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This article presents a new typology and a new dataset of political regimes (1946–2010). The classification presented is based, in theoretical terms, on the distinctive patterns of legitimation exhibited by the political regimes. To demonstrate the usefulness of the classification, I explore the extent to which the classification and its theoretical foundation, namely the pattern of legitimation, helps to explain the durability of different political regime types. I compare the results and explanations with those of Geddes and Hadenius and Teorell in order to clarify the differences made by the use of the presented classification.

Clinically established thermal therapies such as thermoablative approaches or adjuvant hyperthermia treatment rely on accurate thermal dose information for the evaluation and adaptation of the thermal therapy. Intratumoural temperature measurements have been correlated successfully with clinical end points. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most suitable technique for non-invasive thermometry avoiding complications related to invasive temperature measurements. Since the advent of MR thermometry two decades ago, numerous MR thermometry techniques have been developed, continuously increasing accuracy and robustness for in vivo applications. While this progress was primarily focused on relative temperature mapping, current and future efforts will likely close the gap towards quantitative temperature readings. These efforts are essential to benchmark thermal therapy efficiency, to understand temperature-related biophysical and physiological processes and to use these insights to set new landmarks for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. With that in mind, this review summarises and discusses advances in MR thermometry, providing practical considerations, pitfalls and technical obstacles constraining temperature measurement accuracy, spatial and temporal resolution in vivo. Established approaches and current trends in thermal therapy hardware are surveyed with respect to potential benefits for MR thermometry.

BACKGROUND: Treatments for papulopustular rosacea (PPR) are limited. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the efficacy and safety of once-daily ivermectin 1% cream in subjects with moderate to severe PPR. METHODS: Two identically designed, randomized, double-blind, controlled studies of ivermectin 1% cream (IVM 1%) or vehicle once daily for 12 weeks were conducted in subjects with moderate to severe PPR. Efficacy assessments were Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) of disease severity and inflammatory lesion counts. Safety assessments included incidence of adverse events (AEs) and local tolerance parameters. Subjects evaluated their rosacea and completed satisfaction and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. RESULTS: In both studies, a greater proportion of subjects in the IVM 1% group achieved treatment success (IGA "clear" or "almost clear"): 38.4% and 40.1% vs 11.6% and 18.8% for vehicle (both P<.001), respectively. Ivermectin was superior to vehicle in terms of reduction from baseline in inflammatory lesion counts (76.0% and 75.0% vs 50.0% for both vehicle groups, respectively). For all endpoints, starting at week 4 and continuing through week 12, IVM 1% was statistically significantly superior (P<.001). Fewer subjects treated by IVM 1% reported dermatologic AEs, and a higher proportion of subjects were observed to have no skin dryness or itching compared to vehicle. Significantly more subjects receiving IVM 1% reported having an "excellent" or "good" improvement, along with an improved QoL. CONCLUSION: Ivermectin 1% cream was effective and safe in treating inflammatory lesions of papulopustular rosacea.

We present a theory that addresses the question of why autocracies with a regime legitimation which ties the destiny of the members of the ruling elite, namely the nobility or ideocratic elite, to the survival of the autocracy, namely (ruling) monarchies and communist ideocracies, are more durable than other kinds of autocracies. Using logistic regression analysis and event history analysis on a dataset on autocratic regimes in the period 1946 to 2009, we are able to show that ruling monarchies and communist ideocracies are indeed the most durable autocratic regime types.

The review addresses the methods for depositing catalytic layers onto metallic structured substrates, specifically focusing on honeycomb monoliths and open-cell foams.

Numerous studies have analysed the decline in the labour share of income, but only few have linked it to the increase in financialisation. The process of financialisation can roughly be described as an increasing importance of the financial sector that had an impact on the distribution between wages and profits, on the one hand, and retained earnings and financial income in the form of dividends and interests, on the other hand. This article seeks to explore the relationship between financialisation and labour’s share of income using a time-series cross-sectional dataset of 13 countries over the time period from 1986 until 2007. The results suggest that there is indeed a relationship between increasing dividend and interest payments of non-financial corporations and the decline of the share of wages in national income. Other factors that can account for the decline relate to globalisation and a decrease in the bargaining power of labour.

