Shawnee State University

Abstract We report the discovery of a candidate galaxy with a photo- z of z ∼ 12 in the first epoch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey. Following conservative selection criteria, we identify a source with a robust z phot = <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>11.8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> (1 σ uncertainty) with m F200W = 27.3 and ≳7 σ detections in five filters. The source is not detected at λ &lt; 1.4 μ m in deep imaging from both Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and JWST and has faint ∼3 σ detections in JWST F150W and HST F160W, which signal a Ly α break near the red edge of both filters, implying z ∼ 12. This object (Maisie’s Galaxy) exhibits F115W − F200W &gt; 1.9 mag (2 σ lower limit) with a blue continuum slope, resulting in 99.6% of the photo- z probability distribution function favoring z &gt; 11. All data-quality images show no artifacts at the candidate’s position, and independent analyses consistently find a strong preference for z &gt; 11. Its colors are inconsistent with Galactic stars, and it is resolved ( r h = 340 ± 14 pc). Maisie’s Galaxy has log M * / M ⊙ ∼ 8.5 and is highly star-forming (log sSFR ∼ −8.2 yr −1 ), with a blue rest-UV color ( β ∼ −2.5) indicating little dust, though not extremely low metallicity. While the presence of this source is in tension with most predictions, it agrees with empirical extrapolations assuming UV luminosity functions that smoothly decline with increasing redshift. Should follow-up spectroscopy validate this redshift, our universe was already aglow with galaxies less than 400 Myr after the Big Bang.

The processes that trigger active galactic nuclei (AGN) remain poorly understood. While lower luminosity AGN may be triggered by minor disturbances to the host galaxy, stronger disturbances are likely required to trigger luminous AGN. Major wet mergers of galaxies are ideal environments for AGN triggering since they provide large gas supplies and galaxy scale torques. There is however little observational evidence for a strong connection between AGN and major mergers. We analyse the morphological properties of AGN host galaxies as a function of AGN and host galaxy luminosity and compare them to a carefully matched sample of control galaxies. AGN are X-ray selected in the redshift range 0.5 < z < 0.8 and have luminosities 41 log(L X [erg s -1 ]) 44.5. 'Fake AGN' are simulated in the control galaxies by adding point sources with the magnitude of the matched AGN. We find that AGN host and control galaxies have comparable asymmetries, Srsic indices and ellipticities at rest frame 950 nm. AGN host galaxies show neither higher average asymmetries nor higher fractions of very disturbed objects. There is no increase in the prevalence of merger signatures with AGN luminosity. At 95 per cent confidence we find that major mergers are responsible for <6 per cent of all AGN in our sample as well as <40 per cent of the highest luminosity AGN (log (L X [erg s -1 ]) 43.5).

Abstract Lyman-break galaxy (LBG) candidates at z ≳ 10 are rapidly being identified in James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam observations. Due to the (redshifted) break produced by neutral hydrogen absorption of rest-frame UV photons, these sources are expected to drop out in the bluer filters while being well detected in redder filters. However, here we show that dust-enshrouded star-forming galaxies at lower redshifts ( z ≲ 7) may also mimic the near-infrared (near-IR) colors of z &gt; 10 LBGs, representing potential contaminants in LBG candidate samples. First, we analyze CEERS-DSFG-1, a NIRCam dropout undetected in the F115W and F150W filters but detected at longer wavelengths. Combining the JWST data with (sub)millimeter constraints, including deep NOEMA interferometric observations, we show that this source is a dusty star-forming galaxy (DSFG) at z ≈ 5.1. We also present a tentative 2.6 σ SCUBA-2 detection at 850 μ m around a recently identified z ≈ 16 LBG candidate in the same field and show that, if the emission is real and associated with this candidate, the available photometry is consistent with a z ∼ 5 dusty galaxy with strong nebular emission lines despite its blue near-IR colors. Further observations on this candidate are imperative to mitigate the low confidence of this tentative submillimeter emission and its positional uncertainty. Our analysis shows that robust (sub)millimeter detections of NIRCam dropout galaxies likely imply z ∼ 4–6 redshift solutions, where the observed near-IR break would be the result of a strong rest-frame optical Balmer break combined with high dust attenuation and strong nebular line emission, rather than the rest-frame UV Lyman break. This provides evidence that DSFGs may contaminate searches for ultra-high redshift LBG candidates from JWST observations.

