Ministère de la Justice

OBJECTIVES: To review the conceptual bases of Person-centred Integrative Diagnosis (PID) as a component and contributor to person-centred psychiatry and medicine and to outline its design and development. METHOD: An analysis was conducted of the historical roots of person-centred psychiatry and medicine, tracing them back to ancient Eastern and Western civilizations, to the vicissitudes of modern medicine, to recent clinical and conceptual developments, and to emerging efforts to reprioritize medicine from disease to patient to person in collaboration with the World Medical Association, the World Health Organization, the World Organization of Family Doctors, the World Federation for Mental Health, and numerous other global health entities, and with the coordinating support of the International Network for Person-centered Medicine. RESULTS: One of the prominent endeavours within the broad paradigmatic health development outlined above is the design of PID. This diagnostic model articulates science and humanism to obtain a diagnosis of the person (of the totality of the person's health, both ill and positive aspects), by the person (with clinicians extending themselves as full human beings), for the person (assisting the fulfillment of the person's health aspirations and life project), and with the person (in respectful and empowering relationship with the person who consults). This broader and deeper notion of diagnosis goes beyond the more restricted concepts of nosological and differential diagnoses. The proposed PID model is defined by 3 keys: broad informational domains, covering both ill health and positive health along 3 levels: health status, experience of health, and contributors to health; pluralistic descriptive procedures (categories, dimensions and narratives); and evaluative partnerships among clinicians, patients, and families. An unfolding research program is focused on the construction of a practical guide and its evaluation, followed by efforts to facilitate clinical implementation and training. CONCLUSIONS: PID is aimed at appraising overall health through pluralistic descriptions and evaluative partnerships, and leading through a research program to more effective, integrative, and person-centred health care.

Abstract

By analysing French and German police stop and search on the streets based on embedded observations in police patrols and findings of a large school survey, this article comparatively questions their determinants. Control practices diverge in their frequency: the German police officers control less proactively than their French counterparts. The targets of controls also differ: a concentration on visible minorities is much more pervasive among the French police officers. These divergences may be explained by contrasted professional orientations, especially the importance given to the crime control agenda, and state/society relations.

As with other parts of the public sector, policing has had to confront the principles and processes attached to new public management. This paper examines the impact of police performance management on the ‘occupational professionalism’ of British policing actors with a particular focus on organisational units concerned with criminal investigation. Based on qualitative empirical research on two major police forces in England and Wales, the paper arrives at three main conclusions. First, there appears to be a clear impact of police performance management, with its instruments of standardised operational procedures, performance monitoring and strengthened internal accountability, on the professional autonomy given to police actors. This takes the form of what others have seen as a shift from ‘occupational professionalism’ to ‘organisational professionalism’. Second, despite this overall trend, tensions and professional rivalries remain between police frontline officers, supervisors and middle managers around the perceived virtues and practices of performance management. In particular concerns are expressed at various levels over the dangers of ‘short-termism’ in police decision-making. Third, and building on this finding, varied modes of professional adaptation to the police performance regime have occurred in which some sectors, notably those involved with high profile serious criminal investigations, have worked to win professional space and exploit a hierarchy of prestige in order to actively interpret and shape agendas. We conclude that this situation is akin to the ‘managed professionalism’ found amongst many other public service professions.

International audience

Abstract Background In northern countries, suicide rates among prisoners are at least three times higher for men and nine times higher for women than in the general population. The objective of this study is to describe the sociodemographic, penal, health characteristics and circumstances of suicide of French prisoners who died by suicide. Methods This study is an intermediate analysis of the French epidemiological surveillance program of suicides in prison. All suicides in prison in 2017–2018 in France were included in the study. Archival sociodemographic and penal data and specific data on the circumstances of the suicidal act were provided by the National Prison Service. Health data was provided by physicians working in prison using a standardized questionnaire. Results In 2017–2018, 235 prisoners died by suicide. The suicide rate was 16.8/10 000 person-years. Among suicide cases, 94.9% were male, 27.2% were under 30, 25.1% were aged 30 to 39, 27.7% were aged 40 to 49 and 20.0% were 50 or older. At the time of suicide, 48.5% were on custodial remand. Incarceration is associated with a threefold increase in the frequency of anxio-depressive disorders (24.6% in prison versus 8.2% before prison). The week before the suicidal act, 60% of prisoners visited the health unit and a significant event was detected for 61% of all cases. Suicide was less than 1 week after prison entry for 11.9% of prisoners, corresponding to a suicide rate 6.4 (CI 95% [4.3 – 9.5]) times higher than for the remaining time in prison, and was more than 1 year after entry for 33.7% of them. Conclusions The high frequency of events the week before suicide in our study suggests that events in prison could play a role in the occurrence of suicides. Comparative studies are needed to further explore the time association between events and suicide in prison. As most of prisoners who died by suicide visited the health unit the week before suicide, the identification of triggering factors could help psychiatrists and other health professionals to assess the short-term risk of suicide and to implement preventive measures.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship among demographic data, anxiety, significant losses, depression, and irrational beliefs reported by first-offence shoplifters. METHOD: One hundred and six adult shoplifters who were first-time offenders completed a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: Men and women were equally likely to be arrested for this offence. The majority of offenders were poor and unemployed. Depression, but not anxiety, was the most common psychiatric disorder associated with shoplifting. Subjects with depression presented the greatest number of irrational beliefs related to shoplifting. CONCLUSIONS: The authors suggest 2 categories of shoplifters: those who shoplift through rational choice; and those for whom shoplifting is a response to depression or leads to the fulfillment of some psychological needs. In conclusion, shoplifting does not have a unitary motive, and the clinical implications are that the affective and cognitive aspects of shoplifters' behaviours must be taken into account.

