University of Maine at Augusta

This study examined emotion management skills in addition to the role of emotional intensity and self-efficacy in emotion regulation in 26 children with anxiety disorders (ADs) ages 8 to 12 years and their counterparts without any form of psychopathology. Children completed the Children's Emotion Management Scales (CEMS) and Emotion Regulation Interview (ERI), and mothers reported on their children's emotion regulation using the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC). Results indicated that children who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (4th ed., American Psychiatric Association, 1994) criteria for an anxiety disorder had difficulty managing worried, sad, and anger experiences, potentially due to their report of experiencing emotions with high intensity and having little confidence in their ability to regulate this arousal. These findings indicate that emotion regulation needs to be considered centrally in research with anxious populations.

The authors examined White and Black participants' emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses to same-race or different-race evaluators, following rejecting social feedback or accepting social feedback. As expected, in ingroup interactions, the authors observed deleterious responses to social rejection and benign responses to social acceptance. Deleterious responses included cardiovascular (CV) reactivity consistent with threat states and poorer performance, whereas benign responses included CV reactivity consistent with challenge states and better performance. In intergroup interactions, however, a more complex pattern of responses emerged. Social rejection from different-race evaluators engendered more anger and activational responses, regardless of participants' race. In contrast, social acceptance produced an asymmetrical race pattern--White participants responded more positively than did Black participants. The latter appeared vigilant and exhibited threat responses. Discussion centers on implications for attributional ambiguity theory and potential pathways from discrimination to health outcomes.

The authors explored the overall effectiveness of child‐centered play therapy (CCPT) approaches through a meta‐analytic review of 52 controlled outcome studies between 1995 and 2010. Hierarchical linear modeling techniques estimated a statistically significant moderate treatment effect size (.47) for CCPT, as well as statistically significant relationships between effect size and study characteristics, including child's age, child's ethnicity, caregiver involvement, treatment integrity, publication status, and presenting issue.

Global surface temperatures continue to rise. In most surface temperature data sets, the years 2014, 2015 and again 2016 set new global heat records since the start of regular measurements. Never before have three record years occurred in a row. We show that this recent streak of record heat does not in itself provide statistical evidence for an acceleration of global warming, nor was it preceded by a 'slowdown period' with a significantly reduced rate of warming. Rather, the data are fully consistent with a steady global warming trend since the 1970s, superimposed with random, stationary, short-term variability. All recent variations in short-term trends are well within what was to be expected, based on the observed warming trend and the observed variability from the 1970s up to the year 2000. We discuss some pitfalls of statistical analysis of global temperatures which have led to incorrect claims of an unexpected or significant warming slowdown.

When sodium chloride crystallizes in an evaporitic environment, living halobacteria are entrapped within the fluid inclusions which form as the crystals develop. Trapped cells have been observed in natural salts from a marine saltern and from Lake Magadi. Entrapment occurs under both neutral and alkaline conditions. Salt crystals have been grown under controlled conditions from solutions containing pure culture suspensions of halobacteria at densities comparable to those reported from natural evaporitic habitats. Crystals formed in solutions heavily loaded with bacterial cells contained more and larger inclusions than crystals formed from sterile solutions, and thus bacterial entrapment may affect the physical characteristics of the product. Representative strains of each major grouping within the Halobacteriaceae except the genus Halococcus exhibited entrapment and survival within salt crystals. Continued motility has been demonstrated for up to three weeks after entrapment. All strains tested to date retained viability for a minimum of six months. Non-motile and non-viable cells were also entrapped.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is known as one of the most frequent endocrine diseases in women worldwide. However, this term does not completely capture the diversity of clinical signs associated with this syndrome e.g., menstrual irregularity and clinical features of androgen excess, which are though commonplace in women with PCOS, they are not included under the definition of PCOS, limited to polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). Utilizing the most globally accepted criterion used today in the diagnosis of PCOS, the authors of this article review and discuss the historical and current context of evidence as well as their limitations. This review addresses the phenotypic approach and age-dependent aspects of PCOS in adolescents, adult and peri/postmenopausal women, as presented in the NIH (1990, 2012), Rotterdam (2003), AE-PCOS Society (2006) consensuses and in the latest evidence-based international guideline (2018). Global data on the epidemiology of PCOS, including prevalence and distribution of polycystic ovarian syndrome phenotypes, is also analyzed in the article. Lastly, the authors discuss the importance and current need to perform more epidemiological studies focused on PCOS.