Galaxy interactions are thought to be one of the main triggers of active galactic nuclei (AGN), especially at high luminosities, where the accreted gas mass during the AGN lifetime is substantial. Evidence for a connection between mergers and AGN, however, remains mixed. Possible triggering mechanisms remain particularly poorly understood for luminous AGN, which are thought to require triggering by major mergers, rather than secular processes. We analyse the host galaxies of a sample of 20 optically and X-ray selected luminous AGN (log(L bol [erg s -1 ]) > 45) at z 0.6 using Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 data in the F160W/H band. 15/20 sources have resolved host galaxies. We create a control sample of mock AGN by matching the AGN host galaxies to a control sample of non-AGN galaxies. Visual signs of disturbances are found in about 25 per cent of sources in both the AGN hosts and control galaxies. Using both visual classification and quantitative morphology measures, we show that the levels of disturbance are not enhanced when compared to a matched control sample. We find no signs that major mergers play a dominant role in triggering AGN at high luminosities, suggesting that minor mergers and secular processes dominate AGN triggering up to the highest AGN luminosities. The upper limit on the enhanced fraction of major mergers is 20 per cent. While major mergers might increase the incidence of luminous AGN, they are not the prevalent triggering mechanism in the population of unobscured AGN.

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Research Article| November 01, 2014 Calibration of a conodont apatite-based Ordovician 87Sr/86Sr curve to biostratigraphy and geochronology: Implications for stratigraphic resolution Matthew R. Saltzman; Matthew R. Saltzman † 1School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA †E-mail: saltzman.11@osu.edu. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Cole T. Edwards; Cole T. Edwards 1School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Stephen A. Leslie; Stephen A. Leslie 2Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Gary S. Dwyer; Gary S. Dwyer 3Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jeffrey A. Bauer; Jeffrey A. Bauer 4Department of Natural Sciences, Shawnee State University, Portsmouth, Ohio 45662, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar John E. Repetski; John E. Repetski 5U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Anita G. Harris; Anita G. Harris 5U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Stig M. Bergström Stig M. Bergström 1School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Matthew R. Saltzman † 1School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Cole T. Edwards 1School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA Stephen A. Leslie 2Department of Geology and Environmental Science, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA Gary S. Dwyer 3Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA Jeffrey A. Bauer 4Department of Natural Sciences, Shawnee State University, Portsmouth, Ohio 45662, USA John E. Repetski 5U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA Anita G. Harris 5U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA Stig M. Bergström 1School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA †E-mail: saltzman.11@osu.edu. Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 19 Nov 2013 Revision Received: 25 Apr 2014 Accepted: 20 May 2014 First Online: 08 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 © 2014 Geological Society of America GSA Bulletin (2014) 126 (11-12): 1551–1568. https://doi.org/10.1130/B31038.1 Article history Received: 19 Nov 2013 Revision Received: 25 Apr 2014 Accepted: 20 May 2014 First Online: 08 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation Matthew R. Saltzman, Cole T. Edwards, Stephen A. Leslie, Gary S. Dwyer, Jeffrey A. Bauer, John E. Repetski, Anita G. Harris, Stig M. Bergström; Calibration of a conodont apatite-based Ordovician 87Sr/86Sr curve to biostratigraphy and geochronology: Implications for stratigraphic resolution. GSA Bulletin 2014;; 126 (11-12): 1551–1568. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/B31038.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract The Ordovician 87Sr/86Sr isotope seawater curve is well established and shows a decreasing trend until the mid-Katian. However, uncertainties in calibration of this curve to biostratigraphy and geochronology have made it difficult to determine how the rates of 87Sr/86Sr decrease may have varied, which has implications for both the stratigraphic resolution possible using Sr isotope stratigraphy and efforts to model the effects of Ordovician geologic events. We measured 87Sr/86Sr in conodont apatite in North American Ordovician sections that are well studied for conodont biostratigraphy, primarily in Nevada, Oklahoma, the Appalachian region, and Ohio Valley. Our results indicate that conodont apatite may provide an accurate medium for Sr isotope stratigraphy and strengthen previous reports that point toward a significant increase in the rate of fall in seawater 87Sr/86Sr during the Middle Ordovician Darriwilian Stage. Our 87Sr/86Sr results suggest that Sr isotope stratigraphy will be most useful as a high-resolution tool for global correlation in the mid-Darriwilian to mid-Sandbian, when the maximum rate of fall in 87Sr/86Sr is estimated at ∼5.0–10.0 × 10–5 per m.y. Variable preservation of conodont elements limits the precision for individual stratigraphic horizons. Replicate conodont analyses from the same sample differ by an average of ∼4.0 × 10–5 (the 2σ standard deviation is 6.2 × 10–5), which in the best case scenario allows for subdivision of Ordovician time intervals characterized by the highest rates of fall in 87Sr/86Sr at a maximum resolution of ∼0.5–1.0 m.y. Links between the increased rate of fall in 87Sr/86Sr beginning in the mid-late Darriwilian (Phragmodus polonicus to Pygodus serra conodont zones) and geologic events continue to be investigated, but the coincidence with a long-term rise in sea level (Sauk-Tippecanoe megasequence boundary) and tectonic events (Taconic orogeny) in North America provides a plausible explanation for the changing magnitude and 87Sr/86Sr of the riverine Sr flux to the oceans. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

