Federal Emergency Management Agency

OBJECTIVES: We used data from a nationally representative sample to examine the associations among 3 dimensions of sexual orientation (identity, attraction, and behavior), lifetime and past-year mood and anxiety disorders, and sex. METHODS: We analyzed data from wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. RESULTS: Mental health outcomes differed by sex, dimension of sexual orientation, and sexual minority group. Whereas a lesbian, gay, or bisexual identity was associated with higher odds of any mood or anxiety disorder for both men and women, women reporting only same-sex sexual partners in their lifetime had the lowest rates of most disorders. Higher odds of any lifetime mood or anxiety disorder were more consistent and pronounced among sexual minority men than among sexual minority women. Finally, bisexual behavior conferred the highest odds of any mood or anxiety disorder for both males and females. CONCLUSIONS: Findings point to mental health disparities among some, but not all, sexual minority groups and emphasize the importance of including multiple measures of sexual orientation in population-based health studies.

ABSTRACT The authors propose a likelihood‐ratio test of the hypothesis that the minimum‐variance frontier of a set of K assets coincides with the frontier of this set and another set of N assets. They study the relation between this hypothesis, exact arbitrage pricing, and mutual fund separation. The exact distribution of the test statistic is available. The authors test the hypothesis that the frontier spanned by three size‐sorted stock portfolios is the same as the frontier spanned by thirty‐three size‐sorted stock portfolios.

This note describes a new framework for the analysis and synthesis of control systems, which constitutes a genuine continuous-time extension of results that are only available in discrete time. In contrast to earlier results the proposed methods involve a specific transformation on the Lyapunov variables and a reciprocal variant of the projection lemma, in addition to the classical linearizing transformations on the controller data. For a wide range of problems including robust analysis and synthesis, multichannel H/sub 2/ stateand output-feedback syntheses, the approach leads to potentially less conservative linear matrix inequality (LMI) characterizations. This comes from the fact that the technical restriction of using a single Lyapunov function is to some extent ruled out in this new approach. Moreover, the approach offers new potentials for problems that cannot be handled using earlier techniques. An important instance is the eigenstructure assignment problem blended with Lyapunov-type constraints which is given a simple and tractable formulation.

Abstract The social behavior of feral horses was studied in the western United States. Stable harem groups with a dominant stallion and bachelor ♂♂ groups occupied overlapping home ranges. Groups spacing, but not territoriality, was expressed. Harem group stability resulted from strong dominance by dominant stallions, and fidelity of group members. Eliminations of group members were usually marked by urine of the dominant stallion. ♂‐♂ aggression involved spacing between harems and dominance in bachelor groups. Marking with feces was important in ♂‐♂ interactions. Foaling occurred in May and early June, following the post‐partum estrous. All breeding was done by harem stallions. Young were commonly nursed through yearling age. These horses showed social organizations similar to other feral horses and plains zebras. Zusammenfassung Von Mai bis November 1970 wurden verschiedene Wildpferd‐Gruppen in den westlichen Vereinigten Staaten untersucht. Die Pferde lebten das ganze Jahr in stabilen Harems mit einem dominanten Hengst oder in weniger stabilen Gruppen aus jungen ♂♂. Weidegebiete überschnitten sich sehr stark, Territorien waren nicht feststellbar. Der Abstand zwischen Gruppen wurde vom dominanten Hengst gewahrt. Der Tageslauf umfaßte regelmäßig Grasen, Ruhen und bei Trockenheit Wanderungen zur Wasserstelle. Wiederkehrende Verhaltens‐ und Verständigungsweisen werden beschrieben. Unbemerkt von den Pferden wurde das Verhalten in Minutenabständen protokolliert. Zusätzlich wurden sechs Gruppen daran gewöhnt, aus nächster Nähe beobachtet zu werden. Die Konstanz der Haremsgruppen wurde durch starke Dominanz des Hengstes und die Treue der Gruppenmitglieder gewahrt. Die Exkremente der Stuten wurden oft von den Haremshengsten mit Urin markiert. Sowohl Stuten als auch Hengste wiesen gruppenfremde Pferde ab. Kämpfe zwischen Hengsten und Zusammentreiben der Stuten dienten meist dazu, die Harems getrennt zu halten; selten ging es darum, zusätzliche Stuten zu bekommen. Harems‐♀♀ zeigten nur wenig entwickelte Rangordnungen. Halberwachsene Hengste wurden von den dominanten ♂ ♂ wegen ihrer starken Unter‐würfigkeit geduldet. Führer, erkennbar am Hüteverhalten wie am Initiieren von Aktivitäten waren meist die dominanten Hengste. In den Junggesellen‐Gruppen bestand eine lineare Rangordnung. Das dominante ♂ behandelte die Gruppe wie seinen Harem. Bei Interaktionen zwischen Harems‐Hengsten wie zwischen Junghengsten spielte Koten eine große Rolle. Die Rangordnung in Junghengst‐Gruppen war beim Koten erkennbar: der Rangniedrigste kotete zuerst, die jeweils Ranghöheren folgten. Alle ♂ ♂ benutzten dieselben Kotplätze, die weitverstreut an Pfaden und Wasserstellen lagen. Im Mai und Anfang Juni fohlten die Stuten, die sofort wieder rossig und dann ausschließlich vom Haremshengst gedeckt wurden. Die Stuten verteidigten ihre Fohlen sehr stark, und auch die dominanten Hengste zeigten Verteidi‐gungsverhalten. Die Fohlen saugten von sich aus und wurden selten abgewiesen. Einjährige wurden gewöhnlich von Stuten gesäugt, die selbst keine oder ihre neugeborenen Fohlen verloren hatten. Fohlen tranken 1,85mal pro h, einjährige 0,97mal pro h, und zwar durchschnittlich 1,5 min lang. In 76% aller Fälle hörten die Tiere freiwillig zu trinken auf. Pferde haben eine sehr ursprüngliche Sozialstruktur, die bei wilden Ponies und Pferden der bei den meisten Zebras ähnlich ist.

