Centro Nacional de Información de Ciencias Médicas

INTRODUCTION: the intestinal parasitic infections are still endemic in Cuba, with a higher frequency in rural and mountain regions. Twenty five years after the last national survey, it deemed necessary to carry out a new national survey in order to know the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and to compare the obtained results between both studies. That knowledge would be valuable to work out strategies of health and to design a control program for intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba. OBJECTIVE: to determine the current prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba and to compare these results with those obtained from the previous survey after a 25 year-period. METHODS: a cross sectional study was conducted from May to August of 2009 in a sample of Cuban population. A stool sample was collected from each individual, which was analyzed by direct examination, Willis' brine flotation method and the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered. RESULTS: the comparison between 1984 and 2009 surveys showed a general decrease of frequencies of intestinal parasitic infections caused by both helminths and pathogenic protozoa; however, the percentage of infections with commensal protozoa increased in 2009. In this last survey, there was observed decline of frequencies of infections with soil transmitted species, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis and the pathogenic protozoa: Giardiau lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, and the commensals: Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli. The intestinal parasite Enterobius vermicularis was the only parasitic species that increased the frequency of infections with respect to the 1984 survey. The frequencies of parasitic and commensal infections in both studies were higher in the 5-14 y age group (school age). CONCLUSIONS: the comparison between the intestinal parasitic infections surveys of 1984 and 2009 showed a reduction in the frequencies of intestinal parasitic infections in the last survey. The finding in both studies of a higher frequency of pathogenic parasitic infections and commensal infections in the 5-14 y age group (school age) supports the recommendation of making emphasis on the control programs for intestinal parasitic infections in this age group.

espanolSe analizan la interdisciplinariedad y la transdisciplinariedad como categorias de estudio y practicas de las ciencias actuales, empleadas para solucionar problemas que las disciplinas por si solas no pueden resolver. Se estudian sus clasificaciones y definiciones, asi como los fundamentos ontologicos en los que basan su concepcion, su historia y significado, para mostrar que la teoria bibliologico-informativa puede considerarse como inter y transdisciplinaria. EnglishInter- and transdisciplinarity are analyzed as study categories and practices of contemporary science, used for the solution of problems that the disciplines cannot solve by temselves. Their classifications and definitions, as well as the ontological foundations, on which their conception, history and meanings and history are based, are studied to show why the bibliologic-informative theory may be considered an inter- and transdisciplinary theory.

Las quinolonas son los antimicrobianos que han tenido un mayor desarrollo en los ultimos anos. Despues de obtenerse el acido nalidixico, en 1962, se desarrollaron varios compuestos con caracteristicas muy similares, que solo se establecieron como antisepticos urinarios, y que constituyeron la primera generacion de quinolonas, hasta que en 1978, mediante la adicion de un grupo piperacinil en posicion 7 y un atomo de fluor en posicion 6 comenzo a desarrollarse un conjunto de agentes antibacterianos llamados piperacinil fluoroquinolonas o simplemente fluoroquinolonas. El primero de ellos fue el norfloxacino, con el cual se logro una mayor actividad antimicrobiana del grupo y su uso sistemico. Durante anos las fluroquinolonas fueron consideradas como un grupo homogeneo de antibioticos, con propiedades semejantes y, por tanto, como la segunda y ultima posibilidad de generacion de quinolonas, pero las posibilidades de transformacion de su estructura quimica ha producido un desarrollo vertiginoso de este grupo, que lo ha convertido en el mas acelerado dentro de los antibioticos, con compuestos de mayor espectro antibacteriano, penetracion tisular y seguridad, y con menor manifestacion de resistencia antimicrobiana, demostrada hasta el presente, lo cual ha hecho que actualmente existan 4 generaciones de quinolonas, que se haya ampliado su uso y que continue su desarrollo. Por tal motivo, se presenta una revision que incluye espectro y mecanismo de accion, resistencia bacteriana, farmacodinamia y farmacocinetica, interacciones medicamentosas, efectos adversos, indicaciones y dosificacion de las mas usadas.