The present study on bulk carbonate 87Sr/86Sr stratigraphy represents a companion work to earlier research that presented a conodont apatite-based Ordovician seawater 87Sr/86Sr curve for the Tremadocian-KatianStages (485-445 Ma). Here, we directly compare the curve based on conodont apatite (including some new data not published in earlier work) with a new curve based on 87Sr/86Sr results from bulk carbonate from the Tremadocian-Sandbian Stages. We sampled eight Lower to Upper Ordovician carbonate successions in North America to assess the reliability of bulk carbonate to preserve seawater 87Sr/86Sr and its utility for 87Sr/86Sr chemostratigraphy. A high-resolution 87Sr/86Sr curve based on 137 measurements of bulk conodont apatite is used as a proxy for seawater 87Sr/86Sr (87Sr/86Srseawater). In total, 230 bulk carbonate samples that are paired to conodont samples were measured for 87Sr/86Sr in order to determine the conditions under which 87Sr/86Srseawater is preserved in bulk carbonate. Results indicate that well-preserved bulk carbonate can faithfully record the 87Sr/86Srseawater trend, but that its 87Sr/86Sr values are commonly more variable than those of conodont apatite. On average, bulk carbonate samples of the same age vary by 10-20 × 10-5, compared to 5-10 × 10-5 for conodont apatite. The amount of isotopic alteration of bulk carbonate from seawater 87Sr/86Sr (Δ87Sr/86Sr) was determined by taking the difference between 87Sr/86Sr values of bulk carbonate and the approximated seawater trend based on the least radiogenic conodont 87Sr/86Sr values. Cross plots comparing Δ87Sr/86Sr values to bulk carbonate Sr concentration ([Sr]) and conodont color alteration indices (CAI; an estimate of the thermal history of a rock body) indicate that bulk carbonate is most likely to preserve 87Sr/86Srseawater (minimally altered) when either: (1) bulk carbonate [Sr] is greater than 300 ppm, or (2) carbonate rocks experienced minimal thermal alteration, with burial temperatures less than ~150 oC. Carbonates with intermediate [Sr] (e.g., between 130 and 300 ppm) can also yield 87Sr/86Srseawater values, but results are less predictable, and local diagenetic conditions may play a greater role. Modeling results support the argument that seawater 87Sr/86Sr can be preserved in bulk carbonates with low [Sr] if pore water:rock ratios are low (&lt;10-100) or if pore fluid 87Sr/86Sr is similar to the seawater 87Sr/86Sr value preserved in limestone. Bulk carbonate samples that meet these criteria can be useful for high-resolution measurements of 87Sr/86Srseawater, with a sample variation on par with fossil materials (&lt;10 × 10-5), particularly for successions where well-preserved fossil material (i.e., conodonts or brachiopods) is not available, such as Precambrian strata, sequences recording mass extinction events, or otherwise fossil-barren facies. These criteria and model predictions based on bulk carbonate [Sr] must be considered in the context of whether a limestone accumulated under calcite seas (e.g., Ordovician), with relatively high seawater Sr/Ca, or aragonite seas, in which case the diagenetic transformation of aragonite to calcite may result in incorporation of non-seawater Sr.

