Ministerio de Educación y Cultura

Policies must keep pace with new ideas about what, when, and how teachers learn and must focus on developing schools' and teachers' capacities to be responsible for student learning.

BACKGROUND: The fungal genus Aspergillus is of critical importance to humankind. Species include those with industrial applications, important pathogens of humans, animals and crops, a source of potent carcinogenic contaminants of food, and an important genetic model. The genome sequences of eight aspergilli have already been explored to investigate aspects of fungal biology, raising questions about evolution and specialization within this genus. RESULTS: We have generated genome sequences for ten novel, highly diverse Aspergillus species and compared these in detail to sister and more distant genera. Comparative studies of key aspects of fungal biology, including primary and secondary metabolism, stress response, biomass degradation, and signal transduction, revealed both conservation and diversity among the species. Observed genomic differences were validated with experimental studies. This revealed several highlights, such as the potential for sex in asexual species, organic acid production genes being a key feature of black aspergilli, alternative approaches for degrading plant biomass, and indications for the genetic basis of stress response. A genome-wide phylogenetic analysis demonstrated in detail the relationship of the newly genome sequenced species with other aspergilli. CONCLUSIONS: Many aspects of biological differences between fungal species cannot be explained by current knowledge obtained from genome sequences. The comparative genomics and experimental study, presented here, allows for the first time a genus-wide view of the biological diversity of the aspergilli and in many, but not all, cases linked genome differences to phenotype. Insights gained could be exploited for biotechnological and medical applications of fungi.

Nitric oxide ((*)NO)-derived reactive species nitrate unsaturated fatty acids, yielding nitroalkene derivatives, including the clinically abundant nitrated oleic and linoleic acids. The olefinic nitro group renders these derivatives electrophilic at the carbon beta to the nitro group, thus competent for Michael addition reactions with cysteine and histidine. By using chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches, we characterized this reactivity by using in vitro reaction systems, and we demonstrated that nitroalkene-protein and GSH adducts are present in vivo under basal conditions in healthy human red cells. Nitro-linoleic acid (9-, 10-, 12-, and 13-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acids) (m/z 324.2) and nitro-oleic acid (9- and 10-nitro-9-octadecaenoic acids) (m/z 326.2) reacted with GSH (m/z 306.1), yielding adducts with m/z of 631.3 and 633.3, respectively. At physiological concentrations, nitroalkenes inhibited glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), which contains a critical catalytic Cys (Cys-149). GAPDH inhibition displayed an IC(50) of approximately 3 microM for both nitroalkenes, an IC(50) equivalent to the potent thiol oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and an IC(50) 30-fold less than H(2)O(2), indicating that nitroalkenes are potent thiol-reactive species. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed covalent adducts between fatty acid nitroalkene derivatives and GAPDH, including at the catalytic Cys-149. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis of human red cells confirmed that nitroalkenes readily undergo covalent, thiol-reversible post-translational modification of nucleophilic amino acids in GSH and GAPDH in vivo. The adduction of GAPDH and GSH by nitroalkenes significantly increased the hydrophobicity of these molecules, both inducing translocation to membranes and suggesting why these abundant derivatives had not been detected previously via traditional high pressure liquid chromatography analysis. The occurrence of these electrophilic nitroalkylation reactions in vivo indicates that this reversible post-translational protein modification represents a new pathway for redox regulation of enzyme function, cell signaling, and protein trafficking.

"Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção do clima de segurança dos profissionais de enfermagem atuantes nas clínicas médicas e cirúrgicas de um Hospital de Ensino. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo e com abordagem quantitativa. Foi utilizado o Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) – Short Form 2006, traduzido para a língua portuguesa. Resultados: A percepção do clima de segurança dos profissionais variou conforme o gênero, a clínica, a categoria profissional e o tempo de atuação. A satisfação no trabalho foi demonstrada por todos os profissionais, com escores acima de 75, enquanto o domínio Percepção da Gerência apresentou valores mais baixos. Conclusão: A satisfação do profissional, o diálogo e o suporte à equipe por parte da administração são essenciais para a garantia da segurança do paciente. Conhecer a percepção dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre o clima de segurança contribui para a melhoria do cuidado em saúde e para a redução dos riscos ao paciente."

