Gifu University

We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33.0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector. The data exhibit a zenith angle dependent deficit of muon neutrinos which is inconsistent with expectations based on calculations of the atmospheric neutrino flux. Experimental biases and uncertainties in the prediction of neutrino fluxes and cross sections are unable to explain our observation. The data are consistent, however, with two-flavor ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ oscillations with ${sin}^{2}2\ensuremath{\theta}>0.82$ and $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}<\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}<6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1{0}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\mathrm{eV}{}^{2}$ at 90% confidence level.

Fluorometric hybridization in microdilution wells was developed to determine genetic relatedness among microorganisms. Total chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for hybridization reactions was labeled with photoreactive biotin (photobiotin). The biotinylated DNA was hybridized with single-stranded unlabeled DNAs which had been immobilized on the surfaces of microdilution wells. After hybridization, biotinylated DNA was quantitatively detected with beta-D-galactosidase and a fluorogenic substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside. Homology values obtained with this fluorometric direct binding method were compared with values obtained with two membrane filter methods, one in which photobiotin labeling was used and one in which radioisotope labeling was used. The results showed that the fluorometric direct binding method in which microdilution wells are used could be an alternative to radioisotope and membrane filter hybridization methods.

autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Plant traits-the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants-determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits-almost complete coverage for 'plant growth form'. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait-environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.

Spintronics is one of the emerging fields for the next-generation nanoelectronic devices to reduce their power consumption and to increase their memory and processing capabilities. Such devices utilise the spin degree of freedom of electrons and/or holes, which can also interact with their orbital moments. In these devices, the spin polarisation is controlled either by magnetic layers used as spin-polarisers or analysers or via spin–orbit coupling. Spin waves can also be used to carry spin current. In this review, the fundamental physics of these phenomena is described first with respect to the spin generation methods as detailed in Sections 2 ~ 9. The recent development in their device applications then follows in Sections 10 and 11. Future perspectives are provided at the end.

Abstract The genetic make-up of an individual contributes to the susceptibility and response to viral infection. Although environmental, clinical and social factors have a role in the chance of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the severity of COVID-19 1,2 , host genetics may also be important. Identifying host-specific genetic factors may reveal biological mechanisms of therapeutic relevance and clarify causal relationships of modifiable environmental risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and outcomes. We formed a global network of researchers to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity. Here we describe the results of three genome-wide association meta-analyses that consist of up to 49,562 patients with COVID-19 from 46 studies across 19 countries. We report 13 genome-wide significant loci that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection or severe manifestations of COVID-19. Several of these loci correspond to previously documented associations to lung or autoimmune and inflammatory diseases 3–7 . They also represent potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection. Mendelian randomization analyses support a causal role for smoking and body-mass index for severe COVID-19 although not for type II diabetes. The identification of novel host genetic factors associated with COVID-19 was made possible by the community of human genetics researchers coming together to prioritize the sharing of data, results, resources and analytical frameworks. This working model of international collaboration underscores what is possible for future genetic discoveries in emerging pandemics, or indeed for any complex human disease.

We report the final redshift release of the 6dF Galaxy Survey (6dFGS), a combined redshift and peculiar velocity survey over the southern sky (|b| > 10 ). Its 136 304 spectra have yielded 110 256 new extragalactic redshifts and a new catalogue of 125 071 galaxies making near-complete samples with (K, H , J , r F , b J ) (12. 65, 12.95, 13.75, 15.60, 16.75). The median redshift of the survey is 0.053. Survey data, including images, spectra, photometry and redshifts, are available through an online data base. We describe changes to the information in the data base since earlier interim data releases. Future releases will include velocity dispersions, distances and peculiar velocities for the brightest early-type galaxies, comprising about 10 per cent of the sample. Here we provide redshift maps of the southern local Universe with z 0.1, showing nearby large-scale structures in hitherto unseen detail. A number of regions known previously to have a paucity of galaxies are confirmed as significantly underdense regions. The URL of the 6dFGS data base is http://www-wfau.roe.ac.uk/6dFGS.

Solar neutrino measurements from 1258 days of data from the Super-Kamiokande detector are presented. The measurements are based on recoil electrons in the energy range 5.0--20.0 MeV. The measured solar neutrino flux is $2.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.07}^{+0.08}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is $45.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}1.4}^{+1.6}(\mathrm{syst})%$ of that predicted by the BP2000 SSM. The day vs night flux asymmetry $({\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{n}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{d})/{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{\mathrm{average}}$ is $0.033\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.022(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.012}^{+0.013}(\mathrm{syst})$. The recoil electron energy spectrum is consistent with no spectral distortion. For the hep neutrino flux, we set a $90%$ C.L. upper limit of $40\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{3}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is 4.3 times the BP2000 SSM prediction.