Streptococcal inhibitor of complement (Sic) is a secreted protein made predominantly by serotype M1 Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which contributes to persistence in the mammalian upper respiratory tract and epidemics of human disease. Unexpectedly, an isogenic sic-negative mutant adhered to human epithelial cells significantly better than the wild-type parental strain. Purified Sic inhibited the adherence of a sic negative serotype M1 mutant and of non-Sic-producing GAS strains to human epithelial cells. Sic was rapidly internalized by human epithelial cells, inducing cell flattening and loss of microvilli. Ezrin and moesin, human proteins that functionally link the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, were identified as Sic-binding proteins by affinity chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis. Sic colocalized with ezrin inside epithelial cells and bound to the F-actin-binding site region located in the carboxyl terminus of ezrin and moesin. Synthetic peptides corresponding to two regions of Sic had GAS adherence-inhibitory activity equivalent to mature Sic and inhibited binding of Sic to ezrin. In addition, the sic mutant was phagocytosed and killed by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes significantly better than the wild-type strain, and Sic colocalized with ezrin in discrete regions of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The data suggest that binding of Sic to ezrin alters cellular processes critical for efficient GAS contact, internalization, and killing. Sic enhances bacterial survival by enabling the pathogen to avoid the intracellular environment. This process contributes to the abundance of M1 GAS in human infections and their ability to cause epidemics.

The representation formula of Clark (1970) and Haussmann (1979) is established for Brownian functional in the space D1.1

UNLABELLED: As women recover from the experience of breast cancer and its treatment, it is important for them to find meaning in their lives and to understand their experiences from a holistic perspective. PURPOSE: This study was designed to provide additional information about how women and their experiences recovering from breast cancer. The specific purpose was to describe the relationship between self-transcendence and spiritual well-being, and to identify the spiritual practices used by older women recovering from breast cancer. The theoretical framework for this study was Reed's theory of self-transcendence. SAMPLE: A total of 87 community-residing women who had been diagnosed with breast cancer within the past 5 years participated in the study. RESULTS: There was a significant positive relationship between self-transcendence and spiritual well-being. The women used a mean of 9.72 spiritual practices with the most frequent being exercise, visiting a house of worship, and praying alone. CONCLUSIONS: The study results provide further support for the theory of self-transcendence. Future research recommendations are to expand the research to include a larger, more diverse group of women of all ages and backgrounds who have been diagnosed with breast cancer.

We present more than three years of observations at different frequencies, from radio to high-energy -rays, of the Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) Galaxy PMN J0948+0022 (z = 0.585). This source is the first NLS1 detected at energies above 100 MeV and therefore can be considered the prototype of this emerging new class of -ray emitting active galactic nuclei (AGN). The observations performed from 2008 August 1 to 2011 December 31 confirmed that PMN J0948+0022 generates a powerful relativistic jet, which is able to develop an isotropic luminosity at -rays of the order of 10 48 erg s -1 , at the level of powerful quasars. The evolution of the radiation emission of this source in 2009 and 2010 followed the canonical expectations of relativistic jets with correlated multiwavelength variability (-rays followed by radio emission after a few months), but it was difficult to retrieve a similar pattern in the light curves of 2011. The comparison of -ray spectra before and including 2011 data suggested that there was a softening of the highenergy spectral slope. We selected five specific epochs to be studied by modelling the broad-band spectrum, which are characterised by an outburst at -rays or very low/high flux at other wavelengths. The observed variability can largely be explained by changes in the injected power, the bulk Lorentz factor of the jet, or the electron spectrum. The characteristic time scale of doubling/halving flux ranges from a few days to a few months, depending on the frequency and the sampling rate. The shortest doubling time scale at -rays is 2.3 0.5 days. These small values underline the need of highly sampled multiwavelength campaigns to better understand the physics of these sources.

