University of Mumbai

The concept of resistant starch (RS) has evoked new interest in the bioavailability of starch and in its use as a source of dietary fiber, particularly in adults. RS is now considered to provide functional properties and find applications in a variety of foods. Types of RS, factors influencing their formation, consequence of such formation, their methods of preparation, their methods of estimation, and health benefits have been briefly discussed in this review.

Abstract Photocatalysis is a rapidly expanding technology for wastewater treatment. In this review the chemical effects of various variables on the rate of degradation of different pollutants are discussed in detail. The effects of adsorption, temperature, intensity of light, pH, and the presence of anions, cations, etc have been specifically covered. A critical analysis of the available literature data has been made and some general conclusions have been drawn concerning the above mentioned effects. The need for more work on specific points has been brought out. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry

This review paper provides an overview of data pre-processing in Machine learning, focusing on all types of problems while building the machine learning problems. It deals with two significant issues in the pre-processing process (i). issues with data and (ii). Steps to follow to do data analysis with its best approach. As raw data are vulnerable to noise, corruption, missing, and inconsistent data, it is necessary to perform pre-processing steps, which is done using classification, clustering, and association and many other pre-processing techniques available. Poor data can primarily affect the accuracy and lead to false prediction, so it is necessary to improve the dataset's quality. So, data pre-processing is the best way to deal with such problems. It makes the knowledge extraction from the data set much easier with cleaning, Integration, transformation, and reduction methods. The issue with Data missing and significant differences in the variety of data always exists as the information is collected through multiple sources and from a real-world application. So, the data augmentation approach generates data for machine learning models. To decrease the dependency on training data and to improve the performance of the machine learning model. This paper discusses flipping, rotating with slight degrees and others to augment the image data and shows how to perform data augmentation methods without distorting the original data.

Metallic nanoparticles have fascinated scientist for over a century and are now heavily utilized in biomedical sciences and engineering. They are a focus of interest because of their huge potential in nanotechnology. Today these materials can be synthesized and modified with various chemical functional groups which allow them to be conjugated with antibodies, ligands, and drugs of interest and thus opening a wide range of potential applications in biotechnology, magnetic separation, and preconcentration of target analytes, targeted drug delivery, and vehicles for gene and drug delivery and more importantly diagnostic imaging. Moreover, various imaging modalities have been developed over the period of time such as MRI, CT, PET, ultrasound, SERS, and optical imaging as an aid to image various disease states. These imaging modalities differ in both techniques and instrumentation and more importantly require a contrast agent with unique physiochemical properties. This led to the invention of various nanoparticulated contrast agent such as magnetic nanoparticles (Fe(3)O(4)), gold, and silver nanoparticles for their application in these imaging modalities. In addition, to use various imaging techniques in tandem newer multifunctional nanoshells and nanocages have been developed. Thus in this review article, we aim to provide an introduction to magnetic nanoparticles (Fe(3)O(4)), gold nanoparticles, nanoshells and nanocages, and silver nanoparticles followed by their synthesis, physiochemical properties, and citing some recent applications in the diagnostic imaging and therapy of cancer.

Nanosuspensions have emerged as a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs because of their versatile features and unique advantages. Techniques such as media milling and high-pressure homogenization have been used commercially for producing nanosuspensions. Recently, the engineering of nanosuspensions employing emulsions and microemulsions as templates has been addressed in the literature. The unique features of nanosuspensions have enabled their use in various dosage forms, including specialized delivery systems such as mucoadhesive hydrogels. Rapid strides have been made in the delivery of nanosuspensions by parenteral, peroral, ocular and pulmonary routes. Currently, efforts are being directed to extending their applications in site-specific drug delivery.

With the development of molecular marker technology in the 1980s, the fate of plant breeding has changed. Different types of molecular markers have been developed and advancement in sequencing technologies has geared crop improvement. To explore the knowledge about molecular markers, several reviews have been published in the last three decades; however, all these reviews were meant for researchers with advanced knowledge of molecular genetics. This review is intended to be a synopsis of recent developments in molecular markers and their applications in plant breeding and is devoted to early researchers with a little or no knowledge of molecular markers. The progress made in molecular plant breeding, genetics, genomic selection and genome editing has contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of molecular markers and provided deeper insights into the diversity available for crops and greatly complemented breeding stratagems. Genotyping-by-sequencing and association mapping based on next-generation sequencing technologies have facilitated the identification of novel genetic markers for complex and unstructured populations. Altogether, the history, the types of markers, their application in plant sciences and breeding, and some recent advancements in genomic selection and genome editing are discussed.