Twenty-seven consecutive fasciocutaneous flaps comprising skin, fat, and deep fascia have been successfully used to close a variety of defects on the lower leg and trunk. The advantages of these flaps are enumerated, and the blood supply of the deep fascia and its relationship to the tissues deep and superficial to it are described.

This study examined emotion-identification skills in 19 adolescent girls (M age=16 years, 8 months) diagnosed with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed. [DSM-IV], American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnosis of bulimia nervosa or eating disorder not otherwise specified in the bulimic spectrum, 19 age-matched girls with a DSM-IV diagnosis of unipolar depression, and 19 age-matched girls without a mental health history. Findings revealed that girls with bulimia nervosa compared to girls in the depressed and community control groups endorsed significantly greater reluctance to express emotions and inferior interoceptive awareness. Moreover, they exhibited significantly longer latencies to retrieve information regarding their emotional state in self-generated situations. When provided with a list of emotion labels, girls with bulimia endorsed significantly more labels to describe their responses to typical adolescent situations than girls in the control groups.

Inadequate blood supply of pedicle flaps results in partial necrosis, and prolonged ischemia during free-tissue transfer can result in partial or complete flap necrosis. Recent research in the field of cardiovascular surgery has shown that ischemic preconditioning (repeated brief episodes of coronary artery occlusion followed by reperfusion) improves myocardial muscle survival when the heart is subsequently subjected to prolonged ischemia. Preconditioning of skin or myocutaneous flaps as either pedicle or free flap models has never been studied. The goal of this investigation was to measure the effect of ischemic preconditioning on myocutaneous and skin flap survival areas and total necrosis rates after variable periods of global ischemia. In 220 rats, 100 transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps and 120 dorsal cutaneous flaps were randomized into treatment and control groups. The treatment flaps underwent preconditioning by three cycles of 10 minutes of pedicle clamping followed by 10 minutes of reperfusion for a total preconditioning period of 1 hour. The control flaps were perfused without clamping for 1 hour. Both control and treatment flaps then underwent global ischemia for 0, 2, 4, 6, 10, or 14 hours by pedicle clamping. Flap survival area was measured on the fifth postoperative day. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance, student's t tests, and probit analysis. Preconditioning improved survival areas of pedicle myocutaneous flaps (0-hour group) from 47 +/- 16 percent (mean percent area surviving +/- SD) to 63 +/- 5 percent. This difference was statistically significant (t test, p < 0.04). There was no statistically significant improvement in pedicle skin flap survival. For free flap models (flaps undergoing global ischemia), preconditioning increased the survival areas of skin and myocutaneous flaps (analysis of variance, p < 10(-5)). For the skin flap model, statistical significance of the survival area difference was reached at 6, 10, and 14 hours of ischemia (t test, p < 10(-4)). The magnitude of this effect was higher in the myocutaneous flap model and reached statistical significance at 2, 4, 6, and 10 hours of ischemia (p < 10(-3)). Preconditioned flap survival areas were increased by two to five times that of non-preconditioned flaps at these ischemia times. Preconditioning lowered total necrosis rates at all ischemia times for both flap models. The critical ischemia time when 50 percent of skin flaps became totally necrotic (CIT50) improved from 6.9 to 12.4 hours by preconditioning. Similarly, preconditioning improved the CIT50 of myocutaneous flaps from 3.6 to 9.2 hours. For the first time, statistically significant improvements of partial necrosis areas and total necrosis rates have been demonstrated through intraoperative ischemic preconditioning of skin and myocutaneous flaps. In clinical practice, application of this technique may lead to improved survival during pedicled or free transfer of myocutaneous flaps and free transfer of skin flaps.