Intraoperative tracking of laparoscopic instruments is often a prerequisite for computer and robotic-assisted interventions. While numerous methods for detecting, segmenting and tracking of medical instruments based on endoscopic video images have been proposed in the literature, key limitations remain to be addressed: Firstly, robustness, that is, the reliable performance of state-of-the-art methods when run on challenging images (e.g. in the presence of blood, smoke or motion artifacts). Secondly, generalization; algorithms trained for a specific intervention in a specific hospital should generalize to other interventions or institutions. In an effort to promote solutions for these limitations, we organized the Robust Medical Instrument Segmentation (ROBUST-MIS) challenge as an international benchmarking competition with a specific focus on the robustness and generalization capabilities of algorithms. For the first time in the field of endoscopic image processing, our challenge included a task on binary segmentation and also addressed multi-instance detection and segmentation. The challenge was based on a surgical data set comprising 10,040 annotated images acquired from a total of 30 surgical procedures from three different types of surgery. The validation of the competing methods for the three tasks (binary segmentation, multi-instance detection and multi-instance segmentation) was performed in three different stages with an increasing domain gap between the training and the test data. The results confirm the initial hypothesis, namely that algorithm performance degrades with an increasing domain gap. While the average detection and segmentation quality of the best-performing algorithms is high, future research should concentrate on detection and segmentation of small, crossing, moving and transparent instrument(s) (parts).

BACKGROUND: Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir is a pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral regimen approved for treating adults chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). There are limited real-world data on glecaprevir/pibrentasvir to date. AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir under real-world conditions in the German Hepatitis C-Registry (DHC-R). METHODS: The DHC-R is an ongoing, non-interventional, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study that monitors patients with chronic HCV infection. Data were collected from patients who initiated glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and completed a screening visit on or after 2 August 2017. The primary effectiveness endpoint was sustained virological response at post-treatment Week 12 (SVR12). Safety and tolerability were also assessed. RESULTS: As of 15 July 2018, 586 patients received glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and had documented SVR12 data, treatment discontinuation, loss to follow-up or HCV reinfection. Five hundred and fifty-two patients (94%) received on-label treatment. At baseline, most on-label patients were infected with HCV genotype 1 (53%) or 3 (33%), HCV treatment-naïve (90%), without cirrhosis (94%), and treated for 8 weeks (93%). Five hundred and thirty-four patients (96.7%) achieved SVR12 (intention-to-treat [ITT] analysis). By modified ITT analysis (excluding patients who discontinued and did not achieve SVR12 or patients lost to follow-up), the SVR12 rate was 99.4% (n/N = 534/537). There was one documented virological failure (relapse) and two documented HCV reinfections. One hundred and forty-two (26%) adverse events (AEs) and 9 (2%) serious AEs occurred; 2 (<1%) AEs led to treatment discontinuation. All patients treated off-label (N = 34) achieved SVR12. CONCLUSION: Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir was highly effective and well tolerated under real-world conditions. Clinical trial number: DRKS00009717 (German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS).

Dr. Monheit is a consultant and/or clinical investigator for Allergan, Inc., Colbar Lifescience Ltd., Contura MLB, Dermik Laboratories, and Genzyme Corporation.

A quarter of the world's nation states and territories are ruled by dictators. Moreover, there are many regimes in which democratic and autocratic elements of rule are mixed in various ways. It thus behoves political scientists to study the trajectories, manifestations and perspectives of non-democratic rule in general and autocratic rule in particular. After a period of stagnation, research on autocracies has in recent years become revitalized. Much of this research has a comparative orientation and a range of global datasets that have become available, which enable the systematic testing of hypotheses. Yet, current research on autocracies goes beyond large-N studies. It is a pluralistic enterprise, characterized by the use of a multitude of theoretical, analytical and methodological approaches, lenses and tools. This special issue attempts to fill some gaps in the newer literature by addressing questions of legitimation and repression (as well as co-optation) in autocracies, by probing into the origins of a number of competitive authoritarian regimes and into pre-electoral dynamics in non-democracies, and by finally asking what happens to dictators once autocratic regimes fall.

