Janaki Medical College

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Background: Obese people have a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease, which is supposed to be due to autonomic dysfunction and/or metabolic disorder. The alterations in cardiac autonomic functions bring out the changes in the heart rate variability (HRV) indicators, an assessing tool for cardiac autonomic conditions. Objective: To compare the cardiac autonomic activity between obese and normal weight adults and find out the highest association between the indices of HRV and obesity. Methods: The study was conducted in 30 adult obese persons (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m 2 ) and 29 healthy normal weight controls (BMI 18–24 kg/m 2 ). Short-term HRV variables were assessed using standard protocol. Data were compared between groups using Mann–Whitney U test. Obesity indices such as waist circumference, hip circumference, waist–hip ratio (WHR), and BMI were measured and calculated, and they were correlated with HRV indices using Spearman’s correlation analysis. Results: In the obese group, there was a significant increase in the mean heart rate, whereas the HRV parasympathetic indicators were less (eg, root mean square of differences of successive RR intervals [28.75 {16.72–38.35} vs 41.55 {30.6–56.75} ms, p =0.018], number of RR intervals that differ by >50 ms, that is, NN50 [15.5 {2–39} vs 83.5 {32.75–116.25}, p =0.010], etc) and the sympathetic indicator low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) ratio (1.2 [0.65–2.20] vs 0.79 [0.5–1.02], p =0.045) was more than that of the normal weight group. Spearman’s correlation between HRV and obesity indices showed significant positive correlation of WHR with LF in normalized unit (r=0.478, p <0.01) and LF/HF ratio ( r =0.479, p <0.01), whereas it had significant negative correlation with high frequency power ms 2 ( r =−0.374, p <0.05) and HF in normalized unit ( r =−0.478, p <0.01). There was a nonsignificant correlation of BMI with HRV variables in obese individuals. Conclusion: Increased WHR, by far an indicator of visceral adiposity, was strongly associated with reduced cardiac parasympathetic and increased sympathetic activity in obese individuals defined by BMI. However, BMI itself has a weak relationship with HRV cardiac autonomic markers. Thus, even with a slight increase in WHR in an individual, there could be a greater risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality brought about by cardiac autonomic alterations. Keywords: obesity, heart rate variability, HRV, body mass index, BMI, waist–hip ratio, WHR, cardiac autonomic regulation

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers in Nepal. Fortunately, it is preventable by detecting precancerous lesions and early invasive cancers by various screening tools. Screening can be possible if women are aware of the problem and if they have positive attitude .Therefore this study was conducted to find out about the knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer in Nepalese women attending a tertiary level hospital in Nepal. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in gynaecological out patient department of Kathmandu Medical College from January to March 2011. Structured questionnaire was used. Demographic profile of women was noted and questions pertaining to knowledge, attitude and practice on screening for cervical cancer were asked. Results: There were 105 respondents, of whom 65.7% had heard about cervical cancer. However, only 42.9% and 18.1% had knowledge about screening for cervical cancer and Pap smear test respectively. More than 85% of women had positive attitude towards screening but the uptake of Pap smear test in the respondents was only 10.5%. It was found that advancing age and longer duration of marriage were significantly associated with better knowledge, attitude and practice. Conclusion: Knowledge and practice of the screening for cervical cancer was poor in gynaecological patients visiting a tertiary level hospital. However the attitude of women towards screening was positive. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 02 | Number 02 | July-December 2013 | Page 85-90 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v2i2.8941

