of subscales explained a substantial amount of variance in condom use and in carrying and keeping condoms at home. Gender was unrelated to past and intended condom use. However, despite having generally more positive attitudes about condoms, women were more inhibited about buying and keeping condoms and were less likely to do so. Test–retest and cross-validation analyses revealed, for the most part, consistent findings.

Cultural values emphasizing female loyalty, sacrifice, and male honor may indirectly sanction relationship violence and reward women who remain in abusive relationships. Two studies compare participants from subcultures emphasizing honor (Latinos and southern Anglos in Study 1, Chileans in Study 2) and subcultures without strong honor traditions (northern U.S. Anglos in Study 1, Anglo-Canadians in Study 2). In Study 1, participants watch a videotape of a woman describing an abusive relationship. Participants from honor cultures are relatively more favorable to the woman if she stays in the relationship, compared to northerners. In Study 2, Chilean and Canadian students listen to audiotapes of a husband describing a violent conflict with his wife. Chileans rate the husband and his actions more positively than Canadians do when the conflict is jealousy related (perceived flirting), but no cultural differences are found when the conflict is unrelated to jealousy (spending too much money).

Defines and discusses the level of quick response implementation by fashion retailers, their understanding of quality response (QR) is explored and the processes for replenishments examined. This exploratory study, based on a survey of fashion retailers trading in the UK, revealed that information technology is particularly important to the large, multiple “own brand” fashion retailers as it enables the various parties in the supply chain to communicate and to respond to demand. Results indicate that retailers have not fully understood the benefits of implementing a QR strategy and perceive it more often as a strategy for internal supply chain management rather than an external supply chain strategy.

Due to the effect of academic performance on employment opportunities and admission to graduate schools, researchers have long recognized the need for identifying factors that are linked to the academic performance of undergraduate marketing students. This research proposes a model that investigates the relationships among motivation, effort, personality, stress, and academic performance. Action-state orientation (AO-SO) is an important factor in students’ emotional exhaustion and effort. AO-SO relates to individual differences in the capacity to regulate emotions, cognitions, and behaviors to accomplish intentional actions. AO-SO consists of three dimensions: disengagement (versus preoccupation), volatility (versus persistency), and hesitation (versus initiative). Results indicate that persistency and initiative are positively related to effort, which is an important antecedent of academic performance. Also, disengagement is negatively related to emotional exhaustion.

BACKGROUND: Type I glycogen storage disease (GSD) is caused by a deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase resulting in severe fasting hypoglycemia. OBJECTIVE: We compared the efficacy of a new modified starch with the currently used cornstarch therapy in patients with type Ia and Ib GSD. DESIGN: This was a randomized, 2-d, double-blinded, crossover pilot study comparing the commonly used uncooked cornstarch with the experimental starch in 12 subjects (6 GSDIa, 6 GSDIb) aged >or=13 y. At 2200, the subjects were given 100 g of digestible starch, and glucose and lactate were measured hourly until the subject's plasma glucose concentration reached 60 mg/dL or until the subject had fasted for 10 h. The order in which the products were tested was randomized in a blinded fashion. RESULTS: The matched-pair Gehan rank test for censored survival was used to compare the therapies. The experimental starch maintained blood glucose concentrations significantly longer than did the traditional therapy (P = 0.013) in the 2-sided analysis. Most of the benefit was found to be after glucose concentrations fell below 70 mg/dL. The currently used cornstarch resulted in higher peak glucose concentrations and a more rapid rate of fall than did the new starch. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental starch was superior to standard therapy in preventing hypoglycemia (<or=60 mg/dL). This therapy may allow patients with GSD to sleep through the night without awakening for therapy while enhancing safety. Additional studies are warranted to determine whether alternative dosing will further improve control in the therapeutic blood glucose range.

PURPOSE: We designed this study to examine the end-of-life (EOL) experience in long-term care (LTC) based on input from key stakeholders. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study consisted of 10 homogeneous focus groups drawn from a purposive sample of LTC residents (2 groups; total n = 11), family caregivers (2 groups; total n = 19), paraprofessional staff (3 groups; total n = 20), and licensed/registered staff (3 groups; total n = 15) from five nursing homes and eight residential care/assisted living communities in North Carolina. We analyzed data by using grounded theory techniques to elicit manifest and latent themes. RESULTS: Five overarching themes emerged: (a) components of a good death in LTC, (b) normalcy of dying in LTC, (c) the role of relationships in the provision and receipt of care, (d) hospice contributions to care at the EOL in LTC, and (e) stakeholder recommendations for enhancing EOL care in these settings. Underlying these themes was one central category, closeness, based on physical proximity and frequency of contact. IMPLICATIONS: Findings suggest that promoting collaborative relationships among the four stakeholder groups, increasing social worker involvement, and removing barriers to hospice may enhance the EOL experience in LTC.