We present the study of a sample of nine quasi-stellar object fields, with damped Lyman α (DLA) or sub-DLA systems at &lt;it&gt;z&lt;/it&gt; ∼ 0.6, observed with the X-Shooter spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope. By suitably positioning the X-Shooter slit based on high spatial resolution images of &lt;it&gt;Hubble Space Telescope&lt;/it&gt;/Advanced Camera for Surveys we are able to detect absorbing galaxies in seven out of nine fields (∼78 per cent success rate) at impact parameters from 10 to 30 kpc. In five out of seven fields the absorbing galaxies are confirmed via detection of multiple emission lines at the redshift of DLAs where only one out of five also emits a faint continuum. In two out of these five fields we detect a second galaxy at the DLA redshift. Extinction corrected star formation rates (SFRs) of these DLA galaxies, estimated using their Hα fluxes, are in the range 0.3–6.7 M&lt;inf&gt;&amp;odot;&lt;/inf&gt; yr−1. The emission metallicities of these five DLA galaxies are estimated to be from 0.2 to 0.9 Z&lt;inf&gt;&amp;odot;&lt;/inf&gt;. Based on the Voigt profile fits to absorption lines we find the metallicity of the absorbing neutral gas to be in a range of 0.05–0.6 Z&lt;inf&gt;&amp;odot;&lt;/inf&gt;. The two remaining DLA galaxies are quiescent galaxies with SFR &lt; 0.4 M&lt;inf&gt;&amp;odot;&lt;/inf&gt; yr−1 (3σ) presenting continuum emission but no emission lines. Using X-Shooter spectrum we estimate &lt;it&gt;i&lt;/it&gt;-band absolute magnitude of −19.5 ± 0.2 for both these DLA galaxies that indicates they are sub-L&amp;sstarf; galaxies. Comparing our results with that of other surveys in the literature we find a possible redshift evolution of the SFR of DLA galaxies.

We present SDSS J143244.91+301435.3, a new case of a radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 (RL NLS1) with a relatively high radio power (P1.4 GHz = 2.1 × 1025 W Hz-1) and large radio-loudness parameter (R1.4 = 600 ± 100). The radio source is compact with a linear size below ∼1.4 kpc but, in contrast to most of the RL NLS1 discovered so far with such a high R1.4, its radio spectrum is very steep (α = 0.93, Sν ∝ ν-α) and does not support a `blazar-like' nature. Both the small mass of the central supermassive black hole and the high accretion rate relative to the Eddington limit estimated for this object (3.2 × 107 M⊙ and 0.27, respectively, with a formal error of ∼0.4 dex for both quantities) are typical of the NLS1 class. Through modelling the spectral energy distribution of the source, we have found that the galaxy hosting SDSS J143244.91+301435.3 is undergoing quite intense star formation (SFR = 50 M⊙ yr-1), which, however, is expected to contribute only marginally (∼1 per cent) to the observed radio emission. The radio properties of SDSS J143244.91+301435.3 are remarkably similar to those of compact steep-spectrum (CSS) radio sources, a class of active galactic nuclei (AGN) mostly composed of young radio galaxies. This may suggest a direct link between these two classes of AGN, with CSS sources possibly representing the misaligned version (the so-called `parent population') of RL NLS1 showing blazar characteristics.© 2014 The Authors

Abstract Partitioning interwell tracer tests (PITT) were used ID determine the spatial distribution and volume of residual trichloroethene (TCE) present in alluvium beneath the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plain in southern Ohio. Its first use at this site was in support of the design of a surfactant flood to remove the residual DNAPL (dense nonaqueous phase liquids) from the alluvial aquifer. The second application assessed the performance of the surfactant flood. The average DNAPL saturation in the first PITT was 0.1 to 0.2% in a swept pore volume of 4500 gallons (17.000 L). A second PITT was undertaken following the surfactant flood and yielded an average residual saturation of 0.06% in a swