Microalgae-based production systems are gaining strategic importance as sustainable platforms for producing biofuels, bioplastics, food supplements, and environmental solutions. These systems offer unique advantages, such as rapid biomass accumulation, resource recovery capabilities, and CO₂ mitigation. However, most technologies remain confined to laboratory scales. Bridging the gap between innovation and industrial implementation requires targeted improvements in cultivation systems and a structured advancement through the Technological Readiness Levels (TRLs). This chapter explores recent developments that support the scalability and commercialization of microalgal biotechnology. We present an updated classification of open, closed, and hybrid cultivation systems, analyzing their suitability for different strains, target products, and operational environments. Key innovations, such as advanced photobioreactor designs, real-time monitoring tools, and automated control platforms, are discussed in terms of their capacity to improve process efficiency and drive TRL progression. This chapter also examines the integration of microalgae cultivation with industrial processes, highlighting opportunities for circular-economy implementation and waste valorization. Current barriers to industrial deployment are critically evaluated, including technical, economic, and regulatory constraints. Finally, the role of sustainability assessments through life-cycle analysis is addressed as a key factor in guiding technology selection and consolidating microalgal biotechnology as a viable pillar of the emerging bioeconomy.