Microcin H47 (MccH47) is a novel microcin antibiotic produced by a natural Escherichia coli isolate. In contrast to all the other colicins and microcins examined to date, which are plasmid encoded, the genes for MccH47 synthesis and immunity are located on the chromosome. These genetic determinants were cloned and shown to extend over a continuous DNA region of ca. 10 kb.

THE INDEPENDENT FARMERS ORGANIZATIONS IN THE LAGUNERA REGION HAVE PLAYED A ROLE IMPORTANT TO CONSOLIDATE A SOCIAL PARTICIPATION THAT INCLUDES THE MOBILIZATION. BUT, AT CRUCIAL MOMENTS FOR THE MEXICAN FIELD AS IT IS THE TREATY OF LIBRE COMERCIO (TLC) WHAT REPRESENTS THESE ORGANIZATIONS? WHICH IS THE ROL OF THE LEADERS OF THESE ORGANIZATIONS?. THE SUBJECT OF THE SOCIAL MOBILIZATIONS WAS APPROACHED FROM THE THEORETICAL ASPECT AND, TO TRY TO DEMONSTRATE AS THESE SOCIAL MOVEMENTS INFLUENCE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE LAGUNERO FIELD IN DECAY.

Granular materials of different sizes are present on the surface of several atmosphereless Solar system bodies. The phenomena related to granular materials have been studied in the framework of the discipline called granular physics, both experimentally and, over the last few decades, by numerical simulations. The discrete element method simulates the mechanical behaviour of a medium formed by a set of particles which interact through their contact points. The difficulty in reproducing vacuum and low-gravity environments makes numerical simulations the most promising technique in the study of granular media under these conditions. In this work, relevant processes in minor bodies of the Solar system are studied using the discrete element method. Results of simulations of size segregation in low-gravity environments in the cases of the asteroids Eros and Itokawa are presented. The segregation of particles with different densities was analysed, in particular, the case of comet P/Hartley 2. The surface shaking in these different gravity environments could produce the ejection of particles from the surface at very low relative velocities. The shaking causing the above processes is due to impacts and explosions such as the release of energy by the liberation of internal stresses or the re-accommodation of material. Simulations of the passage of impact-induced seismic waves through a granular medium were also performed. We present several applications of the discrete element methods for the study of the physical evolution of agglomerates of rocks under low-gravity environments.

INTRODUCTION: Varying public views on cannabis use across countries may explain the variation in the prevalence of use, policies, and research in individual countries, and global regulation of cannabis. This paper aims to describe the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research across sixteen countries. METHODS: PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for studies published from 2010 to 2020. Searches were conducted using the relevant country of interest as a search term (e.g., "Iran"), as well as relevant predefined keywords such as "cannabis," "marijuana," "hashish," "bhang "dual diagnosis," "use," "addiction," "prevalence," "co-morbidity," "substance use disorder," "legalization" or "policy" (in English and non-English languages). These keywords were used in multiple combinations to create the search string for studies' titles and abstracts. Official websites of respective governments and international organizations were also searched in English and non-English languages (using countries national languages) to identify the current state of cannabis use, policies, and research in each of those countries. RESULTS: The main findings were inconsistent and heterogeneous reporting of cannabis use, variation in policies (e.g., legalization), and variation in intervention strategies across the countries reviewed. European countries dominate the cannabis research output indexed on PubMed, in contrast to Asian countries (Thailand, Malaysia, India, Iran, and Nepal). CONCLUSIONS: Although global cannabis regulation is ongoing, the existing heterogeneities across countries in terms of policies and epidemiology can increase the burden of cannabis use disorders disproportionately and unpredictably. There is an urgent need to develop global strategies to address these cross-country barriers to improve early detection, prevention, and interventions for cannabis use and related disorders.

