Institut des Mondes Africains

Abstract Pearl millet [ Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone] is a staple food for more than 90 million farmers in arid and semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa, India and South Asia. We report the ∼1.79 Gb draft whole genome sequence of reference genotype Tift 23D 2 B 1 -P1-P5, which contains an estimated 38,579 genes. We highlight the substantial enrichment for wax biosynthesis genes, which may contribute to heat and drought tolerance in this crop. We resequenced and analyzed 994 pearl millet lines, enabling insights into population structure, genetic diversity and domestication. We use these resequencing data to establish marker trait associations for genomic selection, to define heterotic pools, and to predict hybrid performance. We believe that these resources should empower researchers and breeders to improve this important staple crop.

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessed the safety, tolerability and plasma kinetic behaviour of single oral doses of 94% pure crystalline bulk epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) under fasting conditions in 60 healthy male volunteers. In each group of 10 subjects, eight received oral EGCG in single doses of 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 800 mg or 1600 mg, and two received placebo. Blood samples were taken at intervals until 26 h later. The area under the concentration-time curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)), the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of EGCG, the time taken to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax), and the terminal elimination half-life (t1/2z) of EGCG were determined. Safety and tolerability were assessed. In each dosage group, the kinetic profile revealed rapid absorption with a one-peak plasma concentration versus time course, followed by a multiphasic decrease consisting of a distribution phase and an elimination phase. The mean AUC(0-infinity) of total EGCG varied between 442 and 10,368 ng.h/ml. The according mean Cmax values ranged from 130 to 3392 ng/ml and were observed after 1.3-2.2 h. The mean t1/2z values were seen between 1.9 and 4.6 h. Single oral doses of EGCG up to 1600 mg were safe and very well tolerated.

Les sciences sociales ne font face à l’événement qu’avec hésitation : elles préfèrent les structures, et réduisent l’événement à ses contextes sociaux et à ses constructions médiatiques. En réaction, l’histoire du temps présent tente d’isoler le présent pour exacerber la présence de l’événement. Ce numéro veut montrer comment nos disciplines peuvent, avec Deleuze, considérer l’événement comme ligne de partage, ou rupture d’intelligibilité. Sans renoncer à l’étude des contextes et des constructions, elles renouent avec l’expérience des acteurs sociaux, faisant place au rôle des individus et à la réalité de l’action. Toutefois, leur approche diffère de la manière dont les acteurs créent des récits pour rendre compte de cette fracture du sens : sociologues, anthropologues et historiens confrontent les récits, sans confondre l’événement avec une origine. La signification de l’événement gagne ainsi à être appréhendée par la construction de séries pertinentes, comme le montre l’exemple du 11 septembre 2001.

The rise of towns and states and the expansion of exchange networks have resulted in the formation of various world-systems in Asia, Africa, and Europe since the fourth millennium B.C. In the first century A.D., exchanges transformed the Indian Ocean into a unified space embedded in a Eurasian and African world-system. This system evolved until the sixteenth century through four cycles that saw growing integration of its parts, demographic increase, general growth of commerce and production, and the simultaneous development of hierarchical relations between cores and peripheries within an international division of labor. This early history sheds light on the period that would follow, which saw the emergence of the modern capitalist world-system, and perhaps also provides some hints as to the possible futures of the system.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTCarbon Materials for CatalysisEdward FurimskyView Author Information IMAF GroupCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 28, 9856–9857Publication Date (Web):June 24, 2009Publication History Published online24 June 2009Published inissue 22 July 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja903808yhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja903808ybook-reviewACS PublicationsCopyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1896Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbon nanotubes,Catalysis,Catalysts,Materials,Metals Get e-Alerts

Although situated ∼400 km from the east coast of Africa, Madagascar exhibits cultural, linguistic, and genetic traits from both Southeast Asia and Eastern Africa. The settlement history remains contentious; we therefore used a grid-based approach to sample at high resolution the genomic diversity (including maternal lineages, paternal lineages, and genome-wide data) across 257 villages and 2,704 Malagasy individuals. We find a common Bantu and Austronesian descent for all Malagasy individuals with a limited paternal contribution from Europe and the Middle East. Admixture and demographic growth happened recently, suggesting a rapid settlement of Madagascar during the last millennium. However, the distribution of African and Asian ancestry across the island reveals that the admixture was sex biased and happened heterogeneously across Madagascar, suggesting independent colonization of Madagascar from Africa and Asia rather than settlement by an already admixed population. In addition, there are geographic influences on the present genomic diversity, independent of the admixture, showing that a few centuries is sufficient to produce detectable genetic structure in human populations.

