University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa

Baron and Kenny's procedure for determining if an independent variable affects a dependent variable through some mediator is so well known that it is used by authors and requested by reviewers almost reflexively. Many research projects have been terminated early in a research program or later in the review process because the data did not conform to Baron and Kenny's criteria, impeding theoretical development. While the technical literature has disputed some of Baron and Kenny's tests, this literature has not diffused to practicing researchers. We present a nontechnical summary of the flaws in the Baron and Kenny logic, some of which have not been previously noted. We provide a decision tree and a step-by-step procedure for testing mediation, classifying its type, and interpreting the implications of findings for theory building and future research.

Version 3.1 of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) has been released. More than 6000 scientists worldwide are currently using this free, public domain collection of UNIX tools that contains programs serving a variety of research functions. GMT allows users to manipulate (x,y) and (x,y,z) data, and generate PostScript illustrations, including simple x‐y diagrams, contour maps, color images, and artificially illuminated, perspective, and/or shaded‐relief plots using a variety of map projections (see Wessel and Smith [1991] and Wessel and Smith [1995], for details.). GMT has been installed under UNIX on most types of workstations and both IBM‐compatible and Macintosh personal computers.

There is clear evidence that parents can and do influence children. There is equally clear evidence that children’s genetic makeup affects their own behavioral characteristics, and also influences the way they are treated by their parents. Twin and ...Read More

Richard Schmidt presents on the role of consciousness in second language learning at the 1988 Second Language Research Forum (SLRF) held in at the University of Hawai‘i.

The potential of the diverse chemistries present in natural products (NP) for biotechnology and medicine remains untapped because NP databases are not searchable with raw data and the NP community has no way to share data other than in published papers. Although mass spectrometry (MS) techniques are well-suited to high-throughput characterization of NP, there is a pressing need for an infrastructure to enable sharing and curation of data. We present Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS; http://gnps.ucsd.edu), an open-access knowledge base for community-wide organization and sharing of raw, processed or identified tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry data. In GNPS, crowdsourced curation of freely available community-wide reference MS libraries will underpin improved annotations. Data-driven social-networking should facilitate identification of spectra and foster collaborations. We also introduce the concept of 'living data' through continuous reanalysis of deposited data.

Full list of authors: Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Lim, Pey Lian; Earl, Nicholas; Starkman, Nathaniel; Bradley, Larry; Shupe, David L.; Patil, Aarya A.; Corrales, Lia; Brasseur, C. E.; Noethe, Maximilian; Donath, Axel; Tollerud, Erik; Morris, Brett M.; Ginsburg, Adam; Vaher, Eero; Weaver, Benjamin A.; Tocknell, James; Jamieson, William; van Kerkwijk, Marten H.; Robitaille, Thomas P.; Merry, Bruce; Bachetti, Matteo; Gunther, H. Moritz; Aldcroft, Thomas L.; Alvarado-Montes, Jaime A.; Archibald, Anne M.; Bodi, Attila; Bapat, Shreyas; Barentsen, Geert; Bazan, Juanjo; Biswas, Manish; Boquien, Mederic; Burke, D. J.; Cara, Daria; Cara, Mihai; Conroy, Kyle E.; Conseil, Simon; Craig, Matthew W.; Cross, Robert M.; Cruz, Kelle L.; D'Eugenio, Francesco; Dencheva, Nadia; Devillepoix, Hadrien A. R.; Dietrich, Jorg P.; Eigenbrot, Arthur Davis; Erben, Thomas; Ferreira, Leonardo; Foreman-Mackey, Daniel; Fox, Ryan; Freij, Nabil; Garg, Suyog; Geda, Robel; Glattly, Lauren; Gondhalekar, Yash; Gordon, Karl D.; Grant, David; Greenfield, Perry; Groener, Austen M.; Guest, Steve; Gurovich, Sebastian; Handberg, Rasmus; Hart, Akeem; Hatfield-Dodds, Zac; Homeier, Derek; Hosseinzadeh, Griffin; Jenness, Tim; Jones, Craig K.; Joseph, Prajwel; Kalmbach, J. Bryce; Karamehmetoglu, Emir; Kaluszynski, Mikolaj; Kelley, Michael S. P.; Kern, Nicholas; Kerzendorf, Wolfgang E.; Koch, Eric W.; Kulumani, Shankar; Lee, Antony; Ly, Chun; Ma, Zhiyuan; MacBride, Conor; Maljaars, Jakob M.; Muna, Demitri; Murphy, N. A.; Norman, Henrik; O'Steen, Richard; Oman, Kyle A.; Pacifici, Camilla; Pascual, Sergio; Pascual-Granado, J.; Patil, Rohit R.; Perren, Gabriel, I; Pickering, Timothy E.; Rastogi, Tanuj; Roulston, Benjamin R.; Ryan, Daniel F.; Rykoff, Eli S.; Sabater, Jose; Sakurikar, Parikshit; Salgado, Jesus; Sanghi, Aniket; Saunders, Nicholas; Savchenko, Volodymyr; Schwardt, Ludwig; Seifert-Eckert, Michael; Shih, Albert Y.; Jain, Anany Shrey; Shukla, Gyanendra; Sick, Jonathan; Simpson, Chris; Singanamalla, Sudheesh; Singer, Leo P.; Singhal, Jaladh; Sinha, Manodeep; Sipocz, Brigitta M.; Spitler, Lee R.; Stansby, David; Streicher, Ole; Sumak, Jani; Swinbank, John D.; Taranu, Dan S.; Tewary, Nikita; Tremblay, Grant R.; De Val-Borro, Miguel; Vasovic, Zlatan; Van Kooten, Samuel J.; Verma, Shresth; Cardoso, Jose Vinicius de Miranda; Williams, Peter K. G.; Wilson, Tom J.; Winkel, Benjamin; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; Xue, Rui; Yoachim, Peter; Zhang, Chen; Zonca, Andrea; Astropy Project Contributors; TARDIS Collaboration; Astropy Coordination Comm.--This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