Introduccion: la gestacion en la adolescencia continua siendo un problema importante para los profesionales de la salud, ya que el embarazo en este periodo tiene importantes consecuencias sociales y de salud sobre la madre adolescente y su hijo. Objetivo: analizar la repercusion del embarazo en la adolescencia desde las perspectivas de salud y sociedad. Metodos: teoricos, con un enfoque socio-historico y logico en el analisis y sintesis documental relacionada con las diversas revisiones realizadas a literaturas nacionales e internacionales. Conclusiones: el embarazo en la adolescencia constituye un problema social vigente y en ascenso, con serias afectaciones sobre la salud y calidad de vida de este grupo poblacional, cuyo impacto es psicosocial, por lo que se necesita un abordaje integral por un equipo interdisciplinario capacitado en la atencion de los adolescentes, en especifico, de la maternidad-paternidad responsable.

Los propósitos actuales de universalizar la formación académica e investigativa para la obtención de grados científicos en el sector de la salud se unen a los procesos de universalización de la educación médica cubana y responden a la necesidad del sector de solucionar los problemas de salud con la aplicación del método científico. Los actuales escenarios de la atención primaria y secundaria son verdaderos espacios docentes e investigativos que permiten alcanzar este encargo de la Universidad Médica. La universalización de la formación de doctores en el área de la salud se encuentra favorecida por la voluntad política del Estado Cubano, en el propio pensamiento del Comandante en Jefe quien ha apuntado que estamos llamados a alcanzar un alto desempeño en los servicios mostrado por los profesionales de la salud en el país y en todas las misiones internacionalistas. En este trabajo se expone la estrategia trazada por el Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba en aras de intensificar la formación de doctores en ciencia en el sector y se exponen los resultados alcanzados en el doctorado en ciencias de la salud, como un ejemplo de todo lo que se está haciendo en el país.

BACKGROUND: The excess burden of hypertension among blacks has been a prominent feature of the heath disparities literature, and many scientists presume it to be a stable and inevitable phenomenon. The underlying causes of this disparity can only be disentangled in a setting in which the population does not experience racial stratification of socioeconomic opportunities. While such conditions of racial equality remain uncommon, they may be approximated in Cuba, a country with a persistent policy of social inclusion over the last 5 decades. METHODS: We report on a 2010-2011 stratified probability sample of those aged 15-74 years from the urban population of Cienfuegos in central Cuba. A total of 1496 adults (880 women and 616 men) were recruited and assessed for blood pressure and anthropometrics according to standardized protocols, as well as medication use, educational attainment and observed skin tone (dichotomized into "black" and "white"). Weighted tabular and regression analyses were conducted to estimate adjusted prevalences of hypertension (> 140/90 mmHg) and adjusted prevalence odds ratios for contrasts between the two skin color groups. RESULTS: Mean pressures were higher for men than for women, but overall did not differ importantly between racial groups. About half of all diagnosed hypertensive men were on medication, a proportion that did not vary by racial group. For women, however, adjusted prevalence was somewhat higher among blacks, and treatment and control rates were also somewhat advantaged for white women. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, skin color was unrelated to mean blood pressure or hypertensive status in this population, although among women specifically some racial advantage appears evident in adjusted prevalence and control, and should be investigated further. The overall null result suggests that Cuba may exemplify the social conditions in which racial excess in hypertension, characteristic of much of the western world, is not a necessary reality.

Social media has experienced an unprecedented boom in recent years and its impact on today's society is undeniable. Social media has changed the way people communicate, relate and inform themselves. In the academic world, social media has also acquired great relevance, especially in the field of scientific societies. This article aims to analyze the presence of Argentine organizations in the field of nursing on social media. The study included a list of Argentine organizations in the field of nursing obtained from official databases at Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos. Those organizations (Civil Associations, Mutual Association, and Foundations) whose keywords were related to nursing were selected. 95 organizations in the nursing field were registered, of which only 24 (25,2 %) had a website accessible from the internet. 95 organizations in the nursing field were registered, of which only 24 (25,2 %) had a website accessible from the internet. Only 39 organizations had a presence on at least 1 social network. The results of the study revealed that there is a low presence of these organizations on social media, with only a small percentage having profiles on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. Additionally, these organizations had a low number of followers on their social media profiles. This highlights the need for these organizations to enhance their social media strategies to increase their visibility, impact, and engagement with their audience. Improving their social media presence can also help these organizations to better promote their research, knowledge, and scientific developments, thus contributing to the advancement of the nursing field.