The first probabilistic tsunami flooding maps have been developed. The methodology, called probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (PTHA), integrates tsunami inundation modeling with methods of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA). Application of the methodology to Seaside, Oregon, has yielded estimates of the spatial distribution of 100‐ and 500‐year maximum tsunami amplitudes, i.e., amplitudes with 1% and 0.2% annual probability of exceedance. The 100‐year tsunami is generated most frequently by far‐field sources in the Alaska‐Aleutian Subduction Zone and is characterized by maximum amplitudes that do not exceed 4 m, with an inland extent of less than 500 m. In contrast, the 500‐year tsunami is dominated by local sources in the Cascadia Subduction Zone and is characterized by maximum amplitudes in excess of 10 m and an inland extent of more than 1 km. The primary sources of uncertainty in these results include those associated with interevent time estimates, modeling of background sea level, and accounting for temporal changes in bathymetry and topography. Nonetheless, PTHA represents an important contribution to tsunami hazard assessment techniques; viewed in the broader context of risk analysis, PTHA provides a method for quantifying estimates of the likelihood and severity of the tsunami hazard, which can then be combined with vulnerability and exposure to yield estimates of tsunami risk.

Mining accidents have occurred since the early days of mining. Therewere a total of 525 mining disasters (incidents with five or more fatalities) in both coal and metal/nonmetal mines from 1900 through 2007 in the United States, resulting in 12,823 fatalities. Most of these disasters involve mine rescue teams, which are specially trained to perform search and rescue operations in extremely hostile environments. Robots have a great potential to assist in these underground operations, searching ahead of rescue teams and reporting conditions that may be hazardous to the teams. When explosive conditions exist or when heavy smoke or unstable ground conditions prevent team members from entering a mine, robots can become an invaluable tool.

Abstract This paper is the primary deliverable of the very first NASA Living With a Star Institute Working Group, Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GIC) Working Group. The paper provides a broad overview of the current status and future challenges pertaining to the science, engineering, and applications of the GIC problem. Science is understood here as the basic space and Earth sciences research that allows improved understanding and physics‐based modeling of the physical processes behind GIC. Engineering, in turn, is understood here as the “impact” aspect of GIC. Applications are understood as the models, tools, and activities that can provide actionable information to entities such as power systems operators for mitigating the effects of GIC and government agencies for managing any potential consequences from GIC impact to critical infrastructure. Applications can be considered the ultimate goal of our GIC work. In assessing the status of the field, we quantify the readiness of various applications in the mitigation context. We use the Applications Readiness Level (ARL) concept to carry out the quantification.

