Keene State College

Periodontitis is a common disorder affecting >40% of adults in the United States. Globally, the severe form of the disease has a prevalence of 11%. In advanced cases, periodontitis leads to tooth loss and reduced quality of life. The aetiology of periodontitis is multifactorial. Subgingival dental biofilm elicits a host inflammatory and immune response, ultimately leading to irreversible destruction of the periodontium (i.e. alveolar bone and periodontal ligament) in a susceptible host. In order to successfully manage periodontitis, dental professionals must understand the pathogenesis, primary aetiology, risk factors, contributing factors and treatment protocols. Careful diagnosis, elimination of the causes and reduction of modifiable risk factors are paramount for successful prevention and treatment of periodontitis. Initial non-surgical periodontal therapy primarily consists of home care review and scaling and root planing. For residual sites with active periodontitis at periodontal re-evaluation, a contemporary regenerative or traditional resective surgical therapy can be utilised. Thereafter, periodontal maintenance therapy at a regular interval and long-term follow-ups are also crucial to the success of the treatment and long-term retention of teeth. The aim of this review is to provide current concepts of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontitis. Both clinical and biological rationales will be discussed.

Interview and questionnaire data obtained from 73 leaders of nonprofit environmentalist and for-profit environmental product and service organizations showed that these leaders' personal values wer...

This study investigates relationships between a beginning elementary school teacher's beliefs and mathematics teaching practices. A proposed model of relationships between beliefs and practice provided a conceptual framework for the examination of factors that influence beliefs, practice, and the level of inconsistency between them. Data were gathered over 10 months through audiotaped interviews, observations, document analysis, and a beliefs survey. Analyses included the categorization and comparison of beliefs and practice and the development of a revised model of relationships between beliefs and practice. Findings indicate that this teacher's beliefs and practice were not wholly consistent. Rather, her practice was more closely related to her beliefs about mathematics content than to her beliefs about mathematics pedagogy. Her beliefs about mathematics content were highly influenced by her own experiences as a student and her beliefs about mathematics pedagogy were primarily influenced by her own teaching practice. However, the extent to which her teacher preparation program influenced either her beliefs or practice was limited.

A series of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)AgCl complexes [NHC = SIMes (1), IPr (2), SIPr (3), IPrMe (4), IMe (5), ICy (6), IAd (7), IsB (8), IDD (9), and TPh (10)] have been synthesized through reaction of the imidazolium chloride salts with Ag2O or by direct metalation of the corresponding imidazol-2-ylidene carbene in the presence of AgCl. All silver(I) complexes [(SIMes)AgCl] (11), [(IPr)AgCl] (12), [(SIPr)AgCl] (13), [(IPrMe)AgCl] (14), [(IMe)AgCl] (15), [(ICy)AgCl] (16), [(IAd)AgCl] (17), [(IsB)AgCl] (18), [(IDD)AgCl] (19), and [(TPh)AgCl] (20) have been spectroscopically and structurally characterized. The structure of these silver complexes is dependent on the halide and the solvent used for the synthesis. Adjusting these parameters has led to the previously reported complex, [(IMes)2Ag]+[AgCl2]- (21), and to a new silver complex, [(IMes)2Ag]+2[Ag4I6]2- (22).

Axel Honneth, a professor of social philosophy at the University of Frankfurt and Columbia University, begins this essay by noting that while 100 years ago, socialism was taken seriously by all pro...

Botnets have become one of the major threats on the Internet for serving as a vector for carrying attacks against organizations and committing cybercrimes. They are used to generate spam, carry out DDOS attacks and click-fraud, and steal sensitive information. In this paper, we propose a new approach for characterizing and detecting botnets using network traffic behaviors. Our approach focuses on detecting the bots before they launch their attack. We focus in this paper on detecting P2P bots, which represent the newest and most challenging types of botnets currently available. We study the ability of five different commonly used machine learning techniques to meet online botnet detection requirements, namely adaptability, novelty detection, and early detection. The results of our experimental evaluation based on existing datasets show that it is possible to detect effectively botnets during the botnet Command-and-Control (C&C) phase and before they launch their attacks using traffic behaviors only. However, none of the studied techniques can address all the above requirements at once.