; %body fat: 28.7 ± 1.4%), resistance-trained women. Microdialysis was used to measure SCAAT lipolysis at baseline, mid-RE, post-RE, and 30 min post-RE, and indirect calorimetry was used to measure whole body substrate oxidation at baseline and immediately post-RE in 13 women. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glycerol, growth hormone (GH), epinephrine (Epi), and norepinephrine (NE) were measured at baseline, mid-RE, and post-RE. Lipolysis (dialysate glycerol concentration) was elevated post-RE (baseline: 596.7 ± 82.8, post-RE: 961.4 ± 116.3 µM, P = 0.01). Energy expenditure (baseline: 1,560 ± 49; post-RE: 1,756 ± 68 kcal/day; P = 0.02) and fat oxidation (baseline: 5.64 ± 0.24; post-RE: 7.57 ± 0.41 g/h; P = 0.0003) were elevated post-RE. GH (baseline: 513.1 ± 147.4; mid-RE: 1,288.3 ± 83.9; post-RE: 1,522.8 ± 51.1 pg/ml, P = 0.000), Epi (baseline: 23.2 ± 2.7; mid-RE: 92.5 ± 16.6; post-RE: 84.5 ± 21.4 pg/ml, P = 0.000), and NE (baseline: 139.2 ± 13.6; mid-RE: 850.9 ± 155.3; post-RE: 695.3 ± 93.5 pg/ml, P = 0.000) were higher at mid-RE and post-RE. Therefore, one of the potential mechanisms behind RE-induced fat mass changes in resistance-trained women may be in part due to the accumulated effect of transient increases in SCAAT lipolysis, fat oxidation, and energy expenditure, mediated by GH, Epi, and NE release.

This review discusses the historical aspects, current state of the art, and potential future advances in the areas of nomenclature and databases for the analysis of outcomes of treatments for patients with congenitally malformed hearts. We will consider the current state of analysis of outcomes, lay out some principles which might make it possible to achieve life-long monitoring and follow-up using our databases, and describe the next steps those involved in the care of these patients need to take in order to achieve these objectives. In order to perform meaningful multi-institutional analyses, we suggest that any database must incorporate the following six essential elements: use of a common language and nomenclature, use of an established uniform core dataset for collection of information, incorporation of a mechanism of evaluating case complexity, availability of a mechanism to assure and verify the completeness and accuracy of the data collected, collaboration between medical and surgical subspecialties, and standardised protocols for life-long follow-up. During the 1990s, both The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons created databases to assess the outcomes of congenital cardiac surgery. Beginning in 1998, these two organizations collaborated to create the International Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project. By 2000, a common nomenclature, along with a common core minimal dataset, were adopted by The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and published in the Annals of Thoracic Surgery. In 2000, The International Nomenclature Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease was established. This committee eventually evolved into the International Society for Nomenclature of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease. The working component of this international nomenclature society has been The International Working Group for Mapping and Coding of Nomenclatures for Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, also known as the Nomenclature Working Group. By 2005, the Nomenclature Working Group crossmapped the nomenclature of the International Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project of The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons with the European Paediatric Cardiac Code of the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology, and therefore created the International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code, which is available for free download from the internet at [http://www.IPCCC.NET]. This common nomenclature, the International Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Code, and the common minimum database data set created by the International Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project, are now utilized by both The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Between 1998 and 2007 inclusive, this nomenclature and database was used by both of these two organizations to analyze outcomes of over 150,000 operations involving patients undergoing surgical treatment for congenital cardiac disease. Two major multi-institutional efforts that have attempted to measure the complexity of congenital heart surgery are the Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery-1 system, and the Aristotle Complexity Score. Current efforts to unify the Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery-1 system and the Aristotle Complexity Score are in their early stages, but encouraging. Collaborative efforts involving The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and The Society of Thoracic Surgeons are under way to develop mechanisms to verify the completeness and accuracy of the data in the databases. Under the leadership of The MultiSocietal Database Committee for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, further collaborative efforts are ongoing between congenital and paediatric cardiac surgeons and other subspecialties, including paediatric cardiac anaesthesiologists, via The Congenital Cardiac Anesthesia Society, paediatric cardiac intensivists, via The Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society, and paediatric cardiologists, via the Joint Council on Congenital Heart Disease and The Association for European Paediatric Cardiology. In finalizing our review, we emphasise that analysis of outcomes must move beyond mortality, and encompass longer term follow-up, including cardiac and non cardiac morbidities, and importantly, those morbidities impacting health related quality of life. Methodologies must be implemented in these databases to allow uniform, protocol driven, and meaningful, long term follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Next-generation sequencing is providing researchers with a relatively fast and affordable option for developing genomic resources for organisms that are not among the traditional genetic models. Here we present a de novo assembly of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata) transcriptome using 454 sequence reads, and we evaluate potential uses of this transcriptome, including detection of sex-specific transcripts and deployment as a reference for gene expression analysis in guppies and a related species. Guppies have been model organisms in ecology, evolutionary biology, and animal behaviour for over 100 years. An annotated transcriptome and other genomic tools will facilitate understanding the genetic and molecular bases of adaptation and variation in a vertebrate species with a uniquely well known natural history. RESULTS: We generated approximately 336 Mbp of mRNA sequence data from male brain, male body, female brain, and female body. The resulting 1,162,670 reads assembled into 54,921 contigs, creating a reference transcriptome for the guppy with an average read depth of 28×. We annotated nearly 40% of this reference transcriptome by searching protein and gene ontology databases. Using this annotated transcriptome database, we identified candidate genes of interest to the guppy research community, putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and male-specific expressed genes. We also showed that our reference transcriptome can be used for RNA-sequencing-based analysis of differential gene expression. We identified transcripts that, in juveniles, are regulated differently in the presence and absence of an important predator, Rivulus hartii, including two genes implicated in stress response. For each sample in the RNA-seq study, >50% of high-quality reads mapped to unique sequences in the reference database with high confidence. In addition, we evaluated the use of the guppy reference transcriptome for gene expression analyses in a congeneric species, the sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna). Over 40% of reads from the sailfin molly sample aligned to the guppy transcriptome. CONCLUSIONS: We show that next-generation sequencing provided a reliable and broad reference transcriptome. This resource allowed us to identify candidate gene variants, SNPs in coding regions, and sex-specific gene expression, and permitted quantitative analysis of differential gene expression.

ABSTRACT Using a large sample of litigation events involving publicly listed defendants, we document a surprising fact. The resolution of litigation through a court's decision dominates settlement of litigation from the shareholders' point of view, even when the firm loses. We develop a model using agency costs within the firm to explain why the market views settlement as a negative outcome on average and find empirical evidence supporting the implications of the model. Specifically, firms with weak corporate governance settle litigation more quickly, and the market reacts more negatively to settlements involving firms with higher agency costs.

Children have largely been overlooked as research participants in anthropological work. The anthropology of childhood has played an instrumental role in bringing attention to this fact, and it has highlighted important contributions children's viewpoints can make to our discipline. In this article, we present three case studies that involved children as active participants through the use of visual methodology: V indrola‐ P adros's research in A rgentina used drawing techniques to document children's experiences of oncology treatment; J ohnson's work in K enya used photovoice with children living in orphanages to understand their coping strategies; and P fister's study in M exico C ity looked at how combining dance and drama encouraged participation among deaf and hearing children.

The geometries and topologies of leaves, flowers, roots, shoots, and their arrangements have fascinated plant biologists and mathematicians alike. As such, plant morphology is inherently mathematical in that it describes plant form and architecture with geometrical and topological techniques. Gaining an understanding of how to modify plant morphology, through molecular biology and breeding, aided by a mathematical perspective, is critical to improving agriculture, and the monitoring of ecosystems is vital to modeling a future with fewer natural resources. In this white paper, we begin with an overview in quantifying the form of plants and mathematical models of patterning in plants. We then explore the fundamental challenges that remain unanswered concerning plant morphology, from the barriers preventing the prediction of phenotype from genotype to modeling the movement of leaves in air streams. We end with a discussion concerning the education of plant morphology synthesizing biological and mathematical approaches and ways to facilitate research advances through outreach, cross-disciplinary training, and open science. Unleashing the potential of geometric and topological approaches in the plant sciences promises to transform our understanding of both plants and mathematics.

This study explored how differences in orienteering experience are related to differences in how visual attention is allocated to the map, the environment and to travel. Twenty more experienced and 20 less experienced individuals orienteered while wearing a head-mounted video camera with microphone. The participants verbalized what they were attending to (map, environment or travel) at any given time. Each recorded film was coded at each point in time in terms of what the participant was attending to and whether the participant was moving or stationary. More experienced orienteers attended to the map markedly more while moving and spent less time stationary than less experienced orienteers. The participants' performance was significantly related to the ability to attend to the map while moving. The strategic control of attention is proposed to explain this ability. It is proposed that attentional training might enhance performance in sports characterized by multiple and dynamically varying elements.

Fault diagnosis and prognosis are important tools for the reliability, availability, and survivability of navy all-electric ships (AES). Extending the fault detection and diagnosis into predictive maintenance increases the value of this technology. The traditional diagnosis can be viewed as a single diagnostic agent having a model of the component or the whole system to be diagnosed. This becomes inadequate when the components or system become large, complex, and even distributed as on navy electric ships. For such systems, the software multiagents may offer a solution. A key benefit of software agents is their ability to automatically perform complex tasks in place of human operators. After briefly reviewing traditional fault diagnosis and software agent technologies, this paper discusses how these technologies can be used to support the drastic manning reduction requirements for future navy ships. Examples are given on the existing naval applications and research on detection, diagnostic, and prognostic software agents. Current work on a multiagent system for shipboard power systems is presented as an example of system-level application.