Papulopustular rosacea (PPR) is characterized by facial erythema and inflammatory lesions believed to be primarily caused by dysregulation of the innate immune system. More recent evidence also suggests that Demodex folliculorum mites may contribute to the etiology of PPR. Ivermectin (IVM) 1% cream is a novel topical treatment developed to treat PPR. Two phase 3 trials have demonstrated that IVM 1% cream was significantly better than vehicle at investigator global assessment (IGA) success rate and lesion reductions and that it was safe and well tolerated. Two 40-week extension studies of those trials were conducted to assess the long-term safety of IVM 1% cream vs azelaic acid (AzA) 15% gel. Subjects originally treated with IVM 1% continued on IVM 1% and those originally treated with vehicle switched to AzA 15% gel. IVM 1% cream was safe throughout the study with a lower incidence of related adverse events (AEs) compared to AzA 15% gel. No subjects in the IVM 1% cream group discontinued either study due to a related AE. IVM 1% also continued to be efficacious during the 40-week extension studies as the percentage of subjects with IGA scores of clear or almost clear was higher at the end of the study compared to baseline. The results of these 40-week extension studies support the use of IVM 1% cream as a long-term therapy for PPR as IVM 1% cream was shown to be safe and effective for up to 52 weeks of total treatment.

BACKGROUND: No cohort studies have evaluated the effect of obesity on the incidence of thyroid cancer according to metabolic health status. Therefore, this study examined the association of body mass index (BMI) and metabolic health status with thyroid cancer risk. METHODS: A cohort study was performed involving 255,051 metabolically healthy (MH) and metabolically unhealthy (MUH) adults free of thyroid cancer at baseline who were followed for a median of 5.3 years. A parametric proportional hazard model was used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: was 1.47 [CI 1.12-1.93] in MH individuals, whereas the corresponding HR in MUH individuals was 1.26 [CI 1.03-1.53]. Among women, the corresponding HR in MH individuals was 1.05 [CI 0.80-1.36], whereas the corresponding HR in MUH individuals was 1.43 [CI 1.22-1.69]. Increasing quartiles of waist circumference were positively associated with risk of thyroid cancer in MUH men and women (p for trend <0.005) but not in MH individuals. CONCLUSIONS: In both MH and MUH men, obesity was associated with an increased risk of incident thyroid cancer, indicating excessive adiposity per se as an independent risk factor for thyroid cancer. Conversely, women with MUH obesity but not MH obesity were found to have an increased risk of thyroid cancer, indicating that obesity with accompanying metabolic abnormalities may affect thyroid cancer risk in women.

BACKGROUND: Paclitaxel-coated balloons (PCBs) are a preferred treatment option for coronary in-stent restenosis. To date, data from randomized trials of alternative drug coatings are lacking. The aim of the randomized Malaysian and German-Swiss randomized trials was to investigate a novel sirolimus-coated balloon (SCB) compared with a PCB in in-stent restenosis. METHODS: One hundred one patients with drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis were enrolled in 2 identical randomized trials comparing the novel SCB (SeQuent SCB, 4 μg/mm²) with the clinically proven PCB (SeQuent Please, 3 μg/mm²). Primary end point was angiographic late lumen loss at 6 months. Secondary end points included procedural success, major adverse cardiac events, and individual clinical end points such as stent thrombosis, cardiac death, target lesion myocardial infarction, clinically driven target lesion revascularization, and binary restenosis. RESULTS: Quantitative coronary angiography revealed no differences in baseline parameters. After 6 months, in-segment late lumen loss was 0.25±0.57 mm in the PCB group versus 0.26±0.60 mm in the SCB group. Mean difference between SCB and PCB was 0.01 (95% CI, -0.23 to 0.24). Noninferiority at a predefined margin of 0.35 was shown. Clinical events up to 12 months did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: This first-in man comparison of a novel SCB with a crystalline coating showed similar angiographic and clinical outcomes in the treatment of coronary drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis compared with PCB. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT02996318, NCT03242096.

Scale Inhibitor Adsorption/Desorption vs. Precipitation: The Potential for Extending Squeeze Life While Minimising Formation Damage M.M. Jordan; M.M. Jordan Heriot-Watt University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar K.S. Sorbie; K.S. Sorbie Heriot-Watt University Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar P. Griffin; P. Griffin Enterprise Oil plc Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar S. Hennessey; S. Hennessey LASMO North Sea Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar K.E. Hourston; K.E. Hourston Total Oil Marine plc Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar P. Waterhouse P. Waterhouse Oil and Gas Consultancy Services Ltd. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE European Formation Damage Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, May 1995. Paper Number: SPE-30106-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/30106-MS Published: May 15 1995 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Jordan, M.M., Sorbie, K.S., Griffin, P., Hennessey, S., Hourston, K.E., and P. Waterhouse. "Scale Inhibitor Adsorption/Desorption vs. Precipitation: The Potential for Extending Squeeze Life While Minimising Formation Damage." Paper presented at the SPE European Formation Damage Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, May 1995. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/30106-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE European Formation Damage Conference and Exhibition Search Advanced Search AbstractIn this paper, results are presented from a series of scale inhibitor core flood experiments using oil reconditioned reservoir cores from four North Sea fields. Phosphonate, poly phosphino carboxylic acid, poly acrylic acid and sulphonated acrylic acid scale inhibitors were used in order to evaluate their performance prior to field squeeze application. Different methods of application were considered including both (i) adsorption/desorption and (ii) precipitation/redissolution type squeeze treatments. The return profiles for the different types of applications and the different chemistries are compared as are the observed formation damage effects. The advantages and disadvantages are outline for these two mechanism in terms of the extending squeeze lifetime vs potential for formation damage.It is intend that this paper contributes to the development of better designed and safer field applications of both adsorption and precipitation scale inhibitor squeeze treatments in the light of individual reservoir petrography and petrophysical properties.IntroductionScale inhibitor "squeeze" treatments provide one of the most common and efficient methods for preventing the formation of sulphate and carbonate scales in producer wells. Two types of inhibitor squeeze treatment can be carried out where the intention is either:to adsorb the inhibitor by a physical- chemical process using an acid phosphonate or a polymeric material; orto extend the squeeze lifetime by precipitation (or phase separation) which is commonly carried out by adjusting the solution chemistry ([Ca2+], pH, temperature) of a polymeric inhibitor solution e.g. poly phosphinocarboxylic acid.The procedure for applying such chemical treatments normally involves the following six stages;a "spearhead" package (a demulsifer and/or a surfactant) is injected which is thought to increase the water- wetness of the formation;a dilute inhibitor preflush is often applied to push the spearhead into the formation and, in some cases, to cool the near wellbore region;the main treatment is injected which contains the inhibitor chemical, normally in the concentration range 2.5% to 20%;the brine overflush is applied which is designed to push the main treatment to the desired depth in the formation away from the wellborea shut-in or soak period (usually 6 - 24 hours) is allowed which is the time when the pumping of the overflush stops and the inhibitor adsorbs (e.g. phosphonate) or precipitates (e.g. poly phosphinocarboxylic acid) onto the rock substrate;finally, the well is brought back on production.During the squeeze process, several chemical and physical processes may affect the inhibitor adsorption and phase separation characteristics. In addition, these same factors may be responsible for various types of damage in the reservoir formation.Adsorption of scale inhibitors is thought to occur through electrostatic and van der Waals interactions between the inhibitor and formation minerals. For phosphonates or polymers, it is known that this process may be described by an adsorption isotherm, (C), which is a function of pH, temperature, mineral substrate, molecular weight and cation concentration. The precise form of (C) determines the squeeze lifetime, as has been described in detail in a number of previous papers. The "precipitation squeeze" process is based on the formation of a gel-like inhibitor-cation complex, usually of a polymeric scale inhibitor, within the formation.P. 287 Keywords: production chemistry, oilfield chemistry, squeeze lifetime, hydrate remediation, adsorption treatment, paraffin remediation, formation damage, squeeze treatment, remediation of hydrates, hydrate inhibition Subjects: Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology, Inhibition and remediation of hydrates, scale, paraffin / wax and asphaltene This content is only available via PDF. 1995. Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.

