Ural Institute of Economics, Management and Law

After uptake by host cells, the pathogen Brucella transits through early endosomes, evades phago-lysosome fusion and replicates in a compartment associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are still poorly understood. To identify new bacterial factors involved in these processes, a library of 1800 Brucella melitensis 16M mini-Tn5catkm mutants was screened for intracellular survival and multiplication in HeLa cells and J774A.1 macrophages. Thirteen mutants were identified as defective for their intracellular survival in both cell types. In 12 of them, the transposon had inserted in the virB operon, which encodes a type IV-related secretion system. The preponderance of virB mutants demonstrates the importance of this secretion apparatus in the intracellular multiplication of B. melitensis. We also examined the intracellular fate of three virB mutants (virB2, virB4 and virB9) in HeLa cells by immunofluorescence. The three VirB proteins are not necessary for penetration and the inhibition of phago-lysosomal fusion within non-professional phagocytes. Rather, the virB mutants are unable to reach the replicative niche and reside in a membrane-bound vacuole expressing the late endosomal marker, LAMP1, and the sec61beta protein from the ER membrane, proteins that are present in autophagic vesicles originating from the ER.

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

SUMMARY STATEMENT: Despite the significant role that stress plays in clinical care and education and the potential benefit of virtual reality (VR) as a simulation modality, there is a dearth of literature on stress and VR. The results of this scoping review have shown the positive effect that VR simulation can have on mitigating the negative aspects of stress during simulation and clinical training as well as improving provider performance and affect. Virtual reality technology, and immersive VR specifically, has the potential to powerfully transform how simulation education is being conducted. Because of this, the authors encourage researchers to put more focus into this topic and in determining how VR can be used to provide simulations with excellent training and a strong sense of presence for the purpose of addressing how stress can impact learners' clinical training and performance.

Many songbirds are seasonally frugivorous and eat primarily fruit during migration and insects or seeds during nonmigratory periods. Previous work has suggested that most wild fruits may have inadequate protein for birds. Assessing the nutritional adequacy of fruit requires knowing the protein requirements of birds in relation to the composition of available fruits. We tested predictions of two hypotheses: (1) interspecific differences in protein requirements of birds are related to their foraging strategy; and (2) protein requirements of birds increase with demand, for example during migratory periods of the annual cycle. We measured the protein requirements of the omnivorous Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus) and the granivorous White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) during nonmigratory and migratory stages of the annual cycle and compared the results with published estimates for other songbird species. In the nonmigratory state both species ate less, lost body mass, and had more negative nitrogen balance as dietary protein decreased. In the migratory state Hermit Thrushes lost body mass and had lower nitrogen balance but did not reduce food intake as dietary protein decreased, whereas White-throated Sparrows did not change body mass, food intake, or nitrogen balance as dietary protein decreased. Both species had lower protein requirements during migration (9.3 mg N day-1 and 15.8 mg N day1, respectively) than during nonmigratory periods (53.1 mg N day-1 and 46.0 mg N day-1, respectively) when fed a diet containing 15.9 kJ g-1. These findings may partially explain how birds can adequately refuel on protein-limited foods such as fruits during migration.

The optical absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of Li4 − x Cr3x Ti5 − 2x O12 (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04) solid solutions have been investigated. It has been found that, in the Li4Ti5O12 spinel, lithium ions migrate from tetrahedral to octahedral positions with increasing temperature. Doping of chromium to the spinel favors an increase in the fraction of tetrahedrally coordinated lithium and hinders diffusion.

The excitation spectrum of solid methane (CH 4 ) with all molecules converted to the nuclear spin state with A symmetry has been measured with incoherent inelastic neutron scattering. For energies [Formula: see text], there are no dramatic differences with samples consisting of a mixture of all three spin states A, T, and E. A qualitative understanding of the measurements is achieved by comparison with calculations of Ozaki et al.

Rapid fluid resuscitation is used to treat pediatric septic shock. However, achieving fluid delivery goals while maintaining aseptic technique can be challenging. Two methods of fluid resuscitation-the commonly used push-pull technique (PPT) and a new fluid infusion technique using the LifeFlow device (410 Medical, Inc; Durham, NC)-were compared in a simulated patient model. PPT was associated with multiple aseptic technique violations related to contamination of the syringe barrel. This study confirms the risk of PPT-associated syringe contamination and suggests that this risk could be mitigated with the use of a protected syringe system, such as LifeFlow.

