This chapter introduces the topic of motherhood in the New Testament by exploring recent scholarly contributions and the growing interest in embodied aspects of theological constructions. This book builds on these earlier studies by examining the maternal language of the New Testament with a gender-critical lens aided by ancient medical and philosophical literatures, which offer distinct constructions of the female body. The chapter also traces the lingering association of ideal womanhood with motherhood that is at home in the ancient Mediterranean world that rests on constructions of perfection as masculinity. This collapsing of womanhood and motherhood persists in contemporary, western societies. These societies continue to figure motherhood as both a proper “choice” and an aspect of “personal fulfillment” for women. The chapter ends with a summary of the book’s argument and overview of the study.