Cet article revient sur les débats que Jean-Paul Brodeur avait développés durant au moins deux décennies autour de la place de la force dans la définition et la théorie de la police. L’auteur expose d’abord le projet théorique de The Policing Web, son dernier ouvrage, et la place qu’occupe dans celui-ci « l’illégalisme policier », qui constitue la pierre fondatrice de la théorie de la police avancée par Jean-Paul Brodeur. Il esquisse ensuite une approche sociologique de cet illégalisme policier, en montrant pour quelles raisons la méthode retenue par Jean-Paul Brodeur ne pouvait être qualifiée de sociologique, avant de formuler une « théorie sociologique de la police », fondée sur la notion de souveraineté. L’emploi de cette notion le conduit à préciser son acception, avant de formuler une proposition de « théorie politique de la police ».

Cet article écrit à quatre mains permet de confronter le traitement rééducatif réservé aux filles et aux garçons dans le Paris des années 1950, afin d’en mesurer les convergences et différences, ceci en se centrant sur les écrits des professionnels et sur la parole adolescente. Les deux auteurs, à partir de sources similaires (les dossiers individuels judicaires produits de 1945 à la fin des années 1950), avancent l’hypothèse que les normes sociales et juridiques imposées à la jeunesse de la Libération à l’aube des années 1960 sont genrées. Ainsi à travers une série de situations, il est montré que l’anormalité pour les garçons réside dans l’homosexualité et la prostitution, et parfois aussi dans les violences sexuelles collectives commises contre des jeunes filles. Pour les adolescentes, c’est l’hétérosexualité « normale » qui pose problème : les relations sexuelles avant le mariage. Les sources judiciaires permettent de montrer de façon inédite les pratiques et le quotidien des adolescents de classes populaires parisiennes, notamment en matière de sexualité.

Styles of policing are reflected in the methods, decisions and priorities of law enforcement agencies. Based on an ethnographic study of police work in two major French metropolitan areas, this article identifies the styles of policing enforced in France, based on the use of discretionary stop-and-search. Despite nuances due to the variety of units, places and watch commanders, policing is delivered in a mostly proactive and confrontational way, which is reflected in a proliferation of units having an aggressive mandate. Stop-and-search is used to detect criminal activity, ‘take over’ territories and assert police authority, especially when the latter is challenged.

Deux siècles d’évolution de la statistique criminelle en France ont été marqués par des périodes d’enrichissement et d’appauvrissement. L’article décrit quelques moments de cette évolution, en s’attachant plus particulièrement à la question des unités de compte statistiques. Le choix des unités est en général justifié par les producteurs et utilisateurs de la statistique en fonction de l’usage qui fait de cette dernière dans un contexte historique donné. C’est ici un point de vue plus interne qui est adopté pour analyser les solutions retenues dans les divers dispositifs concernés (cadres, fiches individuelles ad hoc, fichiers administratifs). Les contraintes de cohérence comptable et l’organisation de la production statistique imposent des combinaisons complexes des diverses unités de compte possibles : affaires, infractions, individus, décisions. Au xxe siècle, avec l’apparition de bases de données administratives informatisées, le cadre comptable de formalisation statistique, lentement forgé, perd rapidement de sa force.

This article presents a reflection upon the preliminary analysis of diary research conducted during the period 2014–2015 in five European countries (England, France, Norway, Romania and Slovakia). The authors gathered and analysed data from a pilot project that used semi-structured diaries to generate data on probation workers’ daily lives with a view to understanding ‘a day in the life’ of probation officers across jurisdictions. The findings open up questions in relation to diary research in probation practice (diary format, follow-up interview, etc.) and we use this article to discuss the relative advantages and benefits of using diary research in this area. We conclude with the argument that diaries as a method of social research hold considerable potential for conducting research in the context of probation but acknowledge that the method we employed requires some development and greater clarification in terms of the aims of the research.

In this article, the author describes the effort made by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Punishment or Treatment (CPT) to measure acts that are usually either presented as isolated occurrences (“case X or Y”) or as undifferentiated denunciations (“Police everywhere, justice nowhere”) – that is to say, unlawful violence by the police.

