The article draws attention to the assessment of the social and cultural changes in Soviet society, which carried out the famous Russian philosophers N. Berdyaev, S.L. Frank, I.A. Ilyin. Are analyzed the negative effects of the revolutionary process that led to the destruction of heredity in cultural processes, tough anti-religious struggle and collectivism, marked a fundamental change in the social and cultural spheres. The attention is focused on the issue of self-determination of the person in the system of values of Soviet society, and socio-cultural mechanisms of the formation of a totalitarian society. Conclusions regarding the ontological and axiological aspects of the social and cultural changes in Soviet society. Analysis of scientific works of Russian philosophers devoted to understanding the effects of the Bolsheviks in the cultural sphere provides an opportunity to highlight a number of key positions, which contributed to the totalitarian system under the banner of socialist society. First, the spread of Marxism as the only true ideological doctrine led to the destruction of all forms of dissent, established a dictatorship over the individual and the impact on the politicization of education, culture, social sphere. Democratic slogans on building national and proletarian society where there is freedom, equality and brotherhood in fact conceal violence and diktat authority over a man, which inevitably leads to totalitarianism. Second, anti-religious struggle and continuous imposition of atheism in society society led to the destruction of spiritual and mental foundation on which to develop the culture of the twentieth century and which was the basis for the outlook and attitude of the individual, his cathedral because of the people and society. Belief in Marxism and socialist ideals became an artificial substitute for religion, in effect becoming a new form of religion, with its rituals. ceremonies and worship. According to philosophers, separation of religion and culture led to fatal consequences, and the new proletarian culture can develop only with background of previous crops, but it in no way is a natural evolutionary development of this culture, but only certain acts surrogate culture with specific and vague objectives. Third, the main factor of unity and catholicity of the masses is not faith in God and faith in their own forces, united labor group for construction of a new socialist society. Utopia of the futureis is replaced heavenly utopia of free and happy future, which is possible only with the active, heroic collective work for the good of society and in the ideological and political dictates of the party. Thus, social and cultural transformations that have occurred in society in the first decades of Soviet rule Russian philosophers taken quite pessimistic, these processes are linked with the negative effects of all the democratic revolutions that have taken place in the world in the first half of the twentieth century fundamentally influenced the development of culture in general.