This study aims to determine the incidence of pre-eclampsia and distribution of risk factors of pre-eclampsia at Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. A retrospective study included 4820 pregnant women from 17 September to 18 December 2017. Data were obtained from the medical records of the hospital's Statistics Department. Associations between the risk factors and pre-eclampsia were determined using logistic regression analysis and expressed as odds ratios. The incidence rate of pre-eclampsia in the study population was 1.8%. Higher incidence of pre-eclampsia was observed for women older than 35 years (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR)= 3.27; (Confidence Interval, CI 1.42-7.52) in comparison to mothers aged 20-24 years, primiparous women (AOR = 2.12; CI 1.25-3.60), women with gestational age less than 37 weeks (AOR = 3.68; CI 2.23-6.09), twins pregnancy (AOR = 8.49; CI 2.92-24.72), chronic hypertension (AOR = 13.64; CI 4.45-41.81), urinary tract infection (AOR = 6.89; CI 1.28-36.95) and gestational diabetes (AOR = 11.79; CI 3.20-43.41). Iron and calcium supplementation appear to be protective. Age of the mothers, primiparity, early gestational age, twin pregnancy, chronic hypertension, urinary tract infection and gestational diabetes were the significant risk factors for pre-eclampsia. Iron and calcium supplementation and young aged women were somewhat protective.

Microteaching is one of the most recent innovations in teacher training program which is used as a professional developmental tool in pre-service or in-service teacher training programs. Microteaching helps teachers to better understand the processes of teaching and learning and provides the opportunity to learn teaching skills, to study their own teaching, and to study the teaching of others. Microteaching is an organized, scaled-down teacher training program where a trainee teacher plans a short lesson, teaches it to a reduced group of students (Three to ten) in a 5 to 20 minute lesson, and then reflects on their teaching afterwards. The lesson is video recorded for either individual or peer review. The trainee teacher’s micro-lesson is reviewed, discussed, analyzed, and evaluated to give a feedback. Based on this feedback, the trainee teacher re-teaches the micro-lesson, incorporating those points raised during the discussion and analysis. The main objective of this article is to address and emphasize that microteaching has the potential to improve the teachers’ pedagogic skills, competencies, self-confidence, beliefs, and attitudes with minimum available facilities and to provide students with valuable teaching experiences and make them aware of the benefits and relationships between theory and practice.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal complications of COVID-19 have been reported over the last year. One such manifestation is bowel ischaemia. This study thus aims to provide a more holistic review of our current understanding of COVID-19-induced bowel ischaemia. METHOD AND RESULTS: A meticulous search was performed using different keywords in PubMed and Google Scholar. Fifty-two articles were included in our study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria and performing the qualitative assessment of the studies. A total of 25 702 patients were included in our study after the completion of the qualitative assessment. DISCUSSION: The common symptoms of GIT in COVID-19 patients are as diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea and abdominal pain. The mechanism of bowel ischaemia is associated with the formation of emboli which is related to COVID-19's high affinity for angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 on enterocytes, affecting the superior mesenteric vessels. Clinically, patients present with abdominal pain and vomiting. CT angiography of the abdomen and pelvis showed acute intestinal ischaemia (mesenteric). Management is usually initiated with gastric decompression, fluid resuscitation, and haemodynamic support. Surgical intervention is also sought. CONCLUSION: Intestinal ischaemia presenting in patients with COVID-19 has to be considered when symptoms of severe abdominal pain are present. More research and guidelines are required to triage patients with COVID-19 to suspect intestinal ischaemia and to help in diagnosis and management.

BACKGROUND/AIM: People with diabetes are at a greater risk of serious complications from Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Self-management of diabetes is therefore of paramount importance. The purpose of this study is to compare self-management of diabetes pre-COVID-19 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: 679 participants with diabetes completed an online structured questionnaire survey. Various exposure variables (demographics, duration, treatment and complications of diabetes, self-isolation, etc.) were analysed to examine associations with the following outcome variables: (i) fluctuation of blood glucose levels, (ii) access to diabetes medicine, (iii) access to healthy diet, (iv) physical activity. Adjusted multiple regression analysis ascertained significant associations for each outcome variable against exposure variables. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that self-isolation was significantly associated with greater fluctuation in blood glucose levels (OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2-2.6, p = 0.005), reduced access to diabetes medicine (OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1-3.1, p = 0.02) and reduced access to healthy diet (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 2.0-4.6, p < 0.001). Fluctuation in blood glucose level was also significantly associated with having at least one complication of diabetes (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.2-3.9, p = 0.008) and reduced access to diabetes medicine was significantly higher in people who were on insulin (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.3-3.3, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Self-isolation was shown to impact almost all factors that influence self-management of diabetes. A targeted approach to improved access to diabetes medicine, healthy diet for people who needed to self-isolate is vital in order to ensure that they are able to self-manage their diabetes effectively.