Cette étude présente un tableau complet de la mortalité des personnes placées sous écrou en France. Elle s’appuie sur les 246 dossiers archivés au ministère de la Justice relatifs aux personnes décédées en 2011. Sept décès sur dix sont des morts violentes, principalement des suicides et des surdoses ou intoxications médicamenteuses. L’analyse confirme la surmortalité par suicide des hommes sous écrou par rapport à la population générale, ainsi qu’une surmortalité due à d’autres causes violentes. Inversement, la mortalité par cause naturelle est plus faible pour les hommes sous écrou que pour ceux en population générale. L’octroi de suspension de peine pour raison médicale explique sans doute en partie ce résultat. À groupe d’âges donné, les auteurs d’infractions graves présentent un risque plus élevé de décéder, aussi bien de cause violente que de cause naturelle, que les auteurs de délits. Le risque d’une mort violente est aussi plus grand chez les prévenus que chez les condamnés. La description des circonstances des décès plaide en faveur de l’amélioration des dispositifs d’alerte et de prise en charge des incidents de santé, notamment la nuit.

Résumé L’article compare le statut de différents parquets européens en s’attachant à rendre compte de la réalité de leurs rapports au pouvoir exécutif et leur fonctionnement interne. Trois modèles ont été identifiés, en fonction de la part d’indépendance vis-à-vis du pouvoir exécutif : dépendant (Allemagne, Espagne), semi-indépendant (Hollande, Belgique) et indépendant (Italie). Mais dans chacun de ces modèles une part d’autonomie subsiste dans la pratique, pour des raisons organisationnelles et culturelles autant qu’institutionnelles. Europe – Indépendance judiciaire – Justice pénale – Parquet – Procureurs.

Cet article présente l’action conduite par le site Criminocorpus en matière de sauvegarde du patrimoine pénitentiaire. Devenu depuis 2016 le premier musée numérique dédié à l’histoire de la justice, la question du patrimoine pénitentiaire y est bien représentée à travers différents contenus proposés dans le musée, la revue et le carnet de recherche de Criminocorpus. Face à sa fragilité et au regard de l’urgence de la situation de ce patrimoine, Criminocorpus a œuvré pour sa préservation et sa conservation en élaborant des outils originaux (visites virtuelles d’établissements pénitentiaires, expositions virtuelles, projet collaboratif « HUGO. Patrimoine des lieux de justice », etc.).

This book attempts to find out why: (1) police behave similarly with different minorities in different contexts; (2) riots erupted in Paris and New York half a century and an ocean apart; and (3) N...

In the context of the unprecedented level of cultural destruction taking place in Kosovo since the international community took over in 1999, the author of this article seeks to provide an answer to two questions. First, whether the Serbian-built religious heritage in Kosovo deserves any international protection. Second, whether the two international authorities in place in Kosovo, UNMIK and KFOR, a NATO-led military force, are under any legal obligation to protect this religious heritage. Relying on the relevant international law provisions, the author determines that items of Serbian-built religious heritage in Kosovo qualify as cultural property of international value, thereby deserving international protection. Examining further the legal mandate received by the international administration in Kosovo, the author argues that both UNMIK and KFOR exercise public authority in this province, thus placing the Serbian religious heritage in question under their jurisdiction. As a result, the author concludes that the legal obligation to ensure the protection of cultural heritage in Kosovo, although normally assigned by international law to the territorial state, here devolves upon these two international entities.

On the Internet, legal information is a sum of national laws. Even in a changing world, law is culturally specific (nation-specific most of the time) and legal concepts only become meaningful when put in the context of a particular legal system. Legivoc aims to be a semantic interface between the subject of law of a State and the other spaces of legal information that it will be led to use. This project will consist of setting up a server of multilingual legal vocabularies from the European Union Member States legal systems, which will be freely available, for other uses via an application programming interface (API).

In line with changes to the delivery of other public services, current reforms to publicly funded legal advice services within E ngland and W ales seek to move services from traditional face‐to‐face settings to delivery predominantly over the telephone. Government justification for the policy has focused on greater equality of access. In contrast, criticisms have centred upon the inability of the telephone to address the needs of certain client groups or complex cases. Using administrative records collected by the Legal Services Commission on the use of education law advice services, this paper considers the extent to which telephone services overcome barriers caused by distance from advice sources, as well as their ability to deliver comparable service and achieve similar outcomes to face‐to‐face services. Clear evidence emerged that as distance increased between service users and their closest provider, so did the likelihood of using telephone advice. However, when looking at the nature of the service received and the outcome achieved for clients, there were notable differences, with face‐to‐face service users far more likely to achieve tangible outcomes. Few telephone cases moved beyond the initial stages of advice. Telephone services did mediate the impact of distance, although there were concerns over the comparability of the service delivered by the two modes. Despite this, the paper highlights the importance of going beyond simply measuring access in terms of utilisation alone, also measuring it in terms of the outcomes achieved.