Frequency: Yearly ISSN: 0015-198X eISSN: 1938-3312 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0015198X.2021.1947024 The Financial Analysts Journal has a history of publishing academic and practitioner articles on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues; many appeared decades before the terminology became common. In celebration of the 75th anniversary, the author provides brief reviews of these articles, including reflections on how the insights brought out in this collective body of work remain important today for investors’ decisions.

BACKGROUND: Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) is an established salvage therapy for severe respiratory failure, and may provide an alternative form of treatment for trauma-induced adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) when conventional treatments have failed. The need for systemic anticoagulation is a relative contraindication for patients with bleeding risks, especially in multitraumatic injury. METHODS: We describe a case series of four trauma patients with ARDS who were managed with ECMO admitted to the neuro critical care unit at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge (UK), from January 2000 to January 2016. We performed a systematic review of the available literature to investigate the safety and efficacy of vv-ECMO in posttraumatic ARDS, focusing on the use of different anticoagulation strategies and risk of bleeding on patients with multiple injuries. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were included. A heparin bolus was given in 16 cases. Eleven patients developed complications during treatment with ECMO with three cases of major bleeding. In all documented cases of bleeding a bolus and infusion of heparin was administered, aiming for an activated clotting time (ACT) target longer than 150 seconds. Two patients treated with heparin-free ECMO developed thromboembolic complications. Four patients died, and death was never directly or indirectly related to use of ECMO. CONCLUSION: vv-ECMO can be lifesaving in respiratory failure. Our experience and our literature review suggest that vv-ECMO should be considered as a rescue treatment for the management of severe hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to ARDS in trauma patients.For patients with a high risk of bleeding, the use of ECMO with no initial anticoagulation could be considered a valid option. For patients with a moderate risk of bleeding, use of a heparin infusion keeping an ACT target shorter than 150 seconds can be appropriate. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic study, level V.

To longitudinally examine cognitive-behavioral correlates of seasonal affective disorder (SAD), the authors assessed women with a history of SAD and nondepressed, matched controls across fall, winter, and summer. SAD history participants reported more automatic negative thoughts throughout the year than controls and demonstrated a progression from decreased activity enjoyment during fall to reduced activity frequency during winter. Ruminative response style, measured in fall, predicted symptom severity during the winter. Across assessments, SAD history women endorsed greater depressive affect in response to low light intensity stimuli than to bright or ambiguous intensity stimuli, but less depressed mood to bright light stimuli than controls. These results suggest that the cognitive-behavioral factors related to nonseasonal depression may play a role in SAD.

Abstract The lack of effective therapies to limit neurovascular injury in ischemic retinopathy is a major clinical problem. This study aimed to examine the role of ureohydrolase enzyme, arginase 1 (A1), in retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. A1 competes with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for their common substrate l -arginine. A1-mediated l -arginine depletion reduces nitric oxide (NO) formation by NOS leading to vascular dysfunction when endothelial NOS is involved but prevents inflammatory injury when inducible NOS is involved. Studies were performed using wild-type (WT) mice, global A1 +/ − knockout (KO), endothelial-specific A1 KO, and myeloid-specific A1 KO mice subjected to retinal IR injury. Global as well as myeloid-specific A1 KO mice showed worsened IR-induced neuronal loss and retinal thinning. Deletion of A1 in endothelial cells had no effect, while treatment with PEGylated (PEG) A1 improved neuronal survival in WT mice. In addition, A1 +/− KO mice showed worsened vascular injury manifested by increased acellular capillaries. Western blotting analysis of retinal tissue showed increased inflammatory and necroptotic markers with A1 deletion. In vitro experiments showed that macrophages lacking A1 exhibit increased inflammatory response upon LPS stimulation. PEG-A1 treatment dampened this inflammatory response and decreased the LPS-induced metabolic reprogramming. Moreover, intravitreal injection of A1 KO macrophages or systemic macrophage depletion with clodronate liposomes increased neuronal loss after IR injury. These results demonstrate that A1 reduces IR injury-induced retinal neurovascular degeneration via dampening macrophage inflammatory responses. Increasing A1 offers a novel strategy for limiting neurovascular injury and promoting macrophage-mediated repair.