OBJECTIVE: There has been an endeavor in recent years, to administer surfactant by minimally invasive techniques to neonates with surfactant deficiency. The objective of this study was to compare the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation after surfactant delivery, using Less Invasive Surfactant Administration (LISA) technique and Intubation SURfactant Extubation (InSurE), in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). METHODS: We conducted a pilot randomized control trial (RCT) at a tertiary care center over a period of 18 months. Preterm neonates with RDS (gestational age 28-36 weeks) were randomized to receive surfactant within 6 h of birth by InSurE or LISA. The primary outcome was need for intubation and mechanical ventilation within 72 h of birth. Infants were followed until discharge for adverse events and complications. RESULTS: A total of 40 infants were analyzed (20 in each group). There was no difference in the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation within 72 h of birth between the two groups [InSurE, 6 (30%) and LISA, 6 (30%), relative risk 1.0, 95% confidence interval 0.51-1.97]. About 15% of infants in both groups had adverse events during the procedure. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of major complications or duration of respiratory support, hospital stay and mortality. CONCLUSION: We found LISA to be feasible and equally effective as InSurE for surfactant administration in the treatment of RDS in preterm infants. Future larger RCTs are required to compare the efficacy and long-term outcomes of LISA with the standard invasive methods of surfactant administration.

BACKGROUND: The recent outbreak of Human Monkeypox (MPXV) in nonendemic regions of the world is of great concern. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to systematically analyze the current epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcomes of the Monkeypox virus. METHOD: Systematic literature was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Scopus using predefined MESH terms by using "AND" and "OR." The following search terms were used: Monkeypox [MeSH] OR "Monkeypox virus" [MeSH] OR "POX" OR "Monkeypox" AND "Outbreak" AND "Outcomes" from December 2019 till 14th June 2022 without restrictions of language. RESULTS: A total of 1074 (99.90%) patients tested positive for Monkeypox virus through RT-PCR while 1 (0.09) patient was suspected. There was a gender difference with male predominance (54.23% vs. 45.48%) compared with female patients. Mean age (±SD) of patients was 20.66 ± 16.45 years. The major symptoms were rash (100%), fever (96%), and other important symptoms were upper respiratory symptoms (97%), headache (95%), vomiting (95%), oral ulcers (96%), conjunctivitis (96%) and lymphadenopathy (85%). The average mean duration of treatment was 5 days, while the mean hospitalization duration was 13.3 ± 6.37 days. The outcome of 20 patients was available, 19 of 20 patients recovered fully from monkeypox, however, 1 patient was not able to survive resulting in death. CONCLUSION: The recent monkeypox virus outbreak has shown that the virus could transmit in ways that were not previously expected. Further research is needed to understand the possible outcomes and association with humans and their different organ systems.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound (USG) can be a good screening tool to identify high-risk nodule requiring fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The study aimed to assess the association of USG characteristic of thyroid nodule with malignancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed from August 2011 to July 2012 at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital. Patients referred for USG of the neck with thyroid nodule more than 10 mm were offered FNAC and included in the study after taking informed consent. USG characteristics were compared with histopathologic diagnosis of benign or malignant nodule. RESULTS: < 0.05) associated with malignancy were as follows: size of thyroid nodule more than 30 mm, ill-defined margin, solid echotexture, hypoechoic lesion, microcalcification, and any form of increased vascularity. High sensitivity was seen in microcalcification, hypoechoic echogenicity, and ill-defined margin and high specificity was seen in ill-defined margin and solid echotexture. Relatively high sensitivity and specificity was found in ill-defined margin. CONCLUSIONS: Texture, size, margin, echogenicity, and vascularity are important factors for discriminating benign from malignant nodule. Hypoechogenicity, vascularity of any type, ill-defined margin, and microcalcification were independent predictors of malignancy. None of the characteristics were sensitive and specific to be used independently as screening tool to identify high risk of malignancy.