OBJECTIVE: Auricular pseudocyst (AP: intracartilaginous cyst, endochondral AP, cystic chondromalacia, and benign idiopathic cystic chondromalacia) is a benign condition of unknown etiology. This report systematically reviews the published demographics, treatment protocols, and outcomes of AP between the various medical disciplines, and compares the findings to a theretofore-unreported 12-patient cohort. Primary outcome measure was AP complete resolution without recurrence. DATA SOURCE: A systematic literature search of "MEDLINE" via "PubMed" and "Google Scholar" was performed in June, 2020. The 12 new patients were enrolled between January 2016 and December 2020. STUDY SELECTION: Seventy-four papers met the study inclusion criteria and provided data on sex distribution, surgical approach and outcome, performance of approaches according to medical specialty, and recurrence rates of the reported AP populations. DATA EXTRACTION: The appropriateness and study design quality were independently assessed by two reviewers. DATA SYNTHESIS: The primary outcome was therapeutic success. A comparative analysis was also performed on the same extracted information that was retrieved from the medical files of the 12 new patients (10 men, 2 women, average age 24 yrs, range, 17-38). CONCLUSIONS: AP is not uncommon. In line with the published literature, incision and curettage with excision of the anterior pseudocystic wall (deroofing) resulted in a recurrence rate of less than 17% with good cosmetic outcome among all 12 patients. Aspiration alone was associated with increased recurrence rates. Deroofing emerged as the preferred modality, with good cosmetic outcome and reduced recurrence rate. It was usually performed by otolaryngologists, while dermatologists used more conservative approach more frequently. Incision and drainage combined with compression reduces risk of recurrence.

El uso de la vegetación como protección a la radiación solar y de generación de confort térmico en espacios exteriores no es algo nuevo, y se ha venido utilizando a lo largo de la historia, muchas veces haciéndolo de una manera correcta y otras tantas de manera incorrecta, obteniendo resultados que no son siempre los deseados. Estudios sobre el uso y comportamiento de la vegetación se han realizado con anterioridad; a su vez estudios sobre el cañón urbano y su influencia en la cantidad de radiación solar que incide sobre el plano horizontal del mismo y su relación directa con el factor de vista de cielo (de ahora en adelante SVF, por sus siglas en inglés) se han llevado a cabo. Lo que no se ha realizado es un estudio donde se consideren estas variables al mismo tiempo. El objetivo de este estudio es el análisis de cómo la presencia y la ausencia de vegetación, así como el uso de diferentes tipos de vegetación en situaciones morfológicas similares alteran la cantidad de radiación directa que incide sobre la calle y como el uso correcto de la vegetación puede ayudar a corregir lo que la morfología del cañón urbano, ayudando a la creación de un confort térmico. L'ús de la vegetació com a protecció a la radiació solar i com a generadora de benestar tèrmic en espais exteriors no és una cosa nova i s'ha utilitzat al llarg de la història, en moltes ocasions fent-ho d'una manera correcta i d'altres de manera incorrecta, obtenint resultats que no sempre són els desitjats. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi és la quantificació de la incidència de la radiació solar directa sobre el pla horitzontal d'un canó urbà, considerant la relació entre la seva morfologia i la vegetació urbana amb què compta. La metodologia utilitzada consisteix en diverses etapes: primerament, la selecció de les àrees d'estudi (a la ciutat de Barcelona), en segon lloc un aixecament de les espècies arbòries presents, en tercer lloc es van elaborar models tridimensionals per dur a terme simulacions per al anàlisi; com a quarta etapa es van prendre mesures “in situ” per al comparar el resultat de les simulacions, es van analitzar i comparar els resultats, obtenint com a conclusió principal que el factor que té més pes pel que fa a la incidència o no de la radiació solar directa sobre el pla horitzontal del canó urbà, és la seva morfologia (relació d'aspecte (H/W) la qual cosa va de la mà amb el factor de vista de cel, SVF, per les sigles en anglès), sent possible modificar la incidència de radiació mitjançant l'ús correcte de la vegetació urbana. L'originalitat d'aquest estudi, rau en prendre en consideració múltiples factors que afecten la incidència de la radiació directa en el pla horitzontal de qualsevol canó urbà (orientació, relació d'aspecte i SVF) en conjunt amb l'ús de la vegetació urbana. The use of vegetation as a protection against solar radiation and as a generator of thermal comfort in outdoor areas is not something new and it has been used throughout history, many times in the right way and many others in the wrong way, obtaining results that are not always the desired ones. The objective of this study is the quantification of direct solar radiation on the horizontal plane of an urban canyon, taking into account its relation between its morphology and the urban vegetation present in the canyon. The methodology used consists in several stages: firstly, the selection of the areas of study (in the city of Barcelona); secondly, a survey of the tree species present; thirdly, three-dimensional models were made in order to run simulations to analyse; as the fourth stage, on-site measurements are made in order to compare the simulation’s results, obtaining as main conclusion that the factor that has greater weight in regard to the incidence or not of direct solar radiation on the horizontal plane of the urban canyon, is its morphology (aspect ratio (H/W), which goes hand in hand with the sky view factor (SVF)), being possible to modify the incidence of direct radiation through the correct use of urban vegetation. The originality of this study, lies in taking into consideration multiple factors that affect the incidence of direct solar radiation on the horizontal plane of any urban canyon (orientation, ratio aspect and SVF), along with the use of urban vegetation.