This article addresses the topic of educational leadership and communication in disadvantaged contexts in the digital age. The study aims to synthesize existing findings to identify trends, gaps, and opportunities in this relatively new research area. To achieve this, a systematic review of scientific literature from the past five years was conducted, using bibliographic sources from Scielo, Wos, and Scopus. The methodology employed was the PRISMA method for the systematic review. The results revealed the main theoretical approaches to educational leadership, the effects of leadership on educational quality, effective communication strategies, and specific challenges faced by educational leaders in disadvantaged spaces in the digital age. The most relevant conclusion of the article is that the development of digital competencies, the promotion of civic education, the use of digital tools, and the integration of information and communication technologies are key aspects for improving educational leadership and communication in the mentioned contexts. These recommendations can be utilized by educational leaders and policymakers to promote educational quality in disadvantaged settings in the digital era.

Occlusion culling and level‐of‐detail rendering have become two powerful tools for accelerating the handling of very large models in real‐time visualization applications. We present a framework that combines both techniques to improve rendering times. Classical occlusion culling algorithms compute potentially visible sets (PVS), which are supersets of the sets of visible polygons. The novelty of our approach is to estimate the degree of visibility of each object of the PVS using synthesized coarse occluders. This allows to arrange the objects of each PVS into several Hardly‐Visible Sets (HVS) with similar occlusion degree. According to image accuracy and frame rate requirements, HVS provide a way to avoid sending to the graphics pipeline those objects whose pixel contribution is low due to partial occlusion. The image error can be bounded by the user at navigation time. On the other hand, as HVS offer a tighter estimation of the pixel contribution for each scene object, it can be used for a more convenient selection of the level‐of‐detail at which objects are rendered. In this paper, we describe the new framework technique, provide details of its implementation using a visibility octree as the chosen occlusion culling data structure and show some experimental results on the image quality.

Food packaging design has become a key component of the marketing mix of companies to ensure the long-term success of their products, and to convey information that set apart their products from competitors. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the role of food packaging on children's diet. Food package design plays a key role in attracting children and parents' attention, shaping product associations, and influencing their purchase decisions. Packaging elements attracting children's attention and misleading health-related visual and textual cues may encourage children and their parents to choose energy-dense food products with excessive content of sugar, fat, and sodium. Results from this review suggest that comprehensive packaging regulations are necessary to protect children's health and encourage healthier eating habits from early years. Such regulations should go beyond products targeted at children, making informed decisions easier to encourage healthier choices, and including restrictions on the use of health-related cues on all products, as they ultimately influence the diet and the food available in the household.

Se analiza la posibilidad de que la estructura social y económica de las comunidades castreñas prerromanas corresponda al concepto de una sociedad campesina. Para ello se utiliza el registro arqueológico de los castros de la Zona Arqueológica de Las Médulas, en el suroeste de la provincia de León, examinado en tres niveles de análisis: las unidades de ocupación de esos poblados como núcleos básicos de producción y consumo agrícolas, la aptitud de los castros para ser considerados comunidades aldeanas autosuficientes y la especificidad de sus formas de vida, racionalidad y economía como constructoras de un paisaje campesino. Asimismo se discuten cuestiones como la propiedad de la tierra y el grado y tipo de jerarquización de tales comunidades. El necesario contrapunto lo pone la presencia romana en la zona, que genera un proceso rápido de disolución de esa estructura social indígena. Los intereses mineros provocan un fuerte cambio económico y social, visible en particular en las estrategias de poblamiento y explotación del territorio, en definitiva en la construcción de un nuevo paisaje que puede considerarse minero frente al precedente campesino.

OPINION article Front. Psychol., 16 December 2021Sec. Educational Psychology https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.769363

Differences in social status are often mediated by agonistic encounters between competitors. Robust literature has examined social status-dependent brain gene expression profiles across vertebrates, yet social status and reproductive state are often confounded. It has therefore been challenging to identify the neuromolecular mechanisms underlying social status independent of reproductive state. Weakly electric fish, Gymnotus omarorum, display territorial aggression and social dominance independent of reproductive state. We use wild-derived G. omarorum males to conduct a transcriptomic analysis of non-breeding social dominance relationships. After allowing paired rivals to establish a dominance hierarchy, we profiled the transcriptomes of brain sections containing the preoptic area (region involved in regulating aggressive behaviour) in dominant and subordinate individuals. We identified 16 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) and numerous genes that co-varied with behavioural traits. We also compared our results with previous reports of differential gene expression in other teleost species. Overall, our study establishes G. omarorum as a powerful model system for understanding the neuromolecular bases of social status independent of reproductive state.

