UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning

Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study

The costs of preparing different small-volume injectables (SVIs) in a centralized i.v. admixture pharmacy in a 650-bed teaching hospital were calculated using a microcosting method. The types of SVIs produced and methods of preparation were identified. Time-and-motion and work-sampling studies were performed to determine the amount of pharmacist and technician time spent in SVI production, auxiliary activities, and nonproductive activities. The costs of material and equipment used were calculated, and waste-cost factors based on percentages of wasted SVIs were determined. To determine the final cost per unit prepared, the calculated costs were added and multiplied by the appropriate waste factors. On the average, it took 5.57 minutes of total personnel time to prepare an SVI. It took an average of 192.4 seconds and 16.6 seconds for the technicians and pharmacists, respectively, to reconstitute a vial of powder and prepare an SVI in a minibag. Bulk prepacked items and admixtures prepared from vials of powder for reconstitution and stored in minibags were, respectively, the least and most expensive SVIs. By using microcosting methods to determine the cost of preparing SVIs, this institution discovered that the cost figures were much higher than it had anticipated. These data can be used to improve productivity and cost efficiency and to compare the costs of in-house and commercially available preparations.

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The costs of preparing different small-volume injectables (SVIs) in a centralized i.v. admixture pharmacy in a 650-bed teaching hospital were calculated using a microcosting method. The types of SVIs produced and methods of preparation were identified. Time-and-motion and work-sampling studies were performed to determine the amount of pharmacist and technician time spent in SVI production, auxiliary activities, and nonproductive activities. The costs of material and equipment used were calculated, and waste-cost factors based on percentages of wasted SVIs were determined. To determine the final cost per unit prepared, the calculated costs were added and multiplied by the appropriate waste factors. On the average, it took 5.57 minutes of total personnel time to prepare an SVI. It took an average of 192.4 seconds and 16.6 seconds for the technicians and pharmacists, respectively, to reconstitute a vial of powder and prepare an SVI in a minibag. Bulk prepacked items and admixtures prepared from vials of powder for reconstitution and stored in minibags were, respectively, the least and most expensive SVIs. By using microcosting methods to determine the cost of preparing SVIs, this institution discovered that the cost figures were much higher than it had anticipated. These data can be used to improve productivity and cost efficiency and to compare the costs of in-house and commercially available preparations.

In order to improve the safety of information system, the method of SVM based on statistics learning theory is used in the intrusion detection system, which ensures that SVM classifier has the higher accuracy in the absence of transcendent knowledge, and achieve the aim that SVM can accurately predict the abnormal state of system. By the use of this method, the limitation of traditional machine learning method is avoided and ensure the stronger extension ability.,which make intrusion detection system to have the bet- ter detecting performance.

E Este artigo discute a história e a situação linguística atual do português santomense e do português principense (PST e PP). O surgimento dessas variedades em São Tomé e Príncipe (STP) remonta ao estabelecimento colonial do português em um ambiente plurilíngue, bem como ao seu desenvolvimento inicial como segunda língua, e, posteriormente, como língua materna adquirida pelos nativos. Ademais, a partir de dados coletados in loco, o artigo apresenta um breve panorama sincrônico de alguns processos fonológicos, a saber: nasalização, alternância do rótico, vocalização e apagamento segmental, observados no PST e no PP. A análise de fatores históricos, sociais e linguísticos nos permite concluir que, em STP, é evidente o desenvolvimento de variedades locais próprias, as quais, embora ainda careçam de uma descrição e sistematização linguística robusta, são dotadas de traços linguísticos identitários.

The positioning Precision testing methods of CORS were introduced in detail.Based on the testing method of static fixed point and the method of comparing with the post-processing positioning result,the paper put forward land regular geometrical track kinematic testing method and fixed baseline length relative testing method.The testing resulted of a CORS system obtained with the former three methods show that the proposed method are valid and fit to the general precision testing of most CORS system.