OBJECTIVE: We developed a digital image database (www.macnet.or.jp/jsrt2/cdrom_nodules.html ) of 247 chest radiographs with and without a lung nodule. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of image databases for potential use in various digital image research projects. Radiologists' detection of solitary pulmonary nodules included in the database was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four conventional chest radiographs with a lung nodule and 93 radiographs without a nodule were selected from 14 medical centers and were digitized by a laser digitizer with a 2048 x 2048 matrix size (0.175-mm pixels) and a 12-bit gray scale. Lung nodule images were classified into five groups according to the degrees of subtlety shown. The observations of 20 participating radiologists were subjected to ROC analysis for detecting solitary pulmonary nodules. Experimental results (areas under the curve, Az) obtained from observer studies were used for characterization of five groups of lung nodules with different degrees of subtlety. RESULTS: ROC analysis showed that the database included a wide range of various nodules yielding Az values from 0.574 to 0.991 for the five categories of cases for different degrees of subtlety. CONCLUSION: This database can be useful for many purposes, including research, education, quality assurance, and other demonstrations.

Abstract Based on the 16S rRNA sequences, DNA‐DNA homology values, cellular lipid and fatty acid composition, and phenotypic characteristics, a new genus Burkholderia is proposed for the RNA homology group II of genus Pseudomonas . Seven species in this group were transfered to the new genus. Thus seven new combinations, Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981), Burkholderia mallei (Zopf 1885), Burkholderia pseudomallei (Whitmore 1913), Burkholderia caryophylli (Burkholder 1942), Burkholderia gladioli (Severini 1913), Burkholderia pickettii (Ralston et al 1973) and Burkholderia solanacearum (Smith 1896) were proposed.

Tin doped indium oxide (ITO) films are highly transparent in the visible region, exhibiting high reflectance in the infrared region, and having nearly metallic conductivity. Owing to this unusual combination of electrical and optical properties, this material is widely applied in optoelectronic devices. The association of these properties in a single material explains the vast domain of its applicability and the diverse production methods which have emerged. Although the different properties of tin doped indium oxide in the film form are interdependent, this article mainly focuses on the electrical aspects. Detailed description of the conduction mechanism and the main parameters that control the conductivity is presented. On account of the large varieties and differences in the fabrication techniques, the electrical properties of ITO films are discussed and compared within each technique.

We present a combined analysis of fully-contained, partially-contained and upward-going muon atmospheric neutrino data from a 1489 d exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector. The data samples span roughly five decades in neutrino energy, from 100 MeV to 10 TeV. A detailed Monte Carlo comparison is described and presented. The data is fit to the Monte Carlo expectation, and is found to be consistent with neutrino oscillations of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}$ with ${sin}^{2}2\ensuremath{\theta}>0.92$ and $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}<\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}^{2}<3.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{eV}}^{2}$ at 90% confidence level.

The KirBac1.1 channel belongs to the inward-rectifier family of potassium channels. Here we report the structure of the entire prokaryotic Kir channel assembly, in the closed state, refined to a resolution of 3.65 angstroms. We identify the main activation gate and structural elements involved in gating. On the basis of structural evidence presented here, we suggest that gating involves coupling between the intracellular and membrane domains. This further suggests that initiation of gating by membrane or intracellular signals represents different entry points to a common mechanistic pathway.

Members Ahti Anttila, Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu 21 B, 00170 Helsinki, Finland Ramesh V. Bhat, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad-500 007 AP, India James A. Bond, Chemico-Biological Interactions, Toxcon, 5505 Frenchmans Creek, Durham, NC 27713, USA Susan J. Borghoff, CIIT Centers for Health Research, 6 Davis Drive, Box 12137, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2127, USA F. Xavier Bosch, Epidemiology Unit and Cancer Registry, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Av. Gran via s/n, Km. 2.7, 08907 L’Hospitalet del Llobregat, Spain Gary P. Carlson, School of Health Sciences, 1338 Civil Engineering Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1338, USA Marcel Castegnaro, Les Collanges, 07240 Saint-Jean-Chambre, France George Cruzan, ToxWorks, 1153 Roadstown Road, Bridgeton, NJ 08302-6640, USA Wentzel C.A. Gelderblom, Programme on Mycotoxins and Experimental Carcinogenesis, Medical Research Council (MRC), PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, South Africa 7505 Ulla Hass, Institute of Food Safety and Toxicology, Morkhoj Bygade 19, 2860 Soborg, Denmark Sara H. Henry, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740-3835, USA Ronald A. Herbert, Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Mail Drop B3-08, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2233, USA Marc Jackson, Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., PO Box 13501, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA IARC WORKING GROUP ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS: SOME TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINES, SOME MYCOTOXINS, NAPHTHALENE AND STYRENE

The first results of the solar neutrino flux measurement from Super-Kamiokande are presented. The results shown here are obtained from data taken between 31 May 1996, and 23 June 1997. Using our measurement of recoil electrons with energies above 6.5 MeV, we infer the total flux of ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ solar neutrinos to be $2.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.07}^{+0.10}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\mathrm{cm}{}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This result is consistent with the Kamiokande measurement and is 36% of the flux predicted by the BP95 solar model. The flux is also measured in 1.5 month subsets and shown to be consistent with a constant rate.