Se analizan los datos de paleontología sistemática existentes en la bibliografía incorporándolos dentro de un esquema global junto a las unidades lito y cronoestratigráficas del Cámbrico y Ordovícico de las Cadenas Ibéricas y las Cadenas Hespéricas. Se pre­sentan las diferentes unidades bioestratigráficas definidas en estas regiones y se revisa su área geográfica de aplicación. Final­mente se refieren los problemas aun no resueltos.

Production of inorganic pigments was studied, and specifically that of iron oxide black pigment, which can be used in paint-and-varnish industry and in manufacture of building and other pigmented materials. Results are presented of phase and chemical analyses of raw materials and final product. A technological scheme is suggested and production parameters of the black pigment from red mud are recommended. The pigment is produced from the −0.045 mm fraction of red mud, a waste from alumina industry. It is recommended to perform calcination at 850°C in a controlled atmosphere with deficiency of oxygen. This method yields an iron oxide pigment of purely black color with a coverage power of 8–10 g m−2 from a waste produced in manufacture of alumina, red mud (up to 90%), without additional additives and provides reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) by the sulfide sulfur present in the starting mud.

IMPORTANCE: A greater understanding of the relationship between toileting behaviors and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has the potential to generate awareness and improvement of overall bladder health in specific populations. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and correlation between maladaptive toileting behaviors and LUTS among female medical trainees and attending physicians. STUDY DESIGN: We surveyed female medical students, residents, fellows, and attending physicians at an academic hospital, capturing demographics, voiding behaviors, LUTS, and fluid intake using the Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Short Form, the Toileting Behavior-Women's Elimination Behaviors, and the Beverage Intake Questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 146 medical students and physicians participated in the study. Eighty-three percent reported at least 1 LUTS, most commonly storage symptoms, particularly incontinence (30%, stress urinary incontinence > urgency urinary incontinence). Altered toileting behaviors included "worrying about public toilet cleanliness" (82%), "emptying the bladder before leaving home" (81%), "delaying emptying their bladder when busy" (87%), and "waiting until they could not hold urine any longer" (57%). Total Toileting Behavior-Women's Elimination Behaviors scores were significantly associated with total Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms scores (β = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.12-0.42; P<0.01). This remained true after adjusting for total fluid intake in medical students (β = 0.41, P<0.01) and resident physicians (β = 0.28, P = 0.03) but was not correlated among attending physicians (β = -0.07, P = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: Female physicians and medical students experience a high prevalence of LUTS. Many engage in maladaptive toileting behaviors, which highly correlate with LUTS (especially among medical students and residents) and may lead to impaired bladder health.

IMPORTANCE: The impact of a persistently enlarged genital hiatus (GH) after vaginal hysterectomy with uterosacral ligament suspension on prolapse outcomes is currently unclear. OBJECTIVES: This secondary analysis of the Study of Uterine Prolapse Procedures Randomized trial was conducted among participants who underwent vaginal hysterectomy with uterosacral ligament suspension. We hypothesized that women with a persistently enlarged GH size would have a higher proportion of prolapse recurrence. STUDY DESIGN: Women who underwent vaginal hysterectomy with uterosacral ligament suspension as part of the Study of Uterine Prolapse Procedures Randomized trial (NCT01802281) were divided into 3 groups based on change in their preoperative to 4- to 6-week postoperative GH measurements: (1) persistently enlarged GH, 2) improved GH, or (3) stably normal GH. Baseline characteristics and 2-year surgical outcomes were compared across groups. A logistic regression model for composite surgical failure controlling for advanced anterior wall prolapse and GH group was fitted. RESULTS: This secondary analysis included 81 women. The proportion with composite surgical failure was significantly higher among those with a persistently enlarged GH (50%) compared with a stably normal GH (12%) with an unadjusted risk difference of 38% (95% confidence interval, 4%-68%). When adjusted for advanced prolapse in the anterior compartment at baseline, the odds of composite surgical failure was 6 times higher in the persistently enlarged GH group compared with the stably normal group (95% confidence interval, 1.0-37.5; P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: A persistently enlarged GH after vaginal hysterectomy with uterosacral ligament suspension for pelvic organ prolapse may be a risk factor for recurrent prolapse.