ABSTRACT In this article, we examine an assumption about the historic Swahili of the eastern African coast: that they were a maritime society from their beginnings in the first millennium C.E. Based on historical and archaeological data, we suggest that, despite their proximity to and use of the sea, the level of maritimity of Swahili society increased greatly over time and was only fully realized in the early second millennium C.E. Drawing on recent theorizing from other areas of the world about maritimity as well as research on the Swahili, we discuss three arenas that distinguish first‐ and second‐millennium coastal society in terms of their maritime orientation. These are variability and discontinuity in settlement location and permanence; evidence of increased engagement with the sea through fishing and sailing technology; and specialized architectural developments involving port facilities, mosques, and houses. The implications of this study are that we must move beyond coastal location in determining maritimity; consider how the sea and its products were part of social life; and assess whether the marine environment actively influences and is influenced by broader patterns of sociocultural organization, practice, and belief within Swahili and other societies. [ maritime, fishing and sailing, long‐distance trade, Swahili, eastern Africa ]

En une quinzaine d’années, les sociétés africaines ont connu de profonds bouleversements qui n’ont pas seulement affecté les structures sociales, économiques et politiques, mais aussi les pratiques individuelles, les codes de moralité et les imaginaires sociaux. L’effondrement des autoritarismes postcoloniaux, la libéralisation des espaces publics, mais aussi l’enlisement des processus de démocratisation et la généralisation de la violence, ont indéniablement contribué à transformer les représentations du pouvoir et de l’accumulation légitime jusque-là en vigueur. La crise généralisée de l’État et de l’administration, la mise en oeuvre des plans d’ajustement structurel et l’informalisation croissante des économies, l’effondrement des systèmes scolaires et l’explosion du chômage, le développement de la criminalité et des conflits armés, la compétition pour l’appropriation des ressources, mais aussi la circulation accélérée des individus et des marchandises dans un contexte de globalisation culturelle, sont autant de facteurs qui ont considérablement dévalué l’image de certaines figures sociales du pouvoir et de la réussite – en particulier celles du fonctionnaire, du «DG» ou de l’officier qui occupaient auparavant une place centrale dans les imaginaires populaires du succès (...).

Africa hosts the greatest human genetic diversity globally, but legacies of ancient population interactions and dispersals across the continent remain understudied. Here, we report genome-wide data from 20 ancient sub-Saharan African individuals, including the first reported ancient DNA from the DRC, Uganda, and Botswana. These data demonstrate the contraction of diverse, once contiguous hunter-gatherer populations, and suggest the resistance to interaction with incoming pastoralists of delayed-return foragers in aquatic environments. We refine models for the spread of food producers into eastern and southern Africa, demonstrating more complex trajectories of admixture than previously suggested. In Botswana, we show that Bantu ancestry post-dates admixture between pastoralists and foragers, suggesting an earlier spread of pastoralism than farming to southern Africa. Our findings demonstrate how processes of migration and admixture have markedly reshaped the genetic map of sub-Saharan Africa in the past few millennia and highlight the utility of combined archaeological and archaeogenetic approaches.

Abstract: Since the 2000s, Tanzania has witnessed the return in the public sphere of a reconfigured version of Ujamaa as a set of moral principles embodied in the figure of the first president of Tanzania, Julius Kambarage Nyerere. The persisting traces of Nyerere and Ujamaa are not so evident in actual political practices or economic policies, but rather in collective debates about politics and morality—in short, in contemporary imaginaries of the nation. Contributing to a long-standing discussion of the moral stature of Tanzania’s “father of the nation,” the article explores how and why a shared historical memory of Nyerere is being built or contested to define, mediate, and construct Tanzanian conceptions of morality, belonging, and citizenship in the polis today.