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a human respiratory pathogen that causes acute respiratory disease and approximately 10% of community-acquired pneumonia. The infections are geographically widespread. Antibody prevalence studies have shown that virtually everyone is infected with the C. pneumoniae organisms at some time and that reinfection is common. In addition to respiratory disease, seroepidemiologic studies have shown an association of this organism with coronary artery disease. C. pneumoniae was detected in coronary artery atheromas by immunocytochemistry (15/36) and by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (13/30) in 20 of 36 autopsy cases from Johannesburg, South Africa. Sequence analysis of the C. pneumoniae rRNA genes amplified by PCR confirmed that the amplified gene products were C. pneumoniae. Electron microscopy revealed typical pear-shaped C. pneumoniae elementary bodies in 6 of 21 atheromatous plaques. These findings support the seroepidemiologic studies and offer further evidence that C. pneumoniae may be involved in the atherosclerotic process.

Results from 1036 days of solar neutrino data accumulated in the upgraded Kamiokande detector (Kamiokande III) are presented. The $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ solar neutrino flux observed in Kamiokande III is ${2.82}_{\ensuremath{-}0.24}^{+0.25}$ (stat) \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.27 (syst) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$; the combined flux from Kamiokande II and III (2079 days in total) is 2.80 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.19 (stat) \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.33 (syst) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is 49% to 64% of the standard solar models. These combined data from January 1987 to February 1995, covering an entire period of solar cycle 22, enabled us to study a correlation between the neutrino flux and the solar activity in detail: no strong correlation of the solar neutrino flux with the sunspot numbers was found within experimental errors. The result on a search for the daytime and nighttime flux difference is also reported.

The cross section for ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ between 3.8 and 5.5 GeV is measured with a $967\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data sample collected by the Belle detector at or near the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(nS)$ ($n=1,2,\dots{},5$) resonances. The $Y(4260)$ state is observed, and its resonance parameters are determined. In addition, an excess of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ production around 4 GeV is observed. This feature can be described by a Breit-Wigner parametrization with properties that are consistent with the $Y(4008)$ state that was previously reported by Belle. In a study of $Y(4260)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ decays, a structure is observed in the $M({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}J/\ensuremath{\psi})$ mass spectrum with $5.2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ significance, with mass $M=(3894.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.5)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$ and width $\ensuremath{\Gamma}=(63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}26)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$, where the errors are statistical and systematic, respectively. This structure can be interpreted as a new charged charmoniumlike state.

To develop an efficient animal model for colitis-related carcinogenesis, male Crj: CD-1 (ICR) mice were given a single intraperitoneal administration (10 mg/kg body weight) of a genotoxic colonic carcinogen, azoxymethane (AOM), and a 1-week oral exposure (2% in drinking water) to a non-genotoxic carcinogen, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), under various protocols. At week 20, colonic neoplasms (adenocarcinomas, 100% incidence with 5.60 +/- 2.42 multiplicity; and adenomas, 38% incidence with 0.20 +/- 0.40 multiplicity) with dysplastic lesions developed in mice treated with AOM followed by DSS. Protocols in which AOM was given during or after DSS administration induced a few tubular adenomas or no tumors in the colon. Immunohistochemical investigation of such dysplasias and neoplasms revealed that all lesions were positive for beta-catenin, cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase, but did not show p53 immunoreactivity. The results indicate that 1-week administration of 2% DSS after initiation with a low dose of AOM exerts a powerful tumor-promoting activity in colon carcinogenesis in male ICR mice, and may provide a novel mouse model for investigating colitis-related colon carcinogenesis and for identifying xenobiotics with modifying effects.

Based on the partial nucleotide sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), presence of unique sphingoglycolipids in cellular lipid, and the major type of ubiquinone (Q10), we propose Sphingomonas gen. nov. with the type species Sphingomonas paucimobilis (Holmes et al, 1977) comb. nov. From the homology values of deoxyribonucleic acid-deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization and the phenotypic characteristics, three new species, Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis, Sphingomonas yanoikuyae, Sphingomonas adhaesiva, and one new combination, Sphingomonas capsulata, are described. S. parapaucimobilis JCM 7510 (= GIFU 11387), S. yanoikuyae JCM 7371 (= GIFU 9882), and S. adhaesiva JCM 7370 (= GIFU 11458) are designated as the type strains of the three new species. Emended description of the type strain of S. capsulata is presented.