Fuji Xerox (Japan)

The development of system-on-silicon large-scale integration (LSI) devices has significantly influenced the demand for higher wiring connectivity within LSI chips. Currently, increasing the number of metal layers in a multilevel metallization as the device size decreases increases wiring connectivity. In the future, however, designers will have difficulty catching up with the rising demand for higher wiring connectivity by merely increasing the number of metal layers. We propose a new three-dimensional integration technology to overcome future wiring connectivity crises. In our solution, several vertically stacked chip layers in 3D LSI chips or 3D multichip modules (MCMs) are fabricated using our new integration technology. More than 10/sup 5/ interconnections per chip form in a vertical direction in these 3D LSI chips or 3D MCMs. Consequently, we can dramatically increase wiring connectivity while reducing the number of long interconnections.

We report on the Parallel Grammar (ParGram) project which uses the XLE parser and grammar development platform for six languages: English, French, German, Japanese, Norwegian, and Urdu.

The CD98/LAT1 complex is overexpressed in aggressive human cancers and is thereby described as a potential therapeutic target. This complex promotes tumorigenesis with CD98 (4F2hc) engaging β-integrin signaling while LAT1 (SLC7A5) imports essential amino acids (EAA) and promotes mTORC1 activity. However, it is unclear as to which member of the heterodimer carries the most prevalent protumoral action. To answer this question, we explored the tumoral potential of each member by gene disruption of CD98, LAT1, or both and by inhibition of LAT1 with the selective inhibitor (JPH203) in six human cancer cell lines from colon, lung, and kidney. Each knockout respectively ablated 90% (CD98 KO: ) and 100% (LAT1 KO: ) of Na(+)-independent leucine transport activity. LAT1 KO: or JPH203-treated cells presented an amino acid stress response with ATF4, GCN2 activation, mTORC1 inhibition, and severe in vitro and in vivo tumor growth arrest. We show that this severe growth phenotype is independent of the level of expression of CD98 in the six tumor cell lines. Surprisingly, CD98 KO: cells with only 10% EAA transport activity displayed a normal growth phenotype, with mTORC1 activity and tumor growth rate undistinguishable from wild-type cells. However, CD98 KO: cells became extremely sensitive to inhibition or genetic disruption of LAT1 (CD98 KO: /LAT1 KO: ). This finding demonstrates that the tumoral potential of CD98 KO: cells is due to residual LAT1 transport activity. Therefore, these findings clearly establish that LAT1 transport activity is the key growth-limiting step of the heterodimer and advocate the pharmacology development of LAT1 transporter inhibitors as a very promising anticancer target. Cancer Res; 76(15); 4481-92. ©2016 AACR.

Computer-aided education systems are now seeking to provide each student with personalized materials based on a student's individual knowledge. To provide suitable learning materials, tracing each student's knowledge over a period of time is important. However, predicting each student's knowledge is difficult because students tend to forget. The forgetting behavior is mainly because of two reasons: the lag time from the previous interaction, and the number of past trials on a question. Although there are a few studies that consider forgetting while modeling a student's knowledge, some models consider only partial information about forgetting, whereas others consider multiple features about forgetting, ignoring a student's learning sequence. In this paper, we focus on modeling and predicting a student's knowledge by considering their forgetting behavior. We extend the deep knowledge tracing model [17], which is a state-of-the-art sequential model for knowledge tracing, to consider forgetting by incorporating multiple types of information related to forgetting. Experiments on knowledge tracing datasets show that our proposed model improves the predictive performance as compared to baselines. Moreover, we also examine that the combination of multiple types of information that affect the behavior of forgetting results in performance improvement.

Bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution/reduction reaction (OER/ORR) are desirable for the development of energy conversion technologies. It is discovered that the manganese quadruple perovskites CaMn7O12 and LaMn7O12 show bifunctional catalysis in the OER/ORR. A possible origin of the high OER activity is the unique surface structure through corner-shared planar MnO4 and octahedral MnO6 units to promote direct OO bond formations. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

We introduce the beat spectrum, a new method of automatically characterizing the rhythm and tempo of music and audio. The beat spectrum is a measure of acoustic self-similarity as a function of time lag. Highly structured or repetitive music will have strong beat spectrum peaks at the repetition times. This reveals both tempo and the relative strength of particular beats, and therefore can distinguish between different kinds of rhythms at the same tempo. We also introduce the beat spectrogram which graphically illustrates rhythm variation over time. Unlike previous approaches to tempo analysis, the beat spectrum does not depend on particular attributes such as energy or frequency, and thus will work for any music or audio in any genre. We present tempo estimation results which are accurate to within 1 % for a variety of musical genres. This approach has a variety of applications, including music retrieval by similarity and automatically generating music videos. 1.