Abstract Scale inhibitor "squeeze" treatments are used extensively to control problems with downhole carbonate and sulphate scale formation. The return curve from an adsorption/desorption squeeze is governed by the inhibitor/rock interaction which, in turn, is described by the adsorption isotherm. Several factors, such as pH, [Ca2+], temperature, rock mineralogy etc, affect the adsorption level and the shape of the adsorption isotherm. However, these same factors may also lead to deleterious effects in terms of both formation damage and inhibitor solution effectiveness; the latter effect is referred to in this work as "fluid damage". In this paper, results and discussion are presented on the potential for formation damage and inhibitor fluid damage when acid phosphonates are applied in clastic reservoir formations. Results are presented from an extensive series of phosphonate (DETPMP) scale inhibitor core flooding experiments using Brent Group (North Sea) sandstone cores as the adsorbing substrate. Careful effluent analysis along with detailed petrography and permeability measurement before and after core flooding are shown to be invaluable in assessing the degree of formation damage (and "fluid damage") arising due to several factors. Most of the points raised here are quite general and they are illustrated by the specific field results. This work therefore contributes to the development of safer field applications of scale inhibitor squeeze treatments in the light of individual reservoir petrography.

Abstract Aqueous based scale inhibitor squeeze treatments have been routinely deployed on Total Oil Marine’s North Alwyn field for many years. More recently, declining reservoir pressure in parts of the field, coupled to poor reservoir communication has led to a considerable increase in the time required to bring treated wells back onto production. On subsea well 3/4a-15s, it was anticipated that extended shut-in periods would be required to allow sufficient pressure build up for production restart following a platform squeeze. To minimise deferred oil cost associated with scale inhibitor treatments an alternative deployment technique has been applied to treat subsea wells such as 3/4a-15s on North Alwyn. A weighted solid scale inhibitor capsule, suspended in a carrier brine has been pumped to the wellhead and allowed to fall, under gravity into the sump. On reaching the sump, the diffusion of scale inhibitor from the capsule established a concentration gradient, which delivered a near constant level of inhibitor over the lifetime of the treatment. The subsea well on North Alwyn treated using this technique returned to production in less than 24 hours. In addition, the encapsulated inhibitor treatments have out-performed previous squeeze treatments, protecting a large volume of water to the minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC). This paper will describe the concept of the delivery system, details of the treatments and present the return profiles.

Phosphonate Scale Inhibitor Adsorption/Desorption and the Potential for Formation Damage in Reconditioned Field Core M. M. Jordan; M. M. Jordan Heriot-Watt U. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar K. S. Sorbie; K. S. Sorbie Heriot-Watt U. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Ping Jiang; Ping Jiang Heriot-Watt U. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Ming Dong Yuan; Ming Dong Yuan Heriot-Watt U. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar A. C. Todd; A. C. Todd Heriot-Watt U. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar K. E. Hourston K. E. Hourston Total Oil Marine PLC Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium, Lafayette, Louisiana, February 1994. Paper Number: SPE-27389-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/27389-MS Published: February 07 1994 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Get Permissions Search Site Citation Jordan, M. M., Sorbie, K. S., Jiang, Ping, Yuan, Ming Dong, Todd, A. C., and K. E. Hourston. "Phosphonate Scale Inhibitor Adsorption/Desorption and the Potential for Formation Damage in Reconditioned Field Core." Paper presented at the SPE Formation Damage Control Symposium, Lafayette, Louisiana, February 1994. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/27389-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control Search Advanced Search Abstract Scale inhibitor "squeeze" treatments are used extensively to control problems with downhole carbonate and sulphate scale formation. The return curve from an adsorption/desorption squeeze is governed by the inhibitor/rock interaction which, in turn, is described by the adsorption isotherm. Several factors, such as pH, [Ca2+], temperature, rock mineralogy etc, affect the adsorption level and the shape of the adsorption isotherm. However, these same factors may also lead to deleterious effects in terms of both formation damage and inhibitor solution effectiveness; the latter effect is referred to in this work as "fluid damage".In this paper, results and discussion are presented on the potential for formation damage and inhibitor fluid damage when acid phosphonates are applied in clastic reservoir formations. Results are presented from an extensive series of phosphonate (DETPMP) scale inhibitor core flooding experiments using Brent Group (North Sea) sandstone cores as the adsorbing substrate. Careful effluent analysis along with detailed petrography and permeability measurement before and after core flooding are shown to be invaluable in assessing the degree of formation damage (and "fluid damage") arising due to several factors. Most of the points raised here are quite general and they are illustrated by the specific field results. This work therefore contributes to the development of safer field applications of scale inhibitor squeeze treatments in the light of individual reservoir petrography. Keywords: quartz, concentration, asphaltene inhibition, wax remediation, carbonate, kaolinite, upstream oil & gas, precipitation, asphaltene remediation, reservoir characterization Subjects: Production Chemistry, Metallurgy and Biology, Reservoir Characterization, Formation Evaluation & Management, Inhibition and remediation of hydrates, scale, paraffin / wax and asphaltene Copyright 1994, Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.