Overparenting involves the application of developmentally inappropriate levels of parental directiveness, tangible assistance, problem-solving, monitoring, and involvement into the lives of children. Based on theories of family enmeshment, effective parenting, and personality development, this parenting behavior was hypothesized to be associated with negative traits in parents (i.e., anxiety and regret) as well as in young adult children (i.e., narcissism, poor coping styles, anxiety, and stress). Participants were 653 parent-adult child dyads from 32 of the 50 United States who completed measures of overparenting and maladaptive traits. A latent variables analysis showed that parental anxiety was positively associated with overparenting, and that parental regret had an indirect effect on overparenting through greater anxiety. In adult children, overparenting was associated with higher levels of narcissism and more ineffective coping skills (e.g., internalizing, distancing). These ineffective coping skills were associated with greater anxiety and stress in young adult children.

To address the composition of the urticalean rosids, the relationships of the component families (maximally Cannabaceae, Cecropiaceae, Celtidaceae, Moraceae, Ulmaceae, and Urticaceae) and analyze evolution of morphological characters, we analyzed sequence variation for a large sampling of these families and various rosid outgroups using rbcL, trnL-F, and ndhF plastid regions. Urticalean rosids are derived out of a lineage including Barbeyaceae, Dirachmaceae, Elaeagnaceae, and Rhamnaceae, with Rosaceae less closely related; thus, they are imbedded within Rosales. Ulmaceae are the sister to all remaining families. Cannabaceae are derived out of a subclade of Celtidaceae; this expanded family should be called Cannabaceae. Cecropiaceae are derived within Urticaceae and are polyphyletic with Poikilospermum derived elsewhere within Urticaceae; this expanded family should be called Urticaceae. Monophyletic Moraceae are sister to this expanded Urticaceae. Support for these relationships comes from a number of morphological characters (floral sexuality, presence or absence of hypanthium, stamen type and dehiscence, pollen pore number, ovule position, and embryo alignment) and chromosome numbers. Most fruit types, in terms of ecological dispersal, are derived independently multiple times and are strongly correlated with habitat.

Variation in the ability to utilize pulses of both water and nitrogen (N) is one possible mechanism allowing the coexistence of species in the cold desert community on the Colorado Plateau. We simulated 25-mm precipitation events and used stable isotope tracers (2H and 15N) to follow water and N uptake patterns in six dominant perennials (Artemisia filifolia, Coleogyne ramosissima, Cryptantha flava, Ephedra viridis, Quercus havardii, and Vanclevea stylosa) at different times of the growing season. Water pulse utilization varied on a seasonal basis and was to some extent different among species during the summer. Carbon isotope discrimination was negatively related to both plant use of moisture in upper soil layers and foliar N concentration. Species that were similar in water pulse utilization patterns differed in the natural abundances of 15N, suggesting partitioning in N sources. All species were able to utilize N pulses after rain events, but there were temporal differences in the responses among species. We also found that water and N uptake in shallow roots do not necessarily occur simultaneously. Artemisia, Cryptantha, and Quercus showed significant uptake of both water and N from the upper soil layers. In contrast, Coleogyne and Ephedra showed the capacity to utilize the water pulse, but not the N pulse. Vanclevea only took up N. The results indicate that different parts of the root system may be responsible for the acquisition of water and N. Our results also suggest that N and water partitioning could contribute to the coexistence of species in highly variable environments such as the Colorado Plateau desert system.

Recent media and political events illustrate some links between consumption and production. The author explores these links through the concept of commodity chains. This concept has been partially developed in the literature, and an attempt is made to specify this further by means of the illustration of gold. The message is that the ‘geographies of consumption’ literature is insufficient by itself but becomes stronger when joined with a materialist commodity-chain analysis. The author moves from a deconstruction of the images of men and women in gold advertisements, at the consumption end, to the various places of production, beginning with Italian gold jewelry factories, then South African gold mines and apartheid, and third Lesotho, where Basotho men migrate to South African gold mines leaving behind ‘gold widows‘. The material reality of these gold widows stands in contrast to the ‘gold windows' of Tiffany's and the images of women and men in advertisements for gold. The author opines that this sort of analysis necessitates a politics of consumption in which the two ends are reconnected; and that this could lead to a new ‘commercial geography‘.

The question of how students might concurrently engage in historical empathy as both a cognitive and affective construct remains as a sticking point in the understanding of historical thinking. This study employed three instructional units to place students in situations in which they were likely to engage in historical empathy using both the cognitive and affective domains. Three historical figures from a traditional social studies curriculum were chosen for their specific need to confront a historical paradox. Data include student responses gathered from investigative activities, discussions, historical narratives, metacognitive activities, and researcher notes. Findings indicate that students demonstrate an affective connection to historical figures, and use source evidence and personal experiences to better understand difficult situations. The results further support previous preliminary findings that engagement in historical empathy is not necessarily a mutually exclusive exercise in either cognitive understanding or affective connection, and may be cultivated as a simultaneous combination of both approaches.