In this work, the author propose a novel theory of ritual action founded upon an in-depth study of the wide variety of behaviors that the Iatmul of Papua New Guinea identify as naven: a transvestism rite studied by Gregory Bateson in the 1930s and documented by other anthropologists since. Ritual performance is shown to involve the construction of complex relational networks entailing the condensation of contradictory modes of relationship in accordance with over-arching interactive forms. In this volume, inquiry into the history of anthropology, detailed ethnographic analysis and theoretical discussion are combined. The first part examines Bateson's and others' understandings of naven; the second offers a reinterpretation of this ritual in the light of new ethnographic data; and the third proposes a general approach to the analysis of ritual and suggests how this perspective may be applied elsewhere.

Ischemic postconditioning (IPCD) significantly reduces infarct size in healthy animals and protects the human heart. Because obesity is a major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, the effects of IPCD were investigated in 8- to 10-wk-old leptin-deficient obese (ob/ob) mice and compared with wild-type C57BL/6J (WT) mice. All animals underwent 30 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion associated or not with IPCD (6 cycles of 10-s occlusion, 10-s reperfusion). Additional mice were killed at 10 min of reperfusion for Western blotting. IPCD reduced infarct size by 58% in WT mice (33+/-1% vs. 14+/-3% for control and IPCD, respectively, P<0.05) but failed to induce cardioprotection in ob/ob mice (53+/-4% vs. 56+/-5% for control and IPCD, respectively). In WT mice, IPCD significantly increased the phosphorylation of Akt (+77%), ERK1/2 (+41%), and their common target p70S6K1 (+153% at Thr389 and +57% at Thr421/Ser424). In addition, the phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-to-total AMPK ratio was also increased by IPCD in WT mice (+64%, P<0.05). This was accompanied by decreases in phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP)-3, and protein phosphatase (PP)2C levels. In contrast, IPCD failed to increase the phosphorylation state of all these kinases in ob/ob mice, and the level of the three phosphatases was significantly increased. Thus, although IPCD reduces myocardial infarct size in healthy animals, its cardioprotective effect vanishes with obesity. The lack of enhanced phosphorylation by IPCD of Akt, ERK1/2, p70S6K1, and AMPK might partly explain the loss of cardioprotection in this experimental model of obese mice.

Absolute bioavailability of the neurohormone melatonin (MLT) was studied in 12 young healthy volunteers (six males, six females) after administration at midday, on two separate occasions, of 23 microg by intravenous (i.v.) infusion and 250 microg by oral solution of D(7) MLT, a molecule in which seven deuterium atoms replace seven hydrogen atoms. Exogenous (D(7)) and endogenous (D(0)) MLT were quantified simultaneously but separately by a highly specific assay: gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry, developed in our laboratory, which enabled us to go down to 0.5 pg/mL in plasma samples. After i.v. administration, the maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) values were significantly different in male and female subjects, but there was no significant gender difference in total body clearance normalized to body weight: 1.27+/-0.20 L/h/kg and 1.18+/-0.22 L/h/kg for males and females, respectively. The apparent terminal half-life (t(1/2(z))) values were 36+/-2 and 41+/-10 min, respectively. After oral administration, pharmacokinetic parameters used to quantify bioavailability were near three-fold greater in female subjects than in males, with large inter-individual variations. The maximum plasma MLT concentration C(max)+/-S.D. was found at 243.7+/-124.6 pg/mL and 623.6+/-575.1 pg/mL for male and female subjects respectively, while the mean values for AUCs were 236+/-107 pg.h/mL and 701+/-645 pg.h/mL. The absolute bioavailability of MLT was from 1 to 37%: mean=8.6+/-3.9% and 16.8+/-12.7% for male and female subjects, respectively.