Se describe una pequeña fauna encontrada en la base de la Formación del Jalón. El estado de conservación no es bueno y por lo tanto no se pueden dar determinaciones exactas. Parece, sin embargo, que está relacionada a la fauna con Dolerolenus conocida cerca de Los Barrios de Luna (León).

Studies in the Benin Republic have identified contextual factors that determine health facility delivery among women of reproductive age. However, it is not certain if the same set of factors predicts facility delivery for women who enrolled in health insurance and those who did not. The study seeks to compare the determinants of health facility delivery for mothers under health insurance and those that are not in the Benin Republic. The study used data for 33,078 women of reproductive age, drawn from the most recent Benin demographic and health survey (2017-18). The characteristics of the women were described using simple proportions and frequency. Binary Logistic regression was used to examine determinants of health facility delivery for both groups of women. The result showed that only 0.7% of the women were under health insurance coverage. The prevalence of health facility delivery was high in the enrolled group but not in the unenrolled group (98.3% vs. 87.8%). The uniform determinants of health facility delivery across the two groups were household wealth, education, employment, land/house ownership, media exposure, a minimum of four antenatal contacts, and place of residence. To improve the coverage of health facility delivery, a multi-pronged approach should be used to improve household socioeconomic status, encourage media use among women, expand education opportunities for women, and specifically target rural women in Benin.

ABSTRACT Remittances are significant determinants in reducing income inequality and mitigating poverty, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. This study analyzes a representative micro‐level survey data to quantify the impact of remittances on poverty and inequality in income, expenditure, savings, and investment distributions. Using the Gini coefficient and Atkinson index, the study examines categorical inequality measures in the context of Bangladesh. Additionally, it employs propensity score matching (PSM) and the headcount ratio (HCR) to evaluate the impact of remittances on household poverty levels across various economic indicators. The findings reveal that remittances enhance household well‐being by increasing income, thereby raising the standard of living for migrant households. This is evidenced by the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) for key economic indicators, such as land ownership, non‐food expenditure, savings, and investment. The HCR approach further confirms that remittances significantly reduce poverty levels. Moreover, the Gini coefficient estimates indicate that remittance inflows have led the treated group (households receiving remittances) to achieve greater equality in income, expenditure, savings, and investment distributions compared to the control group (households without remittances). The Atkinson index approach validates the robustness of these findings, showing that they are not overly sensitive to the inequality aversion parameters. This study provides important policy implications for the Government of Bangladesh and other developing countries that heavily depend on remittances.

This paper examines whether stock prices for fourteen African countries are affected by transitory or permanent shocks. This study answers whether Africa stock market indices are mean-reverting or random-walk in the presence of multiple structural breaks. To investigate African equity price behavior, we considered one and two endogenously determined structural break tests of Zivot and Andrews (1992) and Lumsdaine and Papell (1997), respectively. Findings/Originality: Our results show that almost all African equity price indices follow the random walk processes except for Senegal and Botswana, which exhibit mean-reversion properties in its equity prices. It implies that investors in African stock markets cannot rely on past information and behavior to predict stock market movements or develop their trading strategies. The result also confirms that the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test is not applicable in the presence of structural breaks in African stock markets.