Although nursing is well thought-out as valued and a public service leaning profession but the quality of nursing education and future of nurses remains a growing concern with International standards in Nepal. The perspective of nursing educationists reveals the scholastic, academic and practiced loom to understanding advancement in this sector. Nepal has been escalating its branches of nursing education in the Government as well as in private sectors throughout the country since 1990s. But, the development seems not to be so fruitful. The regulatory bodies and legal provisions are not so passionate towards the quality education and commercialization of nursing sector has increased drastically with numerous private nursing colleges which generate increased quantity of nursing professionals with a reduction of prospects for career and employment. The monopolies of private investors in nursing education are everincreasing day by day. The majority competent nurses desire to service in developed countries, such as the UK, North America, Australia and New Zealand due to the ineffective management strategy to hold nursing personnel in Nepal with worldwide standards. The nurse-population ratio low down in similarity to worldwide standards which definitely influences the quality of care in Nepal. There is lack in monitoring and government regulation of international nursing standards in quality education, production of effective nurses and frequently observed social and professional exploitation of nurses in Nepal. Also, nursing guidelines and policy making are not sufficient to flourish this profession. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the developing nursing education and examines diverse factors affecting the quality nursing education highlighting different challenges towards nursing profession and nurses in Nepal.

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global mortality, underscoring the critical need for accurate and timely diagnosis. This narrative review examines the current applications and future potential of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in cardiovascular imaging. We discuss the integration of these technologies across various imaging modalities, including echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear imaging techniques. The review explores AI-assisted diagnosis in key areas such as coronary artery disease detection, valve disorders assessment, cardiomyopathy classification, arrhythmia detection, and prediction of cardiovascular events. AI demonstrates promise in improving diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and personalized care. However, significant challenges persist, including data quality standardization, model interpretability, regulatory considerations, and clinical workflow integration. We also address the limitations of current AI applications and the ethical implications of their implementation in clinical practice. Future directions point towards advanced AI architectures, multimodal imaging integration, and applications in precision medicine and population health management. The review emphasizes the need for ongoing collaboration between clinicians, data scientists, and policymakers to realize the full potential of AI in cardiovascular imaging while ensuring ethical and equitable implementation. As the field continues to evolve, addressing these challenges will be crucial for the successful integration of AI technologies into cardiovascular care, potentially revolutionizing diagnostic capabilities and improving patient outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Changes in the lifestyle, food habits, lack of nutritious diet, stress, physical inactivity increases the body mass index among adults. Excess weight gain is an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some cancers (endometrial, breast, colon). Thus, this study aims to find out body mass index of medical students of a medical college in Nepal. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of physiology of a tertiary care center from August 2019 to February 2020 after taking ethical clearence from Institutional Review Committee (Reference number 192/19). Height and weight were recorded and body mass index was then being calculated. Data entry was done in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. RESULTS: Out of 266 medical students, 39 (15%) were overweight and 32 (12%) were underweight with mean body mass index 26.60±1.99kg/m2 and 17.13±1.19kg/m2 respectively. Mean body mass index of males was 21.76±3.06kg/m2 and that of females was 21.70±2.96 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing with a similar study done in Nepal previously, we found a higher prevalence of overweight in medical students whereas majority of medical students had normal weight. Factors affecting body mass index in medical students should be explored further.