The third‐order nonlinear optical property χ (3) I of a film of single‐walled carbon nanotubes was studied in the infrared region. The film combines a high χ (3) I (–0.85 × 10 –7 esu at resonant wavelength) with a rapid transmittance recovery (from differential transmission spectra, see Figure), making it suitable for highly efficient and ultrafast devices for optical telecommunications.

Abstract Technology—the collection of devices and methods available to human society—evolves by constructing new devices and methods from ones that previously exist, and in turn offering these as possible components—building blocks—for the construction of further new devices and elements. The collective of technology in this way forms a network of elements where novel elements are created from existing ones and where more complicated elements evolve from simpler ones. We model this evolution within a simple artificial system on the computer. The elements in our system are logic circuits. New elements are formed by combination from simpler existing elements (circuits), and if a novel combination satisfies one of a set of needs, it is retained as a building block for further combination. We study the properties of the resulting build out. We find that our artificial system can create complicated technologies (circuits), but only by first creating simpler ones as building blocks. Our results mirror Lenski et al.'s: that complex features can be created in biological evolution only if simpler functions are first favored and act as stepping stones. We also find evidence that the resulting collection of technologies exists at self‐organized criticality. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 11: 23–31, 2006

We propose a genre taxonomy as a knowledge repository of communicative structures or "typified actions" enacted by organizational members. The genre taxonomy is intended to help people make sense of diverse types of communicative actions and provide ideas for improving work processes that coordinate the communication of information. It engages several features to achieve this objective. First, the genre taxonomy represents the elements of both genres and genre systems as embedded in a social context reflecting the communicative questions why, what, who, when, where, and how (5W1H). In other words, the genre taxonomy represents the purpose, content, participants, timing, location, and form of communicative action. Second, the genre taxonomy distinguishes between widely recognized genres such as a report and specific genres such as a particular company's technical report, because the difference sheds light on the context of genre use. Third, the genre taxonomy represents use and evolution of a genre over time to help people understand how a genre is used and changed by a community over time. Fourth, the genre taxonomy represents aspects of information coordination via genres, thus providing ideas for improving work processes using genres. We have constructed a prototype of such a genre taxonomy using the Process Handbook, a process knowledge repository developed at MIT. We have included both widely recognized genres such as the memo and specific genres such as those used in the Process Handbook itself. We suggest that this genre taxonomy may be useful in the innovation of new document templates or methods for communication because it helps to clarify different possible uses of similar genres and explicates how genres play a coordination role among people and between people and their tasks.

Human-Centered Computing (HCC) is a set of methodologies that apply to any field that uses computers, in any form, in applications in which humans directly interact with devices or systems that use computer technologies. In this paper, we give an overview of HCC from a Multimedia perspective. We describe what we consider to be the three main areas of Human-Centered Multimedia (HCM): media production, analysis, and interaction. In addition, we identify the core characteristics of HCM, describe example applications, and propose a research agenda for HCM.

We developed a synthesis method of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), in which an arc discharging was controlled by a magnetic field. Using this method, we can obtain high-purity MWNTs (purity >95%) without purification which disorders walls of MWNTs. The current–voltage measurements show that the carriers would transport ballistically through our defect-free MWNTs with the maximum current density of ∼1011 A/m2. Therefore, our method provides defect-free/high-purity MWNTs as nanosized electric wires for device fabrication.

This paper demonstrates a direct fuel cell (DHPFC). The cell converts the energy released by decomposition with and ions into electricity, and produces water and oxygen. In the experiment, we used a microfluidic cell, in which acid and alkaline electrolytes contact with each other. The measured power density of the cell is comparable to that of a typical air-breathing direct-methanol fuel cell. The DHPFC emits no uses simply handled aqueous fuels, and requires no expensive membrane-electrolyte assemblies. These advantages may allow the DHPFC to be a promising candidate for practical fuel cells. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

We have measured the electric properties of a three-terminal single molecule DNA device with a triple-probe atomic force microscope (T-AFM). The T-AFM permits us to connect a single DNA molecule with carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes as source, drain, and gate terminals. As the gate bias voltage is increased, the voltage gap region decreased in the current–voltage (I–V) curves. Furthermore, we can observe the clear steps in the I–V curve at crossing the DNA molecule and the CNT-gate electrode with gate biased.

We have constructed a dual-probe scanning tunneling microscope (D-STM). We used multiwall carbon nanotubes [(NT), diameter: ∼10 nm] as STM probes. The D-STM allows us to elucidate the electric property of a sample with a spatial resolution of ∼1 nm. Using this system, we have measured the current–voltage curves of a single NT ring as a transistor. The curves show the possibility of nanometer-scale electronic circuits composed of NT devices.