ABSTRACT Previous work has shown that environmental and clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus represent a diverse population that occupies a variety of niches, has extensive genetic diversity, and exhibits virulence heterogeneity in a number of animal models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). However, mechanisms explaining differences in virulence among A. fumigatus isolates remain enigmatic. Here, we report a significant difference in virulence of two common lab strains, CEA10 and AF293, in the murine triamcinolone immunosuppression model of IPA, in which we previously identified severe low oxygen microenvironments surrounding fungal lesions. Therefore, we hypothesize that the ability to thrive within these lesions of low oxygen promotes virulence of A. fumigatus in this model. To test this hypothesis, we performed in vitro fitness and in vivo virulence analyses in the triamcinolone murine model of IPA with 14 environmental and clinical isolates of A. fumigatus . Among these isolates, we observed a strong correlation between fitness in low oxygen in vitro and virulence. In further support of our hypothesis, experimental evolution of AF293, a strain that exhibits reduced fitness in low oxygen and reduced virulence in the triamcinolone model of IPA, results in a strain (EVOL20) that has increased hypoxia fitness and a corresponding increase in virulence. Thus, the ability to thrive in low oxygen correlates with virulence of A. fumigatus isolates in the context of steroid-mediated murine immunosuppression. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus fumigatus occupies multiple environmental niches, likely contributing to the genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity among isolates. Despite reports of virulence heterogeneity, pathogenesis studies often utilize a single strain for the identification and characterization of virulence and immunity factors. Here, we describe significant variation between A. fumigatus isolates in hypoxia fitness and virulence, highlighting the advantage of including multiple strains in future studies. We also illustrate that hypoxia fitness correlates strongly with increased virulence exclusively in the nonleukopenic murine triamcinolone immunosuppression model of IPA. Through an experimental evolution experiment, we observe that chronic hypoxia exposure results in increased virulence of A. fumigatus . We describe here the first observation of a model-specific virulence phenotype correlative with in vitro fitness in hypoxia and pave the way for identification of hypoxia-mediated mechanisms of virulence in the fungal pathogen A. fumigatus.

Variations in total brain mass and in the mass of three brain regions (main olfactory bulb, hippocampus, auditory nuclei) were examined using a data set for 63 species of bats (Chiroptera). Using both conventional and phylogenetically based analysis of covariance (log body mass as covariate), we tested several hypotheses that relate total brain mass or the size of the components to variation in foraging ecology, categorized as phytophagous, gleaner, and aerial insectivore. In some analyses, the category phytophagous was split into phytophagous pteropodid and phytophagous phyllostomid to examine differences between two distinct clades of bats. Because the Megachiroptera orient primarily by vision and olfaction, whereas all other bats rely on laryngeal echolocation to locate their prey, we hypothesized that the former would differ in size of the main olfactory bulb, as compared with all other bats. This hypothesis was supported by our analyses. Our more general prediction was that insectivorous bats, which rely heavily on echolocation for the pursuit and capture of their prey, would have larger auditory nuclei than do phytophagous species. This, too, was supported. We also compared phytophagous (fruit or nectar consuming) bats in two families, the Pteropodidae and the Phyllostomidae. We hypothesized that the phyllostomids, which use echolocation while foraging, would have larger auditory nuclei. Although statistical power is low in phylogenetically informed comparisons of the two clades, we did find weak evidence in support of this hypothesis. We conclude that bat brains show evidence of adaptation to foraging ecology.

Welcome and congratulations on your entry to this course in database systems. The fact that you are in this course means that you have covered several fundamental topics in programming, data structures, user interface, and software engineering. Now you want to learn about databases — their significance, the underlying theoretical principles that govern them, how they are constructed, and their management. You are at the right place. This chapter addresses the first issue: the significance of database systems. Topics covered include the following:

This paper describes new opportunities for teaching qualitative research methods to undergraduates using software as a tool. The author recounts her own experiences and challenges using one such program, QSR NVivo. The account includes students' reflections on how technology advances the analysis process. Strengths and weaknesses of the software and presented and discussed.