IMPORTANCE: The relative cost per improvement in quality of life can help guide decisions about adding a midurethral sling at the time of prolapse surgery. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of prophylactic midurethral slings placed at the time of prolapse surgery to reduce de novo urinary incontinence based on a randomized controlled trial. STUDY DESIGN: Costs and effectiveness were collected as part of a planned secondary analysis from the Outcomes following vaginal Prolapse repair and mid Urethral Sling (OPUS) trial, where 337 women without symptomatic stress urinary incontinence were randomly assigned to a midurethral sling or sham incisions during vaginal prolapse surgery. Within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from the societal perspective. Effectiveness was measured in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and de novo urinary incontinence. We calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. RESULTS: Within-trial societal costs were higher for the sling group than for the control group ($18,170 [95% confidence interval (CI), $16,420-$19,920] vs $15,700 [95% CI, $14,110-$17300], P = 0.041). The changes in QALY were 0.04 (95% CI, 0.02-0.06) versus 0.03 (95% CI, 0.02-0.05; P = 0.54). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for prophylactic sling was $309,620/QALY. This is above the generally accepted range of willingness-to-pay thresholds of $50,000 to $150,000/QALY. At 1 year, urinary incontinence was more common in the control group, and the cost to prevent 1 case was $91. The probability that prophylactic sling is cost-effective is 24%. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic sling placed during vaginal prolapse surgery reduced the rate of de novo urinary incontinence, but was not cost-effective.

En el año 1216 el papa Inocencio III emitía una sentencia en torno a un largo litigio que la sede episcopal de León mantenía con el monasterio de Sahagún por las rentas eclesiásticas de las iglesias del coto monástico que estaban a su vez dentro de la demarcación diocesana leonesa. Vamos a prestar atención al caso concreto de las iglesias de Villavicencio y a la actitud del abad de Sahagún de no satisfacer al obispo de León las tercias decimales que le reclamaba. Ante esta pretensión del episcopado leonés de hacer efectiva su jurisdicción diocesana, el abad de Sahagún esgrimía la posesión de un privilegio papal que le confería inmunidad para percibir en su totalidad las rentas eclesiásticas que se derivaban de estas iglesias. Se trata, por tanto, del análisis de un conflicto jurisdiccional por el acceso a la renta eclesiástica de las iglesias de la villa y una lucha por establecer la primacía de la jurisdicción episcopal por encima de la jurisdicción particular de un monasterio que actúa como un señorío más dentro de la villa.In the year 1216 the Pope Inocencio III issued a judgment about a long dispute between the León episcopate and the monastery of Sahagún, about the ecclesiastical rents of the churches of that monastery territory, that were, at the same time, included in the diocese of León. V\/e will pay special attention to the specific case of the Villavicencio churches, and the attitude of the Sahagún abbot to deny the payment of the tithe tierces claimed by the León bishop. With regard to the episcopate claim to carry out the diocesan rules, the Sahagún abbot argued the possession of a pope privilege consisting of the immunity to obtain the total amount of the ecclesiastical rents from the these churches. Therefore, this is an análisis of a legal conflict for the acquisition of ecclesiastical rents from these churches and the struggle to stablish the primacy of the episcopate jurisdiction over the particular jurisdiction of a monastery; that behaved as one seigniory among others in that village.

Federal Law No. 126-FZ of May 29, 2024 “On Amendments to Article 6 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On Institutions and Bodies of the Penal Enforcement System of the Russian Federation”” provides for the creation of institutions of a combined, so-called hybrid type. It is planned to concentrate correctional institutions and pre-trial detention facilities in a single center, modernize and unify existing technologies in the field of regime maintenance and development of the production sector, as well as provide a reasonable approach to creating conditions for the detention of convicts, suspects and accused. Correctional institutions of the combined type are beneficial to the state, since the organizational and financial costs of moving convicts and escorting them are reduced; the efficiency of logistical support of the institution is increased; forces and means for the protection of convicts are being saved; it is possible to create modern production facilities that could employ all categories of convicts, while solving the problem of eliminating dilapidated facilities in order to improve the conditions of detention of convicts, suspects and accused. The article discusses some problematic issues that will have to be taken into account when implementing the reform. The main thing is the additional allocation of material and financial resources for the construction of centers or the reconstruction of old institutions; the creation of a modern socio-economic environment for employees working in the institution and their family members; a new type of head will be required, the expansion of staff with high qualifications, knowledge, skills and relevant experience; it is necessary to ensure the isolation of various categories of convicts, security and maintenance of the regime. The ambiguous attitude of local residents towards such construction should also be taken into account. The opinion that educational colonies, medical correctional institutions and detention houses could also be located in joint- type institutions was not supported by deputies of the State Duma. Nevertheless, this issue is not completely closed. It is subject to broader discussion with the participation of specialists, including on the pages of this journal, which may allow the relevant draft law to be submitted to the State Duma.