The paper analyzes the problem of «knowledge branches» and human capital as integral elements of the innovation eco-nomy, proposed «knowledge branches» development index at the regional level. The problems encountered in establishing and operating in the Russian Federation the new elements of the knowledge economy – small innovative enterprises – are considered. It was found that the number of problems is of a financial nature. Identified and justified the need, in connection with small experience in this segment, to support those small businesses, which in its activity is focused on the commercia-lization of intellectual activity results.