The formation of gas bubbles and their subsequent rise due to buoyancy are very important fundamental phenomena that contribute significantly to the hydrodynamics in gas−liquid reactors. The rise of a bubble in dispersion can be associated with possible coalescence and dispersion followed by its disengagement from the system. The phenomenon of bubble formation decides the primitive bubble size in the system (which latter attains an equilibrium size), whereas the rise velocity decides the characteristic contact time between the phases which governs the interfacial transport phenomena as well as mixing. In view of their importance, we herein present a comprehensive review of bubble formation and bubble rise velocity in gas−liquid systems. The emphasis of this review is to illustrate the present status of the subjects under consideration and to highlight the possible future directions for further understanding of the subject. The bubble formation at a single submerged orifice and on multipoint sieve trays in Newtonian as well as non-Newtonian stagnant and flowing liquids is discussed in detail, which includes its mechanism as well as the effect of several system and operating parameters on the bubble size. The comparison of results has shown that the formulation of Gaddis and Vogelpohl22 is the most suitable for the estimation of bubble size in stagnant liquids. The special cases, such as bubble formation in reduced gravity conditions and weeping and in flowing liquids, are discussed in detail. The section on the rise of a gas bubble in liquid covers the various parameters governing bubble rise and their effect on the rise velocity. A comprehensive comparison of the various formulations is made by validating the predictions with experimental data for Newtonian as well as non-Newtonian liquids, published over last several decades. The results highlight that for the estimation of rise velocity in (i) pure Newtonian liquids, (ii) contaminated Newtonian liquids, and (iii) non-Newtonian liquids, the formulation based on the wave theory by Mendelson,190 Nguyen's formulation,155 and the formulation by Rodrigues,153 (last two, based on the dimensional analysis), respectively are the most suitable. The motion of bubbles in non-Newtonian liquids and the reason behind the discontinuity in the velocity are also discussed in detail. The bubble rise is also analyzed in terms of the drag coefficient for different system parameters and bubble sizes.

Bacterial cellulose, an exopolysaccharide produced by some bacteria, has unique structural and mechanical properties and is highly pure as compared to plant cellulose. This article presents a critical review of the available information on the bacterial cellulose with special emphasis on its fermentative production and applications. Information on the biosynthetic pathway of bacterial cellulose, enzymes and precursors involved in bacterial cellulose synthesis has been specified. Characteristics of bacterial cellulose with respect to its structure and physicochemical properties are discussed. Current and potential applications of bacterial cellulose in food, pharmaceutical and other industries are also presented.

Viruses are a common threat to cellular life, not the least to bacteria and archaea who constitute the majority of life on Earth. Consequently, a variety of mechanisms to resist virus infection has evolved. A recent discovery is the adaptive immune system in prokaryotes, a type of system previously thought to be present only in vertebrates. The system, called CRISPR-Cas, provide sequence-specific adaptive immunity and fundamentally affect our understanding of virus-host interaction. CRISPR-based immunity acts by integrating short virus sequences in the cell's CRISPR locus, allowing the cell to remember, recognize and clear infections. There has been rapid advancement in our understanding of this immune system and its applications, but there are many aspects that await elucidation making the field an exciting area of research. This review provides an overview of the field and highlights unresolved issues.

A mononuclear Dy(<sc>iii</sc>) complex assembled just from five water molecules and two phosphonic diamide ligands combines the advantages of high anisotropy barrier, high blocking temperature and significant coercivity, apart from its remarkable air- and moisture-stability.

Abstract Electrocatalytic water‐splitting has gained a firm hold in the area of renewable hydrogen production owing to its integrative compatibility with intermittent energy sources. However, wide‐scale implementation of this technology demands discovery of new electrode materials that strike a good balance between efficiency, stability, and cost. In the pool of inexpensive electrodes capable of catalyzing hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, metal borides/borates have made a big splash in the last decade. However, the research in this family of electrocatalysts remains unorganized owing to the diversity of reports. This review summarizes the past and present research progress in metal borides/borates for electrocatalytic water‐splitting. The fundamental reasons for electrochemical behavior in different metal borides/borates are highlighted here, also including some comments regarding erroneous practices in the performance evaluation of metal borides/borates. Various strategies used to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of metal borides/borates are discussed in detail. Different methods evolved over the years for the synthesis of metal borides/borates are also discussed. Finally, an assessment of the commercial viability of metal borides/borates is made and future research directions are suggested.

This is a summary of the 2013 release of the plasma simulation code Cloudy. Cloudy models the ionization, chemical, and thermal state of material that may be exposed to an external radiation field or other source of heating, and predicts observables such as emission and absorption spectra. It works in terms of elementary processes, so is not limited to any particular temperature or density regime. This paper summarizes advances made since the last major review in 1998. Much of the recent development has emphasized dusty molecular environments, improvements to the ionization / chemistry solvers, and how atomic and molecular data are used. We present two types of simulations to demonstrate the capability of the code. We consider a molecular cloud irradiated by an X-ray source such as an Active Nucleus and show how treating EUV recombination lines and the full SED affects the observed spectrum. A second example illustrates the very wide range of particle and radiation density that can be considered.

The progress in the design strategies and synthetic mechanisms for each class of NiFe LDH electrocatalysts as well as the key trends in structural characterizations in catalyzing the water splitting process are discussed.