A theory of legal development, derived from cognitive developmental theory, is explicated using U.S. kindergarten to college and cross‐national preadolescent data. Paralleling evidence on universal moral levels, the development of individual orientations vis‐à‐vis legal or rule systems reveals consistent movement from a preconventional law‐obeying, to a conventional law‐maintaining, to a postconventional lawmaking perspective. In both the U.S. and cross‐national samples, “law and order” conventional reasoning is modal reflecting that socialization experiences can accelerate, retard, or crystallize the growth of legal values and roles. Implications of the theory and findings are discussed for legal socialization.

BACKGROUND: A prerequisite for many eye tracking and video-oculography (VOG) methods is an accurate localization of the pupil. Several existing techniques face challenges in images with artifacts and under naturalistic low-light conditions, e.g. with highly dilated pupils. NEW METHOD: For the first time, we propose to use a fully convolutional neural network (FCNN) for segmentation of the whole pupil area, trained on 3946 VOG images hand-annotated at our institute. We integrate the FCNN into DeepVOG, along with an established method for gaze estimation from elliptical pupil contours, which we improve upon by considering our FCNN's segmentation confidence measure. RESULTS: The FCNN output simultaneously enables us to perform pupil center localization, elliptical contour estimation and blink detection, all with a single network and with an assigned confidence value, at framerates above 130 Hz on commercial workstations with GPU acceleration. Pupil centre coordinates can be estimated with a median accuracy of around 1.0 pixel, and gaze estimation is accurate to within 0.5 degrees. The FCNN is able to robustly segment the pupil in a wide array of datasets that were not used for training. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS: We validate our method against gold standard eye images that were artificially rendered, as well as hand-annotated VOG data from a gold-standard clinical system (EyeSeeCam) at our institute. CONCLUSIONS: Our proposed FCNN-based pupil segmentation framework is accurate, robust and generalizes well to new VOG datasets. We provide our code and pre-trained FCNN model open-source and for free under www.github.com/pydsgz/DeepVOG.

Electrorheological (ER) materials are suspensions of specialized, micron-sized particles in nonconducting oils. When electric fields are applied to ER materials, they exhibit dramatic changes (within milli-seconds) in material properties. Pre-yield, yielding, and post-yield mechanisms are all influenced by the electric field. Namely, an applied electric field dramatically increases the stiffness and energy dissipation properties of these materials. A previously known cubic equation which describes the flow of fluids with a yield stress through a rectangular duct can be applied to annular flow, provided that certain conditions on the material properties are satisfied. An analytic solution and a uniform approximation to the solution, for the rectangular duct Poiseuille flow case is presented. A numerical method is required to solve the flow in annular geometries. The approximation for rectangular ducts is extended to deal with the annular duct case.

Abstract Some recent empirical studies examine the impact of the GATT/WTO on trade. This paper investigates the sample selection bias and the gravity model specification issues in the literature. First, the GATT/WTO not only makes existing trading partners trade more at the intensive margin, but also creates new trading relationships at the extensive margin. Most existing papers exclude zero trade observations and hence ignore the extensive margin. Secondly, due to the violation of some maintained assumptions, the traditional log‐linear gravity regressions fail to uncover the role of the GATT/WTO even at the intensive margin. Using a large bilateral panel dataset including zero trade flows and a more appropriate econometric method, this paper finds that the GATT/WTO has been very effective in promoting world trade at both the intensive and extensive margins.

In a paper published in the Monthly Weather Review in September, 1933, the author discussed long‐time temperature trends, and presented data showing that an unusual and extended warm phase of climate had at that time developed through a more or less regular rise in temperature for a comparatively long period of years. The paper also showed that the prevailing condition was widespread, in fact apparently world‐wide, and in addition that temperature data up through 1932, the terminal of the records presented in that paper, afforded no indication of an impending trend reversal to more normal thermal conditions in the then near future. Up to the end of 1945, records for 13 subsequent years have become available, and these are here presented, supplementary to the original data, to determine tendencies since 1932. They show that the general upward temperature trend continued for several years but that the more recent records Indicate a leveling off, and even contain currently a suggestion of an impending reversal.