This second edition is an extensive revision of this successful text. Like the first edition, it surveys the major approaches and methods in language teaching, such as grammar translation, audiolingualism, communicative language teaching, and the natural approach. The text examines each approach and method in terms of its theory of language and language learning, goals, syllabus, teaching activities, teacher and learner roles, materials, and classroom techniques. The second edition includes new chapters on topics such as whole language, multiple intelligences, neurolinguistic programming, competency-based language teaching, cooperative language learning, content-based instruction, task-based language teaching, and the Post-Methods Era. Teachers and teachers-in-training will enjoy reading this comprehensive survey and analysis of the major and minor teaching methods used around the world. The book seeks not only to clarify the assumptions behind these methods and their similarities and differences, but also to help teachers explore their own beliefs and practices in language teaching.

Finding the relationship between two coordinate systems using pairs of measurements of the coordinates of a number of points in both systems is a classic photogrammetric task. It finds applications in stereophotogrammetry and in robotics. I present here a closed-form solution to the least-squares problem for three or more points. Currently various empirical, graphical, and numerical iterative methods are in use. Derivation of the solution is simplified by use of unit quaternions to represent rotation. I emphasize a symmetry property that a solution to this problem ought to possess. The best translational offset is the difference between the centroid of the coordinates in one system and the rotated and scaled centroid of the coordinates in the other system. The best scale is equal to the ratio of the root-mean-square deviations of the coordinates in the two systems from their respective centroids. These exact results are to be preferred to approximate methods based on measurements of a few selected points. The unit quaternion representing the best rotation is the eigenvector associated with the most positive eigenvalue of a symmetric 4 × 4 matrix. The elements of this matrix are combinations of sums of products of corresponding coordinates of the points.

Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) is an open‐source software package for the analysis and display of geoscience data, helping scientists to analyze, interpolate, filter, manipulate, project, and plot time series and gridded data sets. The GMT toolbox includes about 80 core and 40 supplemental program modules sharing a common set of command options, file structures, and documentation. Its power to process data and produce publication‐quality graphic presentations has made it vital to a large scientific community that now includes more than 25,000 individual users. GMT's website ( http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu/ ) exceeds 20,000 visits per month, and server logs show roughly 2000 monthly downloads.

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will search for planets transiting bright and nearby stars. TESS has been selected by NASA for launch in 2017 as an Astrophysics Explorer mission. The spacecraft will be placed into a highly elliptical 13.7-day orbit around the Earth. During its 2-year mission, TESS will employ four wide-field optical charge-coupled device cameras to monitor at least 200,000 main-sequence dwarf stars with IC≈4−13 for temporary drops in brightness caused by planetary transits. Each star will be observed for an interval ranging from 1 month to 1 year, depending mainly on the star’s ecliptic latitude. The longest observing intervals will be for stars near the ecliptic poles, which are the optimal locations for follow-up observations with the James Webb Space Telescope. Brightness measurements of preselected target stars will be recorded every 2 min, and full frame images will be recorded every 30 min. TESS stars will be 10 to 100 times brighter than those surveyed by the pioneering Kepler mission. This will make TESS planets easier to characterize with follow-up observations. TESS is expected to find more than a thousand planets smaller than Neptune, including dozens that are comparable in size to the Earth. Public data releases will occur every 4 months, inviting immediate community-wide efforts to study the new planets. The TESS legacy will be a catalog of the nearest and brightest stars hosting transiting planets, which will endure as highly favorable targets for detailed investigations.