Genetic changes resulting in increased life span are often positively associated with enhanced stress resistance and somatic maintenance. A recent study found that certain long-lived Caenorhabditis elegans mutants spent a decreased proportion of total life in a healthy state compared with controls, raising concerns about how the relationship between health and longevity is assessed. We evaluated seven markers of health and two health-span models for their suitability in assessing age-associated health in invertebrates using C elegans strains not expected to outperform wild-type animals. Additionally, we used an empirical method to determine the transition point into failing health based on the greatest rate of change with age for each marker. As expected, animals with mutations causing sickness or accelerated aging had reduced health span when compared chronologically to wild-type animals. Physiological health span, the proportion of total life spent healthy, was reduced for locomotion markers in chronically ill mutants, but, surprisingly, was extended for thermotolerance. In contrast, all short-lived mutants had reduced "quality-of-life" in another model recently employed for assessing invertebrate health. Results suggest that the interpretation of physiological health span is not straightforward, possibly because it factors out time and thus does not account for the added cost of extrinsic forces on longer-lived strains.

Humans are inextricably linked to each other and our natural world, and microorganisms lie at the nexus of those interactions. Microorganisms form genetically flexible, taxonomically diverse, and biochemically rich communities, i.e., microbiomes that are integral to the health and development of macroorganisms, societies, and ecosystems. Yet engagement with beneficial microbiomes is dictated by access to public resources, such as nutritious food, clean water and air, safe shelter, social interactions, and effective medicine. In this way, microbiomes have sociopolitical contexts that must be considered. The Microbes and Social Equity (MSE) Working Group connects microbiology with social equity research, education, policy, and practice to understand the interplay of microorganisms, individuals, societies, and ecosystems. Here, we outline opportunities for integrating microbiology and social equity work through broadening education and training; diversifying research topics, methods, and perspectives; and advocating for evidence-based public policy that supports sustainable, equitable, and microbial wealth for all.

The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service conducts the national forest inventory of the United States.Although FIA assembles a myriad of forest resource information, many analyses rely on the fundamental attributes of tree volume, biomass, and carbon content.Due to the chronological development of the FIA Program, numerous models and methods are currently used across the country, contingent upon the tree species and geographic location.Thus, an effort to develop nationally consistent methods for prediction of tree volume, biomass, and carbon content was undertaken.A key component of this study was amassing existing data in conjunction with collection of new data to fill information gaps related to tree size and species frequency and spatial distributions.These data were used in a modeling framework that provides compatible predictions of tree volume, biomass, and carbon content across the entire United States.National-scale comparisons to currently used methods show that only a small increase in volume occurs, but substantial increases in biomass and carbon are realized due to relatively large increases in predicted tree top/limbs biomass and carbon.Changes in tree carbon were also affected by use of newly developed species carbon fractions instead of the current constant conversion factor of 0.5.Examples of the calculations required to predict tree volume, biomass, and carbon content for commonly encountered tree conditions provide step-by-step implementation details.