Abstract A novel photonic terahertz measurement system based on a frequency‐modulated continuous‐wave (FMCW) radar approach is presented. In previous works, fast frequency modulation has been demonstrated in connection with a continuous wave terahertz spectroscopy setup based on the photomixing principle. In this paper, a terahertz radar based on both a photomixing transmitter and a photomixing receiver, in contrast to the rigid spectroscopy approach, is reported. Hereby, frequency modulation bandwidths of more than 1.65 THz in radar operation is achieved. This corresponds to an order of magnitude more than what is previously achieved by terahertz radar systems. At the same time, measurement rates can be achieved that are comparable with radar systems based on Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) according to the current state of the art. Within the scope of the work, two operating modes are realized, one with a measurement rate of about 560 Hz at 600 GHz modulation bandwidth and one with 200 Hz at 1.65 THz modulation bandwidth, which can be set within the spectrum from 50 GHz to about 4.5 THz. The possibility to adjust the operating range of the radar without necessary hardware adaptations is another unique feature of the presented system, which allows the operator to choose a suitable frequency band that corresponds best to a certain measurement scheme via software settings. Besides the potential for multi‐layer thickness inspections, the capabilities of this technique for terahertz imaging applications are presented.

The numerous mineral distinctions of the various rocks composing the Alps, and their separation into more or less crystalline masses, were the chief objects of the researches of the illustrious De Saussure; and some time elapsed before it was thought possible to bring these mountains into anything like a comparison with the sedimentary deposits of other parts of Europe, the determination of which had been established by their normal order of position and their imbedded organic remains. As soon however as Brochant (1808) declared his belief, that large crystalline masses of the Central and Savoy Alps, which had previously been considered of primary age, belonged to the earlier sedimentary or transition period, a new field of research was prepared; and Dr. Buckland made a still more important step, in a very able essay, wherein he boldly synchronized, in a general manner, the so-called transition rocks of Brochant, with our secondary British types*. Stimulated by such examples, and also by the researches of Brongniart, Von Buch, E. de Beaumont, Boue, Lill von Lilienstein and others. Professor Sedgwick and myself published our views in a memoir in the Transactions of the Geological Society†, accompanied by a general geological map of the Eastern Alps. Since that period, however, much progress having been made, by applying to this chain the more accurate knowledge of the order of equivalent formations, I had the strongest desire to revisit my old ground, to compare it with those regions of the Alps formerly unexplored by me, yet rendered

There are 3 Food and Drug Administration-approved botulinum toxin formulations now being successfully used for treatment in the upper face. The most common areas for botulinum toxin treatment are the upper face, including the glabella, forehead, brows, and lateral canthal lines or crow's feet. The frozen look is no more desired in patients. Thus, physicians are more commonly individualizing dosage based on the patient's variation in anatomy, muscle mass, asymmetry, and, most importantly, desired outcome.