Internet constituye uno de los fenomenos que mas asombra al hombre promedio hoy dia. Su desarrollo en progresion geometrica, como es logico, impresiona y desconcierta a muchos. Y no es menos cierto, que la industria de la computacion y las telecomunicaciones experimentan un avance tan acelerado que pocas disciplinas pudieran igualarseles, pero tambien no es menos cierto, que fueron muchas las decadas en las que el hombre puso todo su empeno por obtener y perfeccionar los primeros componentes y dispositivos. Antes de los primeros logros, tuvieron que recorrer un largo camino las matematicas y la fisica; despues concurrieron la electronica, la computacion y muchas otras disciplinas.

Escrito por un colectivo de profesores. Los autores senalan en la introduccion, que este texto constituye un material complementario para el estudio de la disciplina Filosofia y Salud en las carreras de Medicina, Estomatologia, Enfermeria y Tecnologia de la Salud. Las tematicas que se abordan, permiten analizar problemas teoricos y practicos de la Filosofia, la Medicina y la Salud Publica desde la perspectiva que brinda el contexto social cubano para la promocion humanista y clasista de este tipo de profesionales. Tambien sugieren una actitud critica y receptiva que permita vincular el pensamiento sociofilosofico con los problemas practicos de las profesiones medicas y contribuir a la formacion de un paradigma amplio, no exclusivamente Biomedico. Enajenacion y humanismo, la familia, la revolucion cientificotecnica, ecologica, etica medica y bioetica, las doctrinas medicas, la medicina actual y las organizaciones internacionales de salud, reflexion marxista de la categoria justicia a traves del desarrollo historicosocial y reflexiones teorico-metodologicas acerca de lo clinico y lo epidemiologico, son algunas de las tematicas que se tratan en este libro presentados en treinta y un articulos, con referencias bibliograficas y bibliografia consultada en cada uno de ellos. Cuenta ademas con 5 anexos que recogen igual numero de codigos o declaraciones, tales como: el Codigo Internacional de Etica Medica (1949) y la Declaracion de Lisboa (1981) sobre los derechos del paciente.

Se enfoca objetivamente la experiencia nacional e internacional en el uso de las fuentes y servicios de información por parte de los médicos que se dedican a la atención primaria de salud. Se refieren los requerimientos que se deben cumplir para lograr la formación y educación de los médicos de la familia como usuarios de la información y, en virtud de ellos, se ofrecen algunas soluciones y sugerencias, cuya aplicación puede convertirse en una valiosa contribución al perfeccionamiento cualitativo de la labor asistencial en el marco de la Medicina General Integral.<br>We make an objective an objective approach of our experiencies adn those attained in other countries regarding the use of information services and resources made by general practitioners. We describe a number of requisites needed for the formation and training of family doctors as information users and thus, offer solutions and suggestions which could contribute greatly to improve the quality of primary health care services.

Introduction. The second decade of the 21 st century has been defined by escalating changes in the production, dissemination and communication of information. New forms have been produced for creating and disseminating knowledge, all based on network strengthening, the usage of technologies, globalization, and the development of massive communication systems, with the subsequent exponential growth of information. Objective. To examine the problem of disinformation by analyzing informational situations that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to contribute ideas with respect to the notions of misinformation and disinformation, based on the definition of infodemic used by the Pan-American Health Organization. Methods. This paper results from a descriptive and exploratory study, with a document investigation to determine the state of the art in the topic and to verify the flows of information about COVID-19. Results and conclusions. The worldwide spread of the COVID-19 pandemic showed to what extent populations are exposed to this evil scourge on modern society, in this context treated as an infodemic. The need is evidenced to implement information policies for encouraging scientific, educational and cultural institutions and organizations to work coordinately in search of strategies for creating informational competences.

Cuba's National Health System has managed to guarantee an effective and equitable response to COVID-19. Universal and free health coverage, based on primary care, follows the principle of equity, and the greatest resources are allocated to areas of the lowest socioeconomic stratum (which concentrates the higher health risks), followed by those of medium and high strata, in that order. This allowed for similar mortality rates in the three strata, and Cuban national mortality rate was one of the lowest in the Region of the Americas. Before the first case was identified in Cuba, a Plan for Coronavirus Prevention and Control was elaborated with multisectoral participation, and when the first case was confirmed the Temporary Working Group to Fight COVID-19 was created as an advisory body of the government. The actions to face the pandemic began with preventive measures in the community, continued in the isolation centers and ended again in the community with actions of surveillance and follow up of recovered patients. Following the principle of territoriality, laboratories of molecular diagnosis were created in the provinces that did not have it. Free medical care and treatment; the preparation of a single national intersectoral government plan; the use of particular strategies for research, diagnosis and case tracing; and the implementation of a universal protocol for disease prevention and treatment of confirmed cases allowed to control the disease with a perspective of equity in health.