In terms of cost-efficiency, biocompatibility, environmental friendliness, and scalability, green nanoparticle (NP) synthesis is a novel field of nanotechnology that outperforms both physical and chemical approaches. Plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae have lately been used to produce metals and metal oxide nanoparticles as an alternate method. The development of alternative strategies to restrict the growth of hazardous bacteria, as well as the building of resistance by germs to various antibiotics, led to the introduction of nanoparticles as novel antimicrobial agents. Metal oxides have been found to form oxide monolayer structures for drug delivery when they react with a transporter's surface. Metal oxide nanoparticles have emerged as biomedical materials in recent years, with applications in immunotherapy, tissue treatment, diagnostics, regenerative medicine, wound healing, dentistry, and biosensing platforms. Biotoxicology and its antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral characteristics were hotly contested. Metal oxide nanoparticles have tremendous applicability and commercial value, as evidenced by important discoveries in the realm of nanobiomedicine in terms of locations and amounts. This paper describes the production of nanometal oxides from various green materials, as well as their applications.

Development of triphenylamine (TPA) based hole-transporting-materials (HTMs) leading to high<italic>T</italic>_g, higher morphological stability and longevity of dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells.

Much success has been achieved with platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents, i.e. through interactions with DNA. The long-term application of Pt complexes is thwarted by issues, leading scientists to examine other metals such as palladium which could exhibit complementary modes of action (given emphasis wherever known). Over the last 10 years several research groups have focused on the application of an eclectic array of palladium complexes (of the type PdX2L2, palladacycles and related structures) as potential anti-cancer agents. This review therefore provides readers with an up to date account of the advances that have taken place over the past several decades.

In industries and academic laboratories, several late transition metal-catalyzed prerequisite reactions are widely performed during single and multistep synthesis. However, besides the desired products, these reactions lead to the generation of numerous chemical waste materials, by-products, hazardous gases, and other poisonous materials, which are discarded in the environment. This is partly responsible for the creation of global warming, resulting in climate adversities. Thus, the development of environmentally benign, cheap, easily accessible, and earth-abundant metal catalysts is desirable to minimize these issues. Certainly, iron is one of the most important metals belonging to this family. The field of iron catalysis has been explored in the last two-three decades out of its rich chemistry depending on its oxidation states and ligand cooperation. Moreover, this field has been enriched by the promising development of iron-catalyzed reactions namely, C-H bond activation, including organometallic C-H activation and C-H functionalization via outer-sphere pathway, cross-dehydrogenative couplings, insertion reactions, cross-coupling reactions, hydrogenations including hydrogen borrowing reactions, hydrosilylation and hydroboration, addition reactions and substitution reactions. Thus, herein an inclusive overview of these reaction have been well documented.

Abstract The critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of nine commercial nonionic surfactants (Tween 20, 22, 40, 60, and 80; Triton X‐100; Brij 35, 58, and 78) and two pure nonionics [C 12 (EO) 5 and C 12 (EO) 8 ] were determined by surface tension and dye micellization methods. Commercially available nonionic surfactants (technical grade) usually contain impurities and have a broad molecular weight distribution owing to the degree of ethoxylation. It was shown that the surface tension method (Wilhelmy plate) is very sensitive to the presence of impurities. Much lower CMC values were obtained with the surface tension method than with the dye micellization method (up to 6.5 times for Tween 22). In the presence of highly surfaceactive impurities, the air/liquid interface is already saturated at concentrations well below the true CMC, leading to a wrong interpretation of the break in the curve of surface tension (γ) vs. concentration of nonionic surfactant (log C). The actual onset of micellization happens at higher concentrations, as measured by the dye micellization method. Furthermore, it was shown that when a commercial surfactant sample (Tween 20) is subjected to foam fractionation, thereby removing species with higher surface activity, the sample yields almost the same CMC values as measured by surface tension and dye micellization methods. It was found that for monodisperse pure nonionic surfactants, both CMC determination methods yield the same results. Therefore, this study indicates that precaution should be taken when determining the CMC of commercial nonionic surfactants by the surface tension method, as it indicates the surface concentration of all surface‐active species at the surface only, whereas the dye method indicates the presence of micelles in the bulk solution.

A comprehensive review on the synthesis of PANI nanocomposites and their applications as gas sensors and biosensors has been presented.

Abstract Acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation can be used for a variety of applications ranging from biological applications such as cell disruption to chemical reactions such as oxidation of organic pollutants in aqueous effluents, including biorefractory toxic chemicals. Different equipment used for cavitational effects was compared based on a model reaction (decomposition of potassium iodide resulting into iodine liberation). A correlation was developed for the prediction of the cavitational yield in terms of the cavity collapse pressure. This correlation, when used with earlier correlations for the pressure amplitude generated during the violent collapse of cavities, will help design engineers to choose particular equipment, operating conditions, and geometric parameters to achieve a desired chemical change. The developed equation relating the macroscopic reaction rates with the collapse pressure is the first of its kind reported in the literature. Pilot‐plant‐scale hydrodynamic cavitation orifice plate setup is most energy‐efficient, with significantly higher cavitational yields for the model reaction.