This open access book is a result of the first ever study of the transformations of the higher education institutional landscape in fifteen former USSR countries after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The Austronesians who settled in Madagascar in the first millennium of the Christian Era were probably different from the Austronesians who reached the East African coast earlier at different times, bringing bananas, taro and yam (Blench 2010). Largely based on linguistic data, this article proposes that four plants were brought by the first Austronesians in Madagascar: rice, the greater yam, coconut and Indian saffron. These plants helped the Austronesians to begin the process of colonising well-watered areas, cultivated both through wet and swidden agriculture. A little later, populations coming from the East African coast introduced other plants (sorghum, cowpea, Bambara pea, ananas…) that allowed them to occupy other ecosystems. At the end of the first millennium, different parts of the island were thus already inhabited, on the coasts and in the Highlands, and cultural blendings were already underway. The continuation of migrations from Southeast Asia, from the East African coast and from India in the second millennium AD brought increasing complexity in the cultural blendings and allowed the repeated introduction of many cultivated plants.

Abstract This article seeks to place contemporary globalization in its right historical place, in two senses. First, it assumes that globalization, associated with the spread and deepening of capitalism, has a long history. It therefore asks what aspects of contemporary globalization can be considered genuinely new. Second, the article offers a historicized perspective, and draws on Marx, Braudel, Polanyi and world‐systems theory to defend a non‐economistic interpretation of capitalist globalization. It stresses the need to recognize the social and institutional contextualization of globalization in time and space, but without losing sight of the core principles of marxist analysis.

Longtemps perçue comme un bastion animiste ou une terre d'élection du christianisme, la Côte d'Ivoire a été le théatre d'une des plus fortes progressions de l'islam sur le continent africain au cours du dernier demi-siècle. De fait, l'islam est aujourd'hui la première religion du pays par son poids démographique et sa présence est manifeste partout. Cette islamisation a été contemporaine du développement économique, des migrations et de l'urbanisation sans précédent de la Côte d'Ivoire postcoloniale. Ce livre retrace la genèse historique et l'importance contemporaine de ces transformations.

Hypothesized Western and Eastern world-systems of the Late Bronze Age collapsed in the twelfth and eleventh centuries b.c. before a new phase of integrations occurred in these areas (western Asia, northern Africa, and southern Europe on the one hand; China on the other). This article argues that in the first millennium b.c ., these two world-systems experienced three long cycles marked by hegemonic transitions between competing regions. The recessions that we observe stemmed partly from climatic deteriorations on varying scales around 800, 400, and 200 b.c. The growth of networks and states was furthered by technological, institutional, and ideological innovations. A number of empires arose in western Asia, which aimed at controlling spaces and peoples between the Mediterranean and the Persian Gulf. An Indian world-system developed, which partly merged with the western system from the fourth century b.c . From the third century b.c ., changes in western Asia, China, and India and the extension of exchange networks favored the opening of land routes across central Asia and maritime routes in the Indian Ocean and China Seas. The rise of new centers in the western Mediterranean region accompanied a growing integration of Europe into the Western system. The three world-systems identified probably fused into a single worldsystem in the first century a.d ., when the rise of exchange networks led to an interdependence of their various regions.

International audience

Terre de conquêtes, de violences et de métissages, le Sud de l’Afrique fascine : ce furent d’abord les pionniers africains, nomades ou défricheurs, qui découvrirent et transformèrent ces immensités. Puis des voyageurs d’Occident abordèrent le cap de Bonne-Espérance, croyant y voir briller les feux de l’Inde. Ceux qui vinrent ensuite convoitaient le bétail, la terre, le diamant et l’or. L’histoire de l’Afrique du Sud est celle d’un long peuplement qui, depuis des siècles, redessine les frontières et bouleverse les identités. Dans la fournaise de ce creuset, les hommes mêlent leurs sangs et leurs croyances, forgent leurs différences : Noirs et Blancs, Coloureds, Indiens, Afrikaners, Zulu, Khoesan... Qui sont-ils, ou plutôt qui veulent-ils être ? Cette histoire africaine est aussi hantée par les multiples visages de la domination et de la soumission. L’apartheid, cet idéal délirant d’ordonnancement du monde, de mise en fiche de l’identité humaine, voulait arrêter le temps, celui qui métisse les peaux et mélange les cultures. Mais l’histoire a repris son cours. Comme un défi à son passé, l’Afrique du Sud continue de s’inventer.