A: FC matrix reordered by modular structure for organoid 4 pre- puncture with the three largest communities highlighted (blue, green, orange, largest to smallest). B: Physical location of nodes composing the three largest modules painted by color in organoid 4 pre- puncture at t = − 1220s. Modular structure can be clustered locally in space, distributed across the spatial extent of the organoid, or have a combination of the two. C: FC network visualization with nodes placed by physical location and painted by corresponding module color (gray represents all other nodes not in the three largest modules). Nodes within a module have more connections to other nodes within the same module than to nodes outside the module. D: Within- and between- module distance distributions pre- and post- puncture, normalized by the size of the network for N = 6 organoids. E: Neighborhood modular diversity, measured as the number of distinct modules a given node’s neighbors are members of, post- puncture networks showed significantly higher diversity then pre- puncture networks (Mann-Whitney U test, U = 2004296, N = 6, p < 0 . 001).