Background and Objectives: The distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups vary from population to population. With an interest of finding out rare blood group in Nepalese population, we studied the blood group distribution was studied in five different medical colleges in Nepal. Material and Methods: Capillary Blood sample were taken to determine blood group of of 2208 twenty two hundred and eight Nepalese students from five different medical colleges, viz. Manipal College of medical sciences, Pokhara; Nepalgunj Medical College, Chisapani, Banke ; College of Medical sciences, Bharatpur, Chitwan; Kist Medical College, Lalitpur and Janaki Medical College, Janakpur were recorded. Slide test method was used to determine the blood group of the subjects. Results: In our study subjects, 28.17% were blood group A, 30.17% were blood group B, 34.87% were blood group O and 6.79% were blood group AB. Similarly, 95.38% were Rh +ve and 4.62% were Rh –ve. The blood group distribution patterns in male and female were different. Conclusion: This result demonstrates that AB blood group is the most rare blood group among the studied Nepalese population, followed by group A, B and O. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2013) Vol. 1 (2): 17-20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v1i2.9263

Background: Pressure ulcer (PU) development remains a significant complication among at-risk patients. It is considered “never events” because they are preventable and should “never” happen. It has been associated with increased morbidity, mortality, hospital cost and length of stay in the hospital. Prevention of pressure ulcers is considered a nurse-sensitive indicator hence nurses should have adequate knowledge about current evidence-based prevention and management of pressure ulcer. However, non adherence to these guidelines is frequent and lack of knowledge may act as barriers to using guidelines in clinical practice.Objectives: The objectives of the study were to 1. assess the knowledge of pressure ulcer management among nurses 2. determine the level of knowledge of pressure ulcer management among nurses 3. assess the association of knowledge of nurses and baseline variables.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted, using pretested self administered questionnaire to assess the knowledge on pressure ulcer management among purposively selected 100 nurses working in Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital in 2015. Descriptive statistics as frequency and percentage were used and inferential statistics (Chi-square test) was done to find out association between knowledge and selected baseline variables.Results: The study revealed that 59% of the respondents had adequate knowledge where as 41% of nurse’s knowledge was found to be inadequate. Significant association was not found between age, working ward, experience, education, training, duration and knowledge of pressure ulcer management among Nurses.Conclusion: This result indicates that more than half of the nurses had the adequate knowledge but there is still need of education and training related pressure ulcer management.Journal of Gandaki Medical CollegeVolume, 09, Number 2, July December 2016, Page: 47-51

Cardiorenal syndrome refers to combined cardiac and renal dysfunction that adversely impacts both organs and is also associated with severe clinical outcomes. The pathophysiology is believed to be multifactorial and complex. Increased central venous pressure and intra-abdominal pressure, overactivation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), systemic illnesses like sepsis, amyloidosis, diabetes are important factors in developing the cardiorenal syndrome. Our review article attempts to review the pathophysiology and treatment aspect of cardiorenal syndrome and explores potential therapeutic strategies that can be adopted for the management. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar for relevant articles using different keywords and Medical Subject Headings, and finalized 38 articles to be included in our study. Cardiorenal syndrome management aims to eliminate venous congestion and fluid retention, which leads to improved cardiorenal status. This is usually achieved using pharmacologic agents like diuretics, vasodilators, inotropes, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), neprilysin inhibitors, and extracorporeal methods like ultrafiltration. The use of therapeutic agents such as sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and tolvaptan (a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist), and cardiac resynchronization therapy has also been shown to have potential benefits in managing the disease. These agents can be instrumental in the management and require large-scale clinical trials specifically aimed at improving cardiorenal outcomes based on severity and type of cardiorenal syndrome.