This research seeks to provide a general overview of educational research in Latin America based on the study of articles published in Latin American impact journals and written by authors of the Region. Specifically, the 1,086 articles on empirical research in education written by Latin American authors and published in journals published in Latin America and indexed in jcr (isi Web of Science), Scopus or scielo, during the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 are reviewed. Four elements are reviewed: the authorship of the articles, the subject of study, the level of education addressed and the research methodology used. The results indicate that three countries (Brazil, Mexico and Chile) concentrate 75% of the papers, 59.1% of the authors are women and 53% of the papers are signed by three or more people. Among the most studied topics include Learning and school performance, Teachers and Teaching strategies, curriculum and teaching practices. Higher Education is clearly the most studied, with 43.1% of the papers. And, finally, there is no priority methodological approach, with practically half of qualitative articles, the other half quantitative. With all this information, it is possible to conclude some elements that translate into the need for greater support for research, a rethinking of topics and levels of study and a boost to collaborative research.

Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are efficient thiol-dependent peroxidases and key players in the mechanism of H2O2-induced redox signaling. Any structural change that could affect their redox state, oligomeric structure, and/or interaction with other proteins could have a significant impact on the cascade of signaling events. Several post-translational modifications have been reported to modulate Prx activity. One of these, overoxidation of the peroxidatic cysteine to the sulfinic derivative, inactivates the enzyme and has been proposed as a mechanism of H2O2 accumulation in redox signaling (the floodgate hypothesis). Nitration of Prx has been reported in vitro as well as in vivo; in particular, nitrated Prx2 was identified in brains of Alzheimer disease patients. In this work we characterize Prx2 tyrosine nitration, a post-translational modification on a noncatalytic residue that increases its peroxidase activity and its resistance to overoxidation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that treatment of disulfide-oxidized Prx2 with excess peroxynitrite renders mainly mononitrated and dinitrated species. Tyrosine 193 of the YF motif at the C terminus, associated with the susceptibility toward overoxidation of eukaryotic Prx, was identified as nitrated and is most likely responsible for the protection of the peroxidatic cysteine against oxidative inactivation. Kinetic analyses suggest that tyrosine nitration facilitates the intermolecular disulfide formation, transforming a sensitive Prx into a robust one. Thus, tyrosine nitration appears as another mechanism to modulate these enzymes in the complex network of redox signaling.

Prostate cancer is a major health problem worldwide due to its high incidence morbidity and mortality. There is currently a need of improved biomarkers, capable to distinguish mild versus aggressive forms of the disease, and thus guide therapeutic decisions. Although miRNAs deregulated in cancer represent exciting candidates as biomarkers, its scientific literature is frequently fragmented in dispersed studies. This problem is aggravated for miRNAs belonging to miRNA gene clusters with shared target genes. The miRNA cluster composed by hsa-mir-130b and hsa-mir-301b precursors was recently involved in prostate cancer pathogenesis, yet different studies assigned it opposite effects on the disease. We sought to elucidate the role of the human miR-130b/301b miRNA cluster in prostate cancer through a comprehensive data analysis of most published clinical cohorts. We interrogated methylomes, transcriptomes and patient clinical data, unifying previous reports and adding original analysis using the largest available cohort (TCGA-PRAD). We found that hsa-miR-130b-3p and hsa-miR-301b-3p are upregulated in neoplastic vs normal prostate tissue, as well as in metastatic vs primary sites. However, this increase in expression is not due to a decrease of the global DNA methylation of the genes in prostate tissues, as the promoter of the gene remains lowly methylated in normal and neoplastic tissue. A comparison of the levels of human miR-130b/301b and all the clinical variables reported for the major available cohorts, yielded positive correlations with malignance, specifically significant for T-stage, residual tumor status and primary therapy outcome. The assessment of the correlations between the hsa-miR-130b-3p and hsa-miR-301b-3p and candidate target genes in clinical samples, supports their repression of tumor suppressor genes in prostate cancer. Altogether, these results favor an oncogenic role of miR-130b/301b cluster in prostate cancer.