Events since January 1963 have confronted participant and observer alike with a number of fundamental political questions about the European Community. How can we reconcile repeated newspaper stories about its imminent collapse because of one crisis or another with its persistence and seemingly ever more impressive accomplishments? Can the Community continue to develop in the face of major policy differences among its members? Does the existence of the Community change the ground rules and operating conditions of the relations between its members, or does it only place naïve European idealists at the mercy of more cynical, wily, and “realistic” politicians by introducing merely gentler ways of coercing or cajoling the less powerful members? Does it have any enduring impact on the political process or on political attitudes within the member states, or are such changes as occur insignificant or easily reversible?

PURPOSE: To provide nurse educators with an updated overview of advances in genetics and genomics in the context of the holistic perspective of nursing. ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK: Recent advances in genetic and genomic research, testing, therapies, and resources are presented, and the continuing importance of the family history is discussed. METHODS: Genomic nurse experts reviewed recent literature and consumer resources to elucidate updates in technology through the lens of the genetically vulnerable patient and family. FINDINGS: Genetic and genomic technologies are becoming routinely used in health care, and nurse educators will be challenged to incorporate these technologies and implications for patients and families into educational programs. CONCLUSIONS: New technology and its applications are perennial challenges to nurse educators, but the common focus for nursing, historically and geographically, is health promotion, symptom management, and disease prevention. Education for the next generation of nurses can lay a foundation in genetics and genomics that will enable interpretation and responsible integration of new technologies in a context of individual and family value systems, personal experiences, risk perception, decision consequences, and available resources. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Nurses are ideally situated to inform patients about new options in healthcare, and nurse educators are challenged to prepare their students to interpret and responsibly integrate new genetic-genomic information into practice.

The inflammatory response to viral infection in humans is a dynamic process with complex cell interactions that are governed by the immune system and influenced by both host and viral factors. Due to this complexity, the relative contributions of the virus and host factors are best studied in vivo using animal models. In this review, we describe how the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) has been used as a powerful model to study host-virus interactions and inflammation by combining robust forward and reverse genetic tools with in vivo imaging of transparent embryos and larvae. The innate immune system has an essential role in the initial inflammatory response to viral infection. Focused studies of the innate immune response to viral infection are possible using the zebrafish model as there is a 4-6 week timeframe during development where they have a functional innate immune system dominated by neutrophils and macrophages. During this timeframe, zebrafish lack a functional adaptive immune system, so it is possible to study the innate immune response in isolation. Sequencing of the zebrafish genome has revealed significant genetic conservation with the human genome, and multiple studies have revealed both functional conservation of genes, including those critical to host cell infection and host cell inflammatory response. In addition to studying several fish viruses, zebrafish infection models have been developed for several human viruses, including influenza A, noroviruses, chikungunya, Zika, dengue, herpes simplex virus type 1, Sindbis, and hepatitis C virus. The development of these diverse viral infection models, coupled with the inherent strengths of the zebrafish model, particularly as it relates to our understanding of macrophage and neutrophil biology, offers opportunities for far more intensive studies aimed at understanding conserved host responses to viral infection. In this context, we review aspects relating to the evolution of innate immunity, including the evolution of viral pattern recognition receptors, interferons and interferon receptors, and non-coding RNAs.

In the last decade, the Circular Economy (CE) has emerged as an important framing for business and policy action in support of sustainable development. In that time, there has been an explosion of academic publications, policy developments, and business activities related to the CE. Given that CE has been widely praised and adopted by policy think tanks, policy makers, and business, as a way to frame sustainable development, we think it is about time scholars from a critical sustainability perspective interrogate the CE framework from all three domains of sustainable development: economic prosperity, ecological integrity, and social well-being, with a particular focus on who wins and who loses in the CE. This double special issue of Local Environment helps to fill this long-overdue oversight with 14 papers that engage the Circular Economy both conceptually and through case study analyses. The aim of this special issue is two-fold – to expose diverse perspectives on the CE to Local Environment readers and to raise the awareness of justice considerations in CE discourse for a broader audience. It addresses the large knowledge gap in the literature by bringing together the work of scholars in different fields who are examining the role of justice and equity in the circular economy.