This article discuss about scientific basis of benefits of practicing slow pranayama, especially alternate nostril breathing pranayama. It explains the basis of benefit of alternate nostril breathing exercises and its probable relation with nasal cycle, cerebral dominance and autonomic nervous system. The airflow through one nostril is greater than next at any point of time which later switches to another. This is called nasal cycle. The nasal cycle lasts from 30 minutes to 2-3 hours. The nasal cycle occurs naturally. This nasal cycle is related with the cerebral dominance. When one nostril is dominant, the contra lateral hemisphere is active. The right nostril breathing leads to increased sympathetic activity while left nostril breathing decreases sympathetic activity and increases parasympathetic tone. So it has been speculated that these three phenomenon viz. nasal cycle, cerebral dominance and autonomic activities are correlated. This review also suggests that practicing alternate nostril breathing (Nadisodhan pranayma) regularly keeps the two hemispheres active and balances the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities in the body. Sympathetic or parasympathetic activity alternates automatically in our body which is important for our survival. Due to our hectic and stressful life, this naturally occurring alternate breathing cycle gets disrupted and we suffer from different ailments. These ailments are due to imbalance of autonomic nervous system which can be resolved by practicing alternate nostril breathing, the Nadisodhan pranayama. It’s just like returning back to nature. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v1i1.7885 Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2013) Vol. 1 (1):38-47

Changes in human behaviour and lifestyle over the last century have resulted in a dramatic increase in the incidence of diabetes worldwide. Albumin, a major protein in the blood circulation, can undergo increased glycation in diabetes. From recent studies, it has become evident that glycation has important implications for albumin actions and impact on cell functioning. Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant serum protein whose redox modifications modulate its physiological function, as well as serves as bio-marker for oxidative stress. Previous experimental and clinical studies report that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of complications of both types of DM. Hypoalbuminemia is the strongest clinical indicator of progression of many human diseases including cancer, diabetes, rheumatic diseases, liver and other diseases. Also, there is currently great interest in the potential contribution of increased oxidative stress to the development of complications in diabetes mellitus. This mini review highlights the association of human serum albumin and oxidative stress in diabetes.

Background and Objectives: Dental caries is a well known major oral health problem in most developing countries which has multifactorial etiology caused by many facultatively anaerobes. S. mutans is the main pathogen associated with this disease. Recently Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) species of S. mutans were identified from the dental caries patients against many commercial antibiotics. MDR is a natural phenomenon, posing a serious worldwide threat to public health. Several therapeutic agents are available to treat or prevent tooth decay, but still global burden of the disease with MDR are emerging. Therefore, the present study was designed for assessing the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of commercially available antibiotics.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out by following Standard protocols of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to isolate and identify the organism and further followed by antibiotic susceptibility test of bacterial isolates by disc diffusion method.Results: Streptococcus mutans (40%) was the most predominant to cause dental caries followed by S. aureus with 28.92. Gram positive isolates were found to be frequently resistant towards penicillin and tetracycline whereas Gram negative isolates were found to be Cotrimoxazole resistant.Conclusion: A high frequency of penicillin resistance in oral isolates and its co-resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, gentamycin and amipicillin among the pateints was observed. The various awareness programmes should be facilitating the appropriate use of antibiotic to re-establish dominance over diseases must be implemented.Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2015) Vol. 3 (1):37-44

Background: To evaluate fasting serum lipid profile and fundus changes in hypertensive patients,and grade the hypertensive status. Methods: One hundred consecutive subjects of hypertension, fitting inclusion criteria, with or without prior history of antihypertensive treatment were enrolled in a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Classification of hypertension was done based on The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7). All the subjects (200 eyes) were subjected to a detailed fundus examination Fundus changes were classified according to Keith, Wagener and Barker (KWB), and Modified Scheie’s grading system. Fasting serum lipids were measured using end point spectrophotometer. Data were collected using a prestructured proforma and analyzed using SPSS 19.0. Results:The mean age of participants was 58.5 years (SD=9.2 years; range= 33-84 years).One patient,according to the JNC 7 classification of hypertension was in stage 1 while 99 patients were in stage 2. Twenty eight subjects had electrocardiographic a b n o rma l i t y needing prompt treatment. According to KWB classification 54 patients had hypertensive retinopathy (HR), while by Scheie’s grading, 50 patients had HR. Statistically significant difference was found in mean cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride level was seen in different grades of HR. Conclusion: Significant number of hypertensive patients had HR on first presentation to department of Ophthalmology. Mean serum cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride levels were raised in patients with HR. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v1i2.6609 Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012;1(2): 103-7