The distribution of ribosomes and polysomes in uninjured myelinated axons of rat sciatic nerve was analyzed. Ribosomes were identified by immunocytochemistry at the light and electron microscopic levels. A polyclonal antibody developed against ribosomes recognized both rRNA and ribosomal proteins. The distribution of the immunoreaction product was similar to that obtained with human anti-ribosomal P protein. The immunoreaction product distributions were of two types in axons: 1) periodic localization in the cortical region of axoplasm that appeared as a compact structural aggregate, consistent with that described as a periaxoplasmic ribosomal plaques (PARP) domain (Koenig et al. [2000] J. Neurosci. 20:8390-8400), and 2) scattered small immuno-reactive clusters of varying sizes (RNP) within the central core of the axon. The latter observation suggested the possibility that RNP-like particles could be associated with the axonal transport system and in transit. Immunoreaction product was also associated with a novel structural inclusion, possibly multi-vesicular in makeup that was located in the axon and at the myelin-axon interface, and visible at the light and EM levels. The potential significance of this structural peculiarity is considered.

We found a segmented pattern, increasing for small sizes and decreasing for larger sizes, in the relationship between trophic position and body size. This pattern provides support for a recently developed theoretical model whose derivation was based on consumers’ metabolic requirements and on basic assumptions about feeding relationships. We combined original and published information about stable nitrogen isotopes, a proxy of trophic position, for a broad range of animal body sizes (10 −3 –10 5 kg) inhabiting the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Linear, polynomic, and piecewise segmented models were fit to species trophic position and body mass. The segmented model had the best fit, presenting a positive slope (β 1 = 0.33 ± 0.08) for small organisms (&lt;200 kg) and a negative slope (β 2 = −1.93 ± 0.16) for larger ones. This suggests that there are morphological restrictions to prey consumption in smaller organisms and energetic constraints to trophic position in larger ones. Furthermore, the predator–prey body mass ratio (BMR = 1.31; 95% CI = 0.9–2.40) estimated here is similar to previous reports of direct observations (BMR = 1.64 and 1.82). However, the trophic position of larger organisms decreases at a faster rate (β 2 = −1.93) than expected by metabolic demand (β 2expected = −0.16 to −0.82), suggesting that additional processes should be considered. Our results suggest that large species could be more vulnerable to global change than previously thought.

Agonistic aggression has provided an excellent framework to study how conserved circuits and neurochemical mediators control species-specific and context-dependent behavior. The principal inhibitory control upon aggression is serotonin (5-HT) dependent, and the activation of 5-HT(1A) receptors is involved in its action. To address whether the serotonergic system differentially regulates different types of aggression, we used two species of weakly electric fish: the solitary Gymnotus omarorum and the gregarious Brachyhypopomus gauderio, which display distinctive types of aggression as part of each species' natural behavioral repertoire. We found that in the reproduction-related aggression displayed by B. gauderio after conflict resolution, the serotonergic activity follows the classic pattern in which subordinates exhibit higher 5-HT levels than controls. After the territorial aggression displayed by G. omarorum, however, both dominants and subordinates show lower 5-HT levels than controls, indicating a different response of the serotonergic system. Further, we found interspecific differences in basal serotonin turnover and in the dynamic profile of the changes in 5-HT levels from pre-contest to post-contest. Finally, we found the expected reduction of aggression and outcome shift in the territorial aggression of G. omarorum after 8-OH-DPAT (5-HT(1A) receptor agonist) administration, but no effect in the reproduction-related aggression of B. gauderio. Our results demonstrate the differential participation of the serotonergic system in the modulation of two types of aggression that we speculate may be a general strategy of the neuroendocrine control of aggression across vertebrates.