Introduction: technological developments in artificial intelligence and health are necessary for Latin American health systems. Objective: to describe the trends in scientific production on artificial intelligence and health in Latin America in Scopus. Method: This is a retrospective bibliometric study of Latin American authors' scientific production on artificial intelligence and health in Scopus between 2012 and 2021. Production, visibility and impact indicators were used. VOSviewer and SciVal were used for data analysis. Results: 2871 articles were published, with a variation between 2012 and 2021 of 94.98%. 2,397 articles were original, and 2,741 were written in English. 58.3% were published in first-quartile journals, the most productive being Sensors (Ndoc=79) and Plos One (Ndoc=66). 64,128 citations were received (mean of 22.3 citations per article). Brazil was the most productive country (Ndoc=1420), and the institution was the University of São Paulo (Ndoc=288). 498 thematic groups were identified, and 1376 themes. 54% of the articles had international collaboration and 3.3% with academic-corporation collaboration. Conclusions: there is a growing scientific production on artificial intelligence and health in Latin America, written mainly in English, medical, engineering and computer science research areas, disseminated in specialized magazines in the first quartiles. Brazil and its institutions were the top producers. The main topics were predictive models and the application of artificial intelligence for classifying, diagnosing and treating diseases.

The paper shows how the dominant journal impact factor has arrived to its present features and discuss the degree in which this metric is prone to be manipulated and misused, as opposed to the prescribed utilization by Thomson Reuter, the corporation in charge of its official computation. Hirsch's H-index and a large family of related indicators seek to give a single number that in some sense summarizes an author's research output and its impact. The free public availability of information offered by Google Scholar allows citation counts, and analyses based thereon, to be performed and duplicated by anyone. Combining H-index with this information provides an avenue for more transparency and supply an extraordinary

La Busqueda tematica digital de este numero esta dedicado a visualizar el impacto de la COVID-19 en la Educacion Superior, reflexionando sobre las afectaciones de la situacion en el proceso docente de la educacion superior.

The specialized literature was reviewed aimed at systematizing a set of useful theoretical elements to obtain general definitions of the categories comprising the philosophical-conceptual system of the term information,. The basic knowledges contributing to understand reflection as the universal property of matter that sustains information, knowledge and communication are shown. The conceptual foundations defining the system terms that make up the category are also explained. A set of considerations are made of the definitions of each term, in special, of the concept. The notions offered on this topic by different authors are analyzed. The approaches made are a support to obtain general definitions of the concepts of the philosophical system comprising the information category and widen significantly the scope that has been traditionally granted to its components.

[EN] Objective: to characterize the Cuban pattern of scientific communication in public&#13;\nhealth in Scopus database on the basis of the output and collaboration patterns and their influence on the impact of publications.

Se reflexiona en torno a la importancia del debate y de la aplicacion rigurosa del metodo cientifico para fortalecer la Medicina Natural y Tradicional como recurso de la salud publica. Se esclarecen e ilustran los conceptos de ciencia erronea, ciencia espuria y pseudociencia, todos relevantemente peligrosos para la salud de la poblacion. A la vez que se senala que bajo la sombrilla de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional, se ubican legitimos recursos terapeuticos, se advierte sobre la existencia de otros que no cuentan con el aval del metodo cientifico o cuya validez ha sido directamente refutada por el. Se reivindica la importancia medular de considerar el mejor conocimiento disponible en cada momento historico para el diseno de acciones de salud adecuadas y se concluye que solo la honradez intelectual, el debate constructivo y la experimentacion son capaces de garantizar este proposito.

Se analizan los conceptos de competencia y competencia en informacion. Se explican los elementos conceptuales que se consideraron para la elaboracion de las competencias. Se estudian los elementos constitutivos de la competencia en informacion. Se expone el cambio de comportamiento que deben experimentar los trabajadores infoalfabetizados del Sistema Nacional de Informacion en Salud para convertirse en lideres en el uso de la informacion cientifico-medica. Se definen sus competencias nucleo.

In order to determine the use of the impact factor as a tool of academic evaluation, both of literature and specialists, the importance of the bibliographical references in the scientific work, some factors that influence in the citation indices of articles, as well as the factor of impact, its main limitations and its use in the evaluation of the academic work are studied. Finally, some advices are given to obtain a visible publication.