The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is the major mechanism of physiological cell death in vertebrates. In this pathway, proapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family cause mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), allowing the release of cytochrome c, which interacts with Apaf-1 to trigger caspase activation and apoptosis. Despite conservation of Bcl-2, Apaf-1, and caspases in invertebrate phyla, the existence of the mitochondrial pathway in any invertebrate is, at best, controversial. Here we show that apoptosis in a lophotrochozoan, planaria (phylum Platyhelminthes), is associated with MOMP and that cytochrome c triggers caspase activation in cytosolic extracts from these animals. Further, planarian Bcl-2 family proteins can induce and/or regulate cell death in yeast and can replace Bcl-2 proteins in mammalian cells to regulate MOMP. These results suggest that the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in animals predates the emergence of the vertebrates but was lost in some lineages (e.g., nematodes). In further support of this hypothesis, we surveyed the ability of cytochrome c to trigger caspase activation in cytosolic extracts from a variety of organisms and found this effect in cytosolic extracts from invertebrate deuterostomes (phylum Echinodermata).

Abstract Ground-based measurements on the Pasterze Glacier and the Kleines Fleisskees, located in the eastern Alps of Austria, have shown that these glaciers have receded significantly. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data of these glaciers were acquired in August of 1984,1986,1988 and 1990, and have been studied in detail. The 1984–1990 retreat of the Pasterze Glacier has been measured using digital TM data, but the 1984–1988 retreat of the Kleines Fleisskees has not been observed using the TM data because the magnitude of recession between 1984 and 1988 was small relative to the resolution of the TM data. Significant increases in the area of exposed ice (icc facies) on both the Pasterze Glacier and the Kleines Fleisskees were observed and measured using TM data acquired in early August from 1984 to 1988. The area of the Pasterze Glacier and Kleines Fleisskees basins, as measured using TM data, is 20·8±1·02km2 and 1·56±0·188 km2, respectively. The percentage of the Pasterze Glacier comprised of bare ice increased from 23 per cent in August of 1984 to 36 per cent in August of 1988. Data from nearby meteorological stations show no significant new snowfall during the months of July and early August in 1984, 1986 or 1988 prior to the Landsat overpasses, to obliterate the delineation of the ice facies. The Kleines Fleisskees was also measured using the same TM scene. 40 per cent of this glacier consisted of the ice facies in 1984, and 59 per cent in 1988. Field measurements show that both the Pasterze Glacier and the Kleines Fleisskees have been losing mass for more than 100 years.

Over the past four decades, the promise of public participation to improve decisions, obtain legitimacy, and build capacity for risk decision making and management has had a mixed record. In this article, we offer a narrative of how public participation has evolved in the United States and we examine prospects for its future. We trace three forces that have had significant impact on practice: an emergent emphasis on democratic deliberation, a transition from dichotomous thinking about science versus politics to an integrated perspective, and the recognition that different parties to the decision-making process bring valid epistemological contributions. The promise of public participation in risk decision making is challenged by loss of trust in institutions and individuals and by broad socio-political dynamics that are weakening democratic values and processes. These include the scarcity of attitudes and aptitudes supportive of public participation among both individuals and institutions; an anti-democratic political atmosphere that promotes disrespect; pursuit of private interests over the common good; failure to appreciate the limitations of dialogue and learning; underutilization of existing knowledge; and insufficient knowledge of how context matters. We end by offering several suggestions for focusing further research and improving practice.

Abstract In this work, Van Allen Probes data are used to derive terrestrial plasmaspheric hiss wave power distributions organized by (1) distance away from the plasmapause and (2) plasmapause distance from Earth. This approach is in contrast to the traditional organization of hiss wave power by L parameter and geomagnetic activity. Plasmapause‐sorting reveals previously unreported and highly repeatable features of the hiss wave power distribution, including a regular spatial distribution of hiss power with respect to the plasmapause, a standoff distance between peak hiss power and the plasmapause, and frequency‐dependent spatial localization of hiss. Identification and quantification of these features can provide insight into hiss generation and propagation and will facilitate improved parameterization of hiss wave power in predictive simulations of inner magnetosphere dynamics.

In Brief Overview Depression affects an estimated 15% to 19% of Americans ages 65 and older living in a variety of settings, yet the illness often goes unrecognized and untreated. Known risk factors for older adults include having chronic medical conditions, physical or cognitive functional decline, polypharmacy, experiencing multiple losses, and social isolation. There are brief screening tools that have proven effective in this population, and once recognized, depression is highly treatable. This article describes the signs and symptoms common in older adults, outlines several types of depressive disorders, discusses screening tools, describes treatment modalities, and addresses nursing implications. This guide to recognizing and treating depression in older adults describes signs and symptoms common in this population, outlines several types of depressive disorders, discusses screening tools, and addresses nursing implications.