In this study, we focus on participants called lurkers, who do not post any messages in an online community such as interactive mailing lists and bulletin board systems. We propose a method of classifying participants including lurkers based on two criteria: what types of actions they take outside the online community, and whether or not the online community affects their thoughts. In addition, based on the results of interviews, we propose hypotheses regarding factors that characterize the categories of lurkers. We conduct a questionnaire survey of all participants in two in-house online communities to verify our method and test the hypotheses. There are a considerable number of lurkers who have a strong and wide influence outside the online community. We conclude that such lurkers cannot be neglected in an evaluation of online communities within a company. We also discuss the possibility of online community management by focusing on not only posters but also lurkers who are indirect contributors to increasing the influence of an online community on its outside environment.

A new three-dimensional (3D) wafer bonding technology using the adhesive injection method has been proposed, in order to realize a real-time micro-vision system and a real shared memory. Several key technologies for 3D LSI, such as deep trench formation for buried interconnection, wafer grinding and chemical-mechanical polishing, wafer alignment and wafer bonding using the adhesive injection method, have been developed.

During the process of developing organic molecules that match the wavelengths used in optical communications, we have discovered a new class of dyes, with absorption maxima at 1.1 mum, and clarified their molecular structures. The synthesis of this class of dyes was supposed to involve unexpected intramolecular tandem reactions, and the effect of alkyl substituents on such a synthesis was investigated. As a result, an effective alkyl-substituent structure for realizing a high synthetic yield and good solubility in organic solvents was found. Furthermore, thin films made of such a highly soluble dye were fabricated by solution-coating, and they exhibited a red-shifted absorption band with a maximum at approximately 1.3 mum, indicating the formation of J-like aggregates. The third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility chi(3) of these thin films at 1.3 mum, which is the wavelength used in optical communications, was measured by the Z-scan technique. The magnitude of chi(3) reaches approximately 10-7 esu. These results suggest that the solution-coated thin films of this type of dye are potential materials for optical switching at 1.3 mum and for other nonlinear optical applications.

A new three-dimensional (3D) integration technology based on wafer bonding technique has been proposed for intelligent image sensor chip with 3D stacked structure. We have developed key technologies for such 3D integration. A 3D image sensor test chip was fabricated using this 3D integration technology. Basic electric characteristics were evaluated in the 3D image sensor test chip.

This paper analyzes editing patterns of Wikipedia contributors using dynamic social network analysis. We have developed a tool that converts the edit flow among contributors into a temporal social network. We are using this approach to identify the most creative Wikipedia editors among the few thousand contributors who make most of the edits amid the millions of active Wikipedia editors. In particular, we identify the key category of “coolfarmers”, the prolific authors starting and building new articles of high quality. Towards this goal we analyzed the 2580 featured articles of the English Wikipedia where we found two main article types: (1) articles of narrow focus created by a few subject matter experts, and (2) articles about a broad topic created by thousands of interested incidental editors. We then investigated the authoring process of articles about a current and controversial event. There we found two types of editors with different editing patterns: the mediators, trying to reconcile the different viewpoints of editors, and the zealots, who are adding fuel to heated discussions on controversial topics. As a second category of editors we look at the “egoboosters”, people who use Wikipedia mostly to showcase themselves. Understanding these different patterns of behavior gives important insights about the cultural norms of online creators. In addition, identifying and policing egoboosters has the potential to increase the quality of Wikipedia. People best suited to enforce culture-compliant behavior of egoboosters through exemplary behavior and active intervention are the highly regarded coolfarmers introduced above.

To search for sublimable squaraine (SQ) dyes for fabricating thin films under vacuum, we have synthesized a series of 2,4-bis[4-( N,N -dialkylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl]squaraines [SQ(OH) 4 ] and studied their properties. The investigation of the behavior of their Langmuir films at the air−water interface revealed that SQ(OH) 4 molecules with branched N- alkyl groups such as sec -butyls and isobutyls have larger limiting areas and tend to form J-aggregates in the monolayers, whereas molecules with straight N- alkyl chains have smaller limiting areas and are apt to form H-aggregates. This behavior is attributable to the much larger steric hindrance of the branched N- butyl groups than that of the straight ones. The thermal stability of these dyes was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG), and their sublimation ability was evaluated through heating under vacuum. As a result, we verified that the four hydroxyls at the 2‘,6‘-positions of the two phenyl rings significantly enhanced the thermal stability and the sublimation ability of an anilino SQ dye molecule, and the introduction of branched N -butyls further promoted the sublimation ability of the target SQ(OH) 4 molecules. These phenomena may be attributed to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyls and the CO groups of the four-membered ring, and the much larger intermolecular repulsive force between branched N- alkyls, respectively. In particular, the SQ(OH) 4 dye with four N -isobutyls could be sublimed without any decomposition. These results suggest that SQ(OH) 4 molecule with branched N -butyls is the most effective structure for realizing a high sublimation ability. Furthermore, pure SQ dye thin films have been successfully fabricated by molecular beam deposition of the SQ(OH) 4 dye with four N -isobutyls. The vacuum-deposited thin films of such SQ dyes have potential applications in various fields such as electrophotography, solar energy conversion, optical recording, and nonlinear optics.