When a transaction is concluded in the marketplace, two bundles of property rights are exchanged. A bundle of rights often attaches to a physical commodity or service, but it is the value of the rights that determines the value of what is exchanged. Questions addressed to the emergence and mix of the components of the bundle of rights are prior to those commonly asked by economists. Economists usually take the bundle of property rights as a datum and ask for an explanation of the forces determining the price and the number of units of a good to which these rights attach.

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection of adenocarcinoma of the stomach is curative in less than 40 percent of cases. We investigated the effect of surgery plus postoperative (adjuvant) chemoradiotherapy on the survival of patients with resectable adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. METHODS: A total of 556 patients with resected adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction were randomly assigned to surgery plus postoperative chemoradiotherapy or surgery alone. The adjuvant treatment consisted of 425 mg of fluorouracil per square meter of body-surface area per day, plus 20 mg of leucovorin per square meter per day, for five days, followed by 4500 cGy of radiation at 180 cGy per day, given five days per week for five weeks, with modified doses of fluorouracil and leucovorin on the first four and the last three days of radiotherapy. One month after the completion of radiotherapy, two five-day cycles of fluorouracil (425 mg per square meter per day) plus leucovorin (20 mg per square meter per day) were given one month apart. RESULTS: The median overall survival in the surgery-only group was 27 months, as compared with 36 months in the chemoradiotherapy group; the hazard ratio for death was 1.35 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.66; P=0.005). The hazard ratio for relapse was 1.52 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.23 to 1.86; P<0.001). Three patients (1 percent) died from toxic effects of the chemoradiotherapy; grade 3 toxic effects occurred in 41 percent of the patients in the chemoradiotherapy group, and grade 4 toxic effects occurred in 32 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative chemoradiotherapy should be considered for all patients at high risk for recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction who have undergone curative resection.

Abstract The Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software is ubiquitous in the Earth and ocean sciences. As a cross‐platform tool producing high‐quality maps and figures, it is used by tens of thousands of scientists around the world. The basic syntax of GMT scripts has evolved very slowly since the 1990s, despite the fact that GMT is generally perceived to have a steep learning curve with many pitfalls for beginners and experienced users alike. Reducing these pitfalls means changing the interface, which would break compatibility with thousands of existing scripts. With the latest GMT version 6, we solve this conundrum by introducing a new “modern mode” to complement the interface used in previous versions, which GMT 6 now calls “classic mode.” GMT 6 defaults to classic mode and thus is a recommended upgrade for all GMT 5 users. Nonetheless, new users should take advantage of modern mode to make shorter scripts, quickly access commonly used global data sets, and take full advantage of the new tools to draw subplots, place insets, and create animations.

Plastic pollution is a planetary threat, affecting nearly every marine and freshwater ecosystem globally. In response, multilevel mitigation strategies are being adopted but with a lack of quantitative assessment of how such strategies reduce plastic emissions. We assessed the impact of three broad management strategies, plastic waste reduction, waste management, and environmental recovery, at different levels of effort to estimate plastic emissions to 2030 for 173 countries. We estimate that 19 to 23 million metric tons, or 11%, of plastic waste generated globally in 2016 entered aquatic ecosystems. Considering the ambitious commitments currently set by governments, annual emissions may reach up to 53 million metric tons per year by 2030. To reduce emissions to a level well below this prediction, extraordinary efforts to transform the global plastics economy are needed.

Observational evidence is presented to show a teleconnection between the central Pacific and East Asia during the extreme phases of ENSO cycles. This Pacific-East Asian teleconnection is confined to the lower troposphere.

KamLAND has measured the flux of ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$'s from distant nuclear reactors. We find fewer ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ events than expected from standard assumptions about ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ propagation at the 99.95% C.L. In a $162\text{ }\mathrm{\text{ton}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{r}$ exposure the ratio of the observed inverse $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay events to the expected number without ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ disappearance is $0.611\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.085\mathrm{(}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{)}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.041\mathrm{(}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{)}$ for ${\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$ energies $&gt;3.4\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{M}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$. In the context of two-flavor neutrino oscillations with CPT invariance, all solutions to the solar neutrino problem except for the ``large mixing angle'' region are excluded.

Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Atmospheric emissions and concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, making CH4 the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing, after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 depends on its shorter atmospheric\nlifetime, stronger warming potential, and variations in atmospheric growth rate over the past decade, the causes of which are still debated. Two major challenges in reducing uncertainties in the atmospheric growth rate arise from the variety of geographically overlapping CH4 sources and from the destruction of CH4 by short-lived hydroxyl radicals (OH). To address these challenges, we have established a consortium of multidisciplinary scientists under the umbrella of the Global Carbon Project to synthesize and stimulate new research aimed at improving and regularly updating the global methane budget. Following Saunois et al. (2016), we present here the second version of the living review paper dedicated to the decadal methane budget, integrating results of top-down studies (atmospheric observations within an atmospheric inverse-modelling framework) and bottom-up estimates (including process-based models for estimating land surface emissions and atmospheric chemistry, inventories of anthropogenic emissions, and data-driven extrapolations).\nFor the 2008–2017 decade, global methane emissions are estimated by atmospheric inversions (a top-down approach) to be 576 TgCH4 yr-1 (range 550–594, corresponding to the minimum and maximum estimates of the model ensemble). Of this total, 359 TgCH4 yr-1 or 60% is attributed to anthropogenic sources, that is emissions caused by direct human activity (i.e. anthropogenic emissions; range 336–376 TgCH4 yr-1 or 50 %–65 %). The mean annual total emission for the new decade (2008–2017) is 29 TgCH4 yr-1 larger than our estimate for the previous decade (2000–2009), and 24 TgCH4 yr-1 larger than the one reported in the previous budget for 2003–2012 (Saunois et al., 2016). Since 2012, global CH4 emissions have been tracking the warmest scenarios assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bottom-up methods suggest almost 30% larger global emissions (737 TgCH4 yr-1, range 594–881) than top-down inversion methods. Indeed, bottom-up estimates for natural sources such as natural wetlands, other inland water systems, and geological sources are higher than top-down estimates. The atmospheric constraints on the top-down budget suggest that at least some of these bottom-up emissions are overestimated. The latitudinal distribution of atmospheric observation-based emissions indicates a predominance of tropical emissions (∼65% of the global budget, &lt;30◦N) compared to mid-latitudes (∼30 %, 30–60◦ N) and high northern latitudes (∼4 %, 60–90◦N). The most important source of uncertainty in the methane budget is attributable to natural emissions, especially those from wetlands and other inland waters.\nSome of our global source estimates are smaller than those in previously published budgets (Saunois et al., 2016; Kirschke et al., 2013). In particular wetland emissions are about 35 TgCH4 yr-1 lower due to improved partition wetlands and other inland waters. Emissions from geological sources and wild animals are also found to be smaller by 7 TgCH4 yr-1 by 8 TgCH4 yr-1, respectively. However, the overall discrepancy between bottom-up and top-down estimates has been reduced by only 5% compared to Saunois et al. (2016), due to a higher estimate of emissions from inland waters, highlighting the need for more detailed research on emissions factors. Priorities for improving the methane budget include (i) a global, high-resolution map of water-saturated soils and inundated areas emitting methane based on a robust classification of different types of emitting habitats; (ii) further development of process-based models for inland-water emissions; (iii) intensification of methane observations at local scales (e.g., FLUXNET-CH4 measurements) and urban-scale monitoring to constrain bottom-up land surface models, and at regional scales (surface networks and satellites) to constrain atmospheric inversions; (iv) improvements of transport models and the representation of photochemical sinks in top-down inversions; and (v) development of a 3D variational inversion system using isotopic and/or co-emitted species such as ethane to improve source partitioning.\nThe data presented here can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-CH4-2019 (Saunois et al.,\n2020) and from the Global Carbon Project

In the 1960s, novel and increasingly powerful observational techniques opened up the field of high-energy astrophysics. Cosmology started to become an empirical science, and there was a resurgence in the study of general relativity. Martin Rees became a ...Read More

Informant selection is highly relevant for ethnobotanical research, as people are constantly looked upon for knowledgeand information. The purposive sampling technique is a type of non-probability sampling that is most effective when one needs to study a certain cultural domain with knowledgeable experts within. Purposive sampling may also be used with both qualitative and quantitative researchtechniques. The inherent bias of the method contributesto its efficiency, and the method stays robust even when tested against random probability sampling. Choosingthe purposive sample is fundamental to the quality of data gathered; thus, reliability and competence of the informantmust be ensured.

This study employed (and reports in detail) systematic procedures for research synthesis and meta‐analysis to summarize findings from experimental and quasi‐experimental investigations into the effectiveness of L2 instruction published between 1980 and 1998. Comparisons of average effect sizes from 49 unique sample studies reporting sufficient data indicated that focused L2 instruction results in large target‐oriented gains, that explicit types of instruction are more effective than implicit types, and that Focus on Form and Focus on Forms interventions result in equivalent and large effects. Further findings suggest that the effectiveness of L2 instruction is durable and that the type of outcome measures used in individual studies likely affects the magnitude of observed instructional effectiveness. Generalizability of findings is limited because the L2 type‐of‐instruction domain has yet to engage in rigorous empirical operationalization and replication of its central research constructs. Changes in research practices are recommended to enhance the future accumulation of knowledge about the effectiveness of L2 instruction.