Currently, the penal system concerning children is perceived as punitive, with all the associated problems inherent in modern Ukrainian society: poor nutrition, excessively harsh regime requirements, limited contact with the outside world, hard labor, and inadequate medical care. Such conditions do not contribute to the resocialization and rehabilitation of children with delinquent behavior who have committed crimes; instead, they turn them into victims, which, in turn, significantly complicates their reintegration into normal life. The juvenile rehabilitation system requires fundamental reforms and should be transformed into a modern service-oriented institution providing resocialization services, with specific, clearly defined restrictions differentiated according to the severity of the crime committed by the child. The article examines the legal status of juvenile convicts in Ukraine and analyzes the role of the National Preventive Mechanism (NPM) in ensuring their rights. The study reviews the legal framework, including the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child [1], the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners [7], the UN Rules on the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Liberty [10], as well as national legislation (the Criminal Executive Code of Ukraine [5], the Law of Ukraine on the National Preventive Mechanism) [8]. Systemic problems in the implementation of juvenile rights in places of deprivation of liberty are identified, and ways to improve the protection of their rights through the effective functioning of the NPM and integration of international standards into national practice are proposed.