Authentication using a path of trusted intermediaries, each able to authenicate the next in the path, is a well-known technique for authenicating entities in a large-scale system. Recent work has extended this technique to include multiple paths in an effort to bolster authentication, but the success of this approach may be unclear in the face of intersecting paths, ambiguities in the meaning of certificates, and interdependencies in the use of different keys. Thus, several authors have proposed metrics to evaluate the confidence afforded by a set of paths. In this paper we develop a set of guiding principles for the design of such metrics. We motivate our principles by showing how previous approaches failed with respect to these principles and what the consequences to authentication might be. We then propose a new metric that appears to meet our principles, and so to be a satisfactory metric of authenticaiton.

Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials,

Journal Article Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II. By Nelson Lichtenstein. (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1982. xii + 319 pp. Charts, tables, notes, bibliographical essay, and index. $29.95.) Get access Alan Clive Alan Clive Federal Emergency Management Agency Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 70, Issue 3, December 1983, Page 719, https://doi.org/10.2307/1903578 Published: 01 December 1983

Electrorheological (ER) materials develop yield stresses on the order of 5–10 kPa in the presence of strong electric fields. Viscoelastic and yielding material properties can be modulated within milli-seconds. An analysis of flowing ER materials in the limiting case of fully developed steady flow results in simple approximations for use in design. Small-scale experiments show that these design equations can be applied to designing devices in which the flow is unsteady. More exact models of ER device behavior can be determined using curve-fitting techniques in multiple dimensions. A previously known curve-fitting technique is extended to deal with variable electric fields. Experiments are described which illustrate the potential for ER devices in large-scale damping applications and the accuracy of the modeling technique.

The increased use of botnets as an attack tool and the awareness attackers have of blocking lists leads to the question of whether we can effectively predict future bot locations. To that end, we introduce a network quality that we term uncleanliness: an indicator of the propensity for hosts in a network to be compromised by outside parties.

Abstract. SOA formation from benzene, toluene, m-xylene, and their corresponding phenolic compounds were investigated using the UCR/CE-CERT Environmental Chamber to evaluate the importance of phenolic compounds as intermediate species in aromatic SOA formation. SOA formation yield measurements coupled to gas-phase yield measurements indicate that approximately 20% of the SOA of benzene, toluene, and m-xylene could be ascribed to the phenolic route under low NOx conditions. The SOA densities tend to be initially as high as approximately 1.8 g cm−3 and eventually reach the range of 1.3–1.4 g cm−3. The final SOA density was found to be independent of elemental ratio (O/C) indicating that applying constant density (e.g., 1.4 g cm−3) to SOA formed from different aromatic compounds tested in this study is a reasonable approximation. Results from a novel on-line PILS-TOFMS (Particle-into-Liquid Sampler coupled with Agilent Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer) are reported. Major signals observed by the on-line/off-line Agilent TOFMS indicated that products had the same number of carbon atoms as their parent aromatics, suggesting importance of ring-retaining products or ring-opening products following ring-cleavage.

Today almost all organizations have improved their performance through allowing more information exchange within their organization as well as between their distributers, suppliers, and customers using web support. Databases are central to the modern websites as they provide necessary data as well as stores critical information such as user credentials, financial and payment information, company statistics etc. These websites have been continuously targeted by highly motivated malicious users to acquire monetary gain. Structured Query Language (SQL) injection and Cross Site Scripting Attack (XSS) is perhaps one of the most common application layer attack technique used by attacker to deface the website, manipulate or delete the content through inputting unwanted command strings. Structured Query Language Injection Attacks (SQLIA) is ranked 1st in the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) [1] top 10 vulnerability list and has resulted in massive attacks on a number of websites in the past few years. In this paper, we present a detailed review on various types of Structured Query Language Injection attacks, Cross Site Scripting Attack, vulnerabilities, and prevention techniques. Besides presenting our findings from the survey, we also propose future expectations and possible development of countermeasures against Structured Query Language Injection attacks.

This paper presents an empirical model for proton induced Single Event Upset (SEU). This model is based on heavy ion data, and will improve the previous 'two parameters' Bendel model. Application to various parts is presented.