Abstract Where microbes colonizing skin surface may help maintain organism homeostasis, those that invade living skin layers cause disease. In bats, white-nose syndrome is a fungal skin infection that affects animals during hibernation and may lead to mortality in severe cases. Here, we inferred the amount of fungus that had invaded skin tissue of diseased animals. We used simulations to estimate the unobserved disease severity in a non-lethal wing punch biopsy and to relate the simulated pathology to the measured fungal load in paired biopsies. We found that a single white-nose syndrome skin lesion packed with spores and hyphae of the causative agent, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, contains 48.93 pg of the pathogen DNA, which amounts to about 1560 P. destructans genomes in one skin lesion. Relating the information to the known UV fluorescence in Nearctic and Palearctic bats shows that Nearctic bats carry about 1.7 μg of fungal DNA per cm 2 , whereas Palearctic bats have 0.04 μg cm −2 of P. destructans DNA. With the information on the fungal load that had invaded the host skin, the researchers can now calculate disease severity as a function of invasive fungal growth using non-destructive UV light transillumination of each bat □s wing membranes. Our results will enable and promote thorough disease severity assessment in protected bat species without the need for extensive animal and laboratory labor sacrifices.

A system framework model with different layers and independent components was designed,The Spring Framework based on IoC mode was adopted to realize the NMS bease on Web.Then shortening development course,enhancing software' s quality and making modules of system coupling loosely each other.

CHINA’S long-standing one-child policy has meant that an only child’s education has always been a matter of primary importance to Chinese families. But while children under three were in the past encouraged to play freely and develop physically, the growing popularity of early childhood education has meant that infants as young as six months are being en- rolled in pre-school classes.

In just two decades, a desolate stretch of salina by the Bohai Sea has become the stamping ground for international investors.

IN Ganbai residential courtyard in Beijing’s Dongcheng District, four dust-bins bearing distinctive labels are lined up side by side: kitchen leftovers, recyclable rubbish, batteries and other waste. More than half of the capital’s residential communities now sort rubbish in this way. As the Chinese economy grows, garbage disposal becomes an ever more press-ing environmental issue. Though the government has invested a huge amount of capital in building new garbage disposal plants, the treatment of refuse still cannot keep up with the amount of waste being generated. As a result, the Chinese people have been compelled to seek new garbage treatment methods. The sorting of waste allows recycled rubbish to be used as raw material in renewable resource processing plants. Non-recyclable waste is sent to garbage dis-posal plants, where advanced technology is used to treat it and produce energy. By these means, China is beginning to tackle its immense garbage disposal problem.

CHINA'S economic boom has been a focus of world attention For more than a decade. Its GDP having increased almost 13-Fold in the past 15 years, economy and development are two of the most Frequently heard buzzwords in the Chinese media. is also holding its own within the global economy. and in 2004 was the number one contributor to global trade growth. Products Made in China are to be seen in every country in the world, as are Chinese investors. The rapidly growing Chinese economy has indisputably brought with it improvements to living standards, but has also engendered social problems. At the Fourth Session of the Tenth National People's Congress. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao listed in his 2006 government work report the problems that have emerged in the past five years of economic and social development. They are: an irrational economic structure; lack of motivation to innovate: excessive consumption of energy resources; alarmingly high environmental pollution; uneven regional development and a widening income gap; and sluggish promotion of social welfare. In order to solve these problems, the Chinese government has proposed a new pattern of economic growth whose emphasis is on social development and conserving energy and resources. Within this new development mode, economic growth will depend less on resource consumption and more on technological and human resources. In the past, the government sacrificed rural interests in order to boost industrial development in urban areas. Its current plan is to invest in and channel funds towards stimulating the rural economy, and also to make various public services available throughout China's vast countryside.

Two methods of measure frequency are introduced,and based on these methods,the measuring accuracy is increased with aid of frequency division technique.Finally,a frequency measurement device is realized for SAW CO gas sensors using this principle.

AbstractThe Himalayan region of Ladakh located between the high and lofty mountain ranges forms a strategic border area. Located at a junction point, it shares its borders with Pakistan and China. From the earliest times, the frontier region of Ladakh acted as an important area that connected Central Asia and South Asia. It was used as a trade route in the overland trade which existed for centuries exerting socio-economic developments. The famous ‘Silk Route’ which connected Central Asia with Europe during the 1st and 2nd century A.D passed through Ladakh. Thus, lying on the main trade route from South Asia across the Karakoram to Central Asia, the region became a meeting point of different cultures, languages and religions. The broad trade that took place through Ladakh acted as a meeting ground of different civilisations and people. The historical trade brought diverse groups together and created highly cosmopolitan markets exhibiting intercultural contact.

This article analyzed the principle of zero-cross-over triggering and introduced how to realize the software and hardware in the electric upsetting.Furthermore,it put up frequency spectrum analysis based on Labview.Analysis result demonstrated that the cir-cuit made the power contaminate hardly and had some practice value without DC component.

Chinese students are traditionally under intense pressure to attain the highest academic scores possible.Ongoing reforms of the exam-centric education system are geared towards alleviating the intolerable psychological strain this puts on them.

This January 15,a team of fifteen young Chinese people headed for myanmar to work as volunteers in the sectors of agricultural technology,agricultural equipment manufacture,agricultural software devel- opment and rice quality analysis,also to teach swim- ming.Having lived in this beautiful,unspoilt country for six months,they have many stories to tell.

Character strengths are positive personal attributes, which are manifested in individuals’ behaviors, thoughts, and feelings (Peterson & Seligman, 2004). In 2004, Peterson and Seligman have identified 24 character strengths, which are valued over time, and across cultures and religions. In 2011, Seligman has presented these 24 character strengths as the cornerstones of all five components of the flourishing life. He proposed that by identification, exploration, and deployment of personal character strengths, individuals can experience positive emotions, engagement, positive relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (Seligman, 2011). Accordingly, character strengths were expected to be important contributors to human thriving in various life arenas, including at work. By using valid empirical methodologies, research on character strengths at work provides insights into connections, effects, and antecedents of individuals' character strengths deployment in the context of work, the mechanisms through which the use of character strengths at work operate, and ways in which they can be enhanced and developed. This research has accumulated over the years and the time is now ripe for an overview of what has been learned about character strengths at work. In this symposium we present the role of strengths use in the workplace by showing its personal and organizational benefits, provide practical implications on developing employee strengths use and how to do so. Thus, this symposium advances theory and research on workplace strength use, and positive organizational behavior as a field of study in management research (e.g. Cameron, Dutton, & Quinn, 2003). Such an integrative overview can be beneficial for researchers and practitioners, as it will point to key effects and processes related to character strengths at work, which should be considered in future research, as well as in managerial and self-oriented practices at work. Using Character Strengths at Work: Theoretical Framework and Related Evidence Presenter: Hadassah Littman-Ovadia; Department of Social Sciences and Psychology, Ariel U. Transactive Strengths Systems: Considering Strengths Use in Organizations as a Multilevel Construc Presenter: Marianne Van Woerkom; Tilburg U. Presenter: Maria Christina Meyers; Tilburg U. Presenter: Arnold Bakker; Erasmus U. Rotterdam Supporting Employees in the Use of their Strengths at Work: Exploring Boundary Conditions Presenter: Maria Christina Meyers; Tilburg U. The Role of Strengths Use in Leaders for Leaders and Subordinates Work Engagement and Strain Presenter: Claudia Harzer; Technical U. Darmstadt, Department of Psychology Presenter: Kathrin Rosing; U. of Kassel Well-Being and Performance at Work: Could Character Strengths be Part of the Solution? Presenter: Philippe Dubreuil; Business School, U. du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Canada Presenter: Claudia Harzer; Technical U. Darmstadt, Department of Psychology

Total synthesis of ethyl apovincaminate for cerebrovascular diseases is reported. Some literature methods were used and improved. Intermediate lactone Ⅷ, amide Ⅸ and addition product Ⅺ were obtained in yields of 99.1%, 99.8% and 56.7% respectively. The overall yield was 15.5%, based on tryptamine Ⅳ. Ethyl ( + )-apovincaminate was obtained after the successful resolution.