Stephen F. Austin State University

Assuming that children are goal-oriented, it is suggested that their thoughts are related to two components--agency and pathways. Agency thoughts reflect the perception that children can initiate and sustain action toward a desired goal; pathways thoughts reflect the children's perceived capability to produce routes to those goals. Hope reflects the combination of agentic and pathways thinking toward goals. A six-item dispositional self-report index called the Children's Hope Scale is introduced and validated for use with children ages 8-16. Results suggest that the scale evidence internal consistency, and is relatively stable over retesting. Additionally, the scale exhibits convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Limitations and uses of the scale are discussed.

Using a qualitative research methodology detailed by Lincoln and Guba, peer debriefing sessions were examined by interviewing education graduate students who completed dissertations and who participated in peer debriefing. The following patterns emerged: (a) Trust was the foundation for selection of the debriefer and the debriefing interaction, (b) the focus for the debriefer and researcher was on methodology, and (c) research skills were continuously developed. Analysis of the data also showed that debriefers worked in pairs or in small groups. Some debriefing groups met for the total time from proposal to dissertation defense, and others began at different stages of the research process. As a result, some groups relied on memory or journal notes for the review of collected data. Implications are included.

Although much has been published about curcumin, which is obtained from turmeric, comparatively little is known about turmeric itself. Turmeric, a golden spice obtained from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, has been used to give color and taste to food preparations since ancient times. Traditionally, this spice has been used in Ayurveda and folk medicine for the treatment of such ailments as gynecological problems, gastric problems, hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, and blood disorders. Modern science has provided the scientific basis for the use of turmeric against such disorders. Various chemical constituents have been isolated from this spice, including polyphenols, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenoids, sterols, and alkaloids. Curcumin, which constitutes 2-5% of turmeric, is perhaps the most-studied component. Although some of the activities of turmeric can be mimicked by curcumin, other activities are curcumin-independent. Cell-based studies have demonstrated the potential of turmeric as an antimicrobial, insecticidal, larvicidal, antimutagenic, radioprotector, and anticancer agent. Numerous animal studies have shown the potential of this spice against proinflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. At the molecular level, this spice has been shown to modulate numerous cell-signaling pathways. In clinical trials, turmeric has shown efficacy against numerous human ailments including lupus nephritis, cancer, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, acne, and fibrosis. Thus, a spice originally common in the kitchen is now exhibiting activities in the clinic. In this review, we discuss the chemical constituents of turmeric, its biological activities, its molecular targets, and its potential in the clinic.

Chemical constituents of various tissues of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) have been extensively investigated.

Borrowing from Allport (1961), we propose a hierarchical approach in which cardinal psychological traits predict central traits, which in turn predict surface traits. The hierarchical perspective was employed to investigate the surface trait of compulsive buying among college students—a growing problem at U.S. universities. In Study 1, traits from the Five‐Factor Model of personality were employed as cardinal traits, the needs for arousal and for materialism were employed as central traits, and compulsive buying was the dependent variable. Structural equation modeling was employed to find the best fitting model, which accounted for 19% of the variance in compulsive buying. In Study 2, this model was confirmed and accounted for 28% of the variance in compulsive buying. Implications for theory and for understanding compulsive buying are identified.

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol or 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (2,4-DTBP) is a common toxic secondary metabolite produced by various groups of organisms. The biosources and bioactivities of 2,4-DTBP have been well investigated, but the phenol has not been systematically reviewed. This article provides a comprehensive review of 2,4-DTBP and its analogs with emphasis on natural sources and bioactivities. 2,4-DTBP has been found in at least 169 species of bacteria (16 species, 10 families), fungi (11 species, eight families), diatom (one species, one family), liverwort (one species, one family), pteridiphyta (two species, two families), gymnosperms (four species, one family), dicots (107 species, 58 families), monocots (22 species, eight families), and animals (five species, five families). 2,4-DTBP is often a major component of violate or essential oils and it exhibits potent toxicity against almost all testing organisms, including the producers; however, it is not clear why organisms produce autotoxic 2,4-DTBP and its analogs. The accumulating evidence indicates that the endocidal regulation seems to be the primary function of the phenols in the producing organisms.

Turmeric, a dried powder derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, has been used for centuries in certain parts of the world and has been linked to numerous biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antigrowth, anti-arthritic, anti-atherosclerotic, antidepressant, anti-aging, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, wound healing, and memory-enhancing activities. One component of turmeric is curcumin, which has been extensively studied, as indicated by more than 5600 citations, most of which have appeared within the past decade. Recent research has identified numerous chemical entities from turmeric other than curcumin. It is unclear whether all of the activities ascribed to turmeric are due to curcumin or whether other compounds in turmeric can manifest these activities uniquely, additively, or synergistically with curcumin. However, studies have indicated that turmeric oil, present in turmeric, can enhance the bioavailability of curcumin. Studies over the past decade have indicated that curcumin-free turmeric (CFT) components possess numerous biological activities including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities. Elemene derived from turmeric is approved in China for the treatment of cancer. The current review focuses on the anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities exhibited by CFT and by some individual components of turmeric, including turmerin, turmerone, elemene, furanodiene, curdione, bisacurone, cyclocurcumin, calebin A, and germacrone.

Many evolutionary studies require an understanding of phenotypic change. However, while analyses of phenotypic variation across pairs of evolutionary levels (populations or time steps) are well established, methods for testing hypotheses that compare evolutionary sequences across multiple levels are less developed. Here we describe a general analytical procedure for quantifying and comparing patterns of phenotypic evolution. The phenotypic evolution of a lineage is defined as a trajectory across a set of evolutionary levels in a multivariate phenotype space. Attributes of these trajectories (their size, direction, and shape), are quantified, and statistically compared across pairs of taxa, and a summary statistic is used to determine the extent to which patterns of phenotypic evolution are concordant across multiple taxa. This approach provides a direct quantitative description of how patterns of phenotypic evolution differ, as well as a statistical assessment of the degree of repeatability in the evolutionary responses to selection among taxa. We describe how this approach can quantify phenotypic trajectories from many ecological and evolutionary processes, whose data encode multivariate characterizations of the phenotype, including: phenotypic plasticity, ecological selection, ontogeny and growth, local adaptation, and biomechanics. We illustrate the approach by examining the phenotypic evolution of several fossil lineages of Globorotalia.

"White Evangelical Racism: The Politics of Morality in America." Ethnic and Racial Studies, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2

A great deal of evidence suggests that early in processing, retinal images are filtered by parallel, spatial frequency selective channels. We attempt to incorporate this view of early vision with the principle of global precedence, which holds that Gestalt-like processes sensitive to global image configurations tend to dominate local feature processing in human pattern perception. Global precedence is inferred from the pattern of reaction times observed when visual patterns contain multiple cues at different levels of spatial scale. Specifically, it is frequently observed that global processing times are largely unaffected by conflicting local cues, but local processing times are substantially lengthened by conflicting global cues. The asymmetry of these effects suggests the dominant role of global configurations. Since global spatial information is effectively represented by low spatial frequencies, global precedence potentially implies a low frequency dominance. The thesis is that low spatial frequencies tend to be available before information carried by higher frequency bands, producing a coarse-to-fine temporal order in visual spatial perception. It is suggested that a variety of factors contribute to the "prior entry" of low frequency information, including the high contrast gain of the magnocellular pathway, the amplitude spectra typical of natural images, and inhibitory interactions between the parallel frequency-tuned channels. Evidence suggesting a close relationship between global precedence and spatial frequency channels is provided by observations that the essential features of the global precedence effect are obtained using patterns consisting of low and high frequency sinusoids. The hypothesis that these asymmetric interference effects are due to interactions between parallel spatial channels is supported by an analysis of reaction times (RTs), which shows that RTs to redundant low and high frequency cues produce less facilitation than predictions that assume the channels are independent. In view of previous work showing that global precedence depends upon the low frequency content of the stimuli, we suggest that low spatial frequencies represent the sine qua non for the dominance of configurational cues in human pattern perception, and that this configurational dominance reflects the microgenesis of visual pattern perception. This general view of the temporal dynamics of visual pattern recognition is discussed, is considered from an evolutionary perspective, and is related to certain statistical regularities in natural scenes. Potential adaptive advantages of an interactive parallel architecture that confers an initial processing advantage to low resolution information are explored.

AbstractThis study examined the effect of a technology-enriched classroom on student development of higher-order thinking skills and student attitudes toward computers. A sample of 80 sixth-grade and 86 fifth-grade students was tested using the Ross Test of Higher Cognitive Processes and surveyed using the Computer Attitude Questionnaire. The creation of a technology-enriched classroom environment appears to have had a positive effect on student acquisition of higher-order thinking skills. This study identified several implications related to classroom design to enhance the development of higher-order thinking skills. Teachers reported that the technology-enriched classroom differed from the traditional classroom in several significant ways.Keywords: classroom environmenthigher-order thinking skillsinstructional changeinstructional technology

We propose a framework for hypothesis-testing of stable isotope ratios in ecological studies. Statistical procedures are based on analysis of nested linear models and a residual permutation procedure (RPP) that is employed to evaluate probabilities associated with test statistics. We used simulated examples and a real data set to illustrate the utility and generality of the method. First, we developed a test for differences in centroid location and dispersion of delta13C and delta15N values within and among groups of isotopic data. Second, we evaluated magnitude and direction of change in centroid position (termed "path") of a pair of isotopic samples separated in space/time relative to paths of other paired sample sets. Third, we compared attributes of path trajectories (size, direction, and shape) over sample sets containing more than two samples to provide a quantitative description of how patterns of isotopic ratios change in response to spatial and temporal gradients. Examples are limited to the bivariate case (delta13C-delta15N biplots), but the statistical method can readily be applied to univariate and multivariate cases.

The current study examines whether adolescents who report sexting exhibit more psychosocial health problems, compared to their non-sexting counterparts. Participants included 937 ethnically diverse male and female adolescents recruited and assessed from multiple high schools in southeast Texas. Measures included self-report of sexting, impulsivity, alcohol and drug use, and depression and anxiety symptoms. Teen sexting was significantly associated with symptoms of depression, impulsivity, and substance use. When adjusted for prior sexual behavior, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and parent education, sexting was only related to impulsivity and substance use. While teen sexting appears to correlate with impulsive and high-risk behaviors (substance use), we did not find sexting to be a marker of mental health.

Abstract Colleges and universities can increase their retention of international students by providing those students with help in adjusting to U.S. culture.

We contrast ecological and life history traits of the well studied freshwater invader, the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), with the lesser known invasive golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) to compare salient biological traits and environmental limits, and to predict the potential spread and ecosystem impacts of L. fortunei in areas where it is introduced. Both species are sessile, byssate bivalves with a planktonic larval stage and extremely high reproductive capacity. For both species adults attain much higher biomass in waterbodies they invade than all of the native invertebrates combined, and they create substrate complexity otherwise not found in freshwater systems. Both are very active suspension feeders, greatly enhance benthic-pelagic coupling, and act as effective ecosystem engineers. Although taxonomically unrelated, their ecosystem impacts are surprisingly similar and follow from the novel ecological niche they share, rather than being species specific. The golden mussel has broader environmental tolerances and therefore may be a much more successful invader than D. polymorpha in regions dominated by acidic, soft and contaminated waters. In the near future L. fortunei may colonize the southern and central parts of North America, much farther north than has been previously predicted. Although to date the zebra mussel is considered the most aggressive freshwater invader, soon many waterbodies may receive another, even more aggressive invader.

Many businesses are faced with liquidity problems for various reasons. This is especially true for small businesses, since most must operate with fewer sources of both short and long term financing than larger firms. Where less financing is available, more assets must be held in liquid form to meet daily transactions and emergency requirements. Larger firms, that have better access to both the money and capital markets, can afford to hold fewer current assets and meet cash requirements just as quickly and efficiently through borrowing.

Using telephone interview methods, a national probability sample of adult women was screened for a history of completed rape in childhood, and characteristics of child rape incidents were assessed. All respondents were evaluated for a history of major depressive episode, post-traumatic stress dis-order (PTSD), and substance use problems. Implications of the results for prevention, intervention, and future research are discussed.

Total quality management (TQM) has been acclaimed as an organizational philosophy to enhance global competitiveness. Will TQM continue to be a management philosophy of the future in same shape, size, and design? This paper, through literature search and using field experts, identifies the future role of TQM in businesses facing global markets.

T as T ech U n iv ersity The authors investigated the relations among machismo, gender role conflict, and mental health in 113 Mexican American en recruited from campus organizations and the local community. Regression analyses controlling fo r acculturation indicated that machismo and gender role conflict both predicted levels o f stress and depression. Higher levels o f machismo and restrictive emotion- ality were associated with higher levels o f depression and stress. The interaction o f machismo and gender role conflict was not significant predictor o f either stress o r depression. Implications o f the findings for counseling and future research are discussed. A n em erg in g field o f in terest in co u n selin g p sy ch o l- o g y in v o lv es th e p lo ratio n o f ascu lin e id eo lo g y an d th e relatio n b etw een ascu lin e id eo lo g y an d en - tal h ealth . G o o d , W allace, an d B o rst (1 9 9 4 ) stated th at m ascu lin ity id eo lo g y refers to an in d iv id u al's d eg ree o f en d o rsem en t an d in tern alizatio n o f cu ltu ral b elief sy stem s ab o u t ascu lin ity an d th e ascu lin e g en d er ro (p. 3). A cco rd in g to O 'N e il, ale ch ild ren an d ad u lts are co n tin u ally so cialized acco rd in g to fo rm o f ascu lin e id eo lo g y O 'N e il term ed th e ascu lin e y s- tiq u e an d v alu e sy stem (O 'N eil, 19 8 1 a, 19 8 1 b , 1982; O 'N e il, G o o d , & H o lm es, 1 9 95 ), w h ich is a set o f v alu es an d b eliefs [that] are learn ed d u rin g early so - cializatio n an d are b ased u p o n rig id g en d er ro le stereo - ty p es an d b eliefs ab o u t en an d ascu lin ity (O 'N eil, 1981 b , p . 2 0 5 ). M ales are so cialized to v iew th e v alu es an d b eliefs o f th is sy stem as o p tim al, an d w h en th ey ad o p t it as th eir ascu lin e v alu e sy stem , th ey d ev elo p fear o f fem in in ity . G o o d et al. (1 9 9 4 ) stated th at so e ch aracteristics o f ascu lin e id eo lo g y are th o u g h t to b e d eleterio u s to th e p sy ch o lo g ical o r p h y sical fu n ctio n in g o f en . F o r am p le, en w h o h av e stro n g d esire to co p ete an d ach iev e at th eir w o rk ay p erien ce p sy ch o lo g - ical strain fro in flex ib le an d rig id attitu d es to w ard Jo se M. Fragoso and Susan Kashubeck, Department o f Psychology, Texas Tech University. Jo se M. Fragoso is now at the Department o f Psychology, Stephen F. Austin University. This article is part o fa master's thesis conducted by Jose M. Fragoso under the direction o f Susan Kashubeck. A n earlier version o fthe article was presented at the 104th Annual Con- vention o fthe American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Correspondence concerning this article should be ad- dressed to Susan Kashubeck, Department o f Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-205 I. Elec- tronic mail may be sent to Susan.Kashubeck@ttu.edu. th eir p eers an d p h y sical stress fro o v erw o rk (O 'N eil, H elm s, G ab le, D av id , & W rig h tsm an , 1986 ). N eg a- tiv e co n seq u en ces asso ciated w ith en d o rsem en t o f th e ale g en d er ro le h av e b een v ario u sly term ed sex ro le strain (P leck , 1976, 19 78 ), g en d er ro le co n flict o r g en - d er ro le strain (O 'N eil, 1 9 8 1 a, 19 81 b, 1982, 199 0), an d ascu lin e g en d er ro le stress (E isler & S k id o re, 1 9 8 7 ; E isler, S k id o re, & W ard , 19 88). B ecau se th e trad itio n al ale g en d er ro le so cializatio n in th e U n ited S tates p laces u n realistic p ectatio n s o n en , th e re- su lt ay b e d ifficu lty p ressin g em o tio n s; co n flicts asso ciated w ith b alan cin g w o rk an d h o e d em an d s; issu es related to su ccess, p o w er, an d co p etitio n ; an in ab ility to p ress affectio n to w ard o th er en ; an d h o o p h o b ia (G o o d , R o b ertso n , F itzg erald , S tev en s, & B artels, 1 99 6). A ccu u latin g ev id en ce su p p o rts th e v iew th at th e w ay en are trad itio n ally so cialized to b e ascu lin e can h av e d eleterio u s en tal an d p h y sical h ealth co n - seq u en ces. S tu d ies h av e in d icated th at h ig h er lev els o f ale g en d er ro le co n flict are asso ciated w ith lo w er self-esteem an d h ig h er an x iety (D av is & W alsh , 1988; S h arp e & H ep p n er, 1 991 ), h ig h er lev els o f an g er an d su b stan ce u se (B lazin & W atk in s, 1 99 6), h ig h er lev - els o f d ep ressio n (C o u rn o y er & M ah alik , 1995; G o o d & M in tz, 1990; S h arp e & H ep p n er, 1 99 1), an d h ig h er lev s of p y ch g i ad tr (G ., 1995). H o w ev er, th e ajo rity o f th ese d ata h av e b een g ath - e rd w i th no -H sp acW ,an d th ere is little research p ertain in g to alad ap tiv e co n seq u en ces o f g en d er ro le ad h eren ce in in o rity p o p u latio n s (G o o d et ai., 1994). F o r am p le, ale M ican A erican s h av e b een trad itio n ally so cialized to b e th e au th o rity o r d o in an t fig u re in th e fam ily (B aru th & M an n in g , 1999; P an iag u a, 1998). M ican A erican en are ex p ected to b e stro n g , d o in an t, an d th ep rov if ly ( S u& , 1999, p. 2 9 3 ). H o w ev er, as resu lt o f p erien ces w ith 87

. In other words, although patients intend to change and maintain their behavior, the data suggest that many will not follow through with their intention. This review introduces 5 factors that could help the practitioner understand the patient intention-behavior gap: (1) the motivation, (2) the trigger, (3) the response, (4) the capacity, and (4) the process. These key factors allow the lifestyle medicine practitioner to (1) understand the difficulties in changing patient behavior and (2) apply strategies to encourage successful change and maintenance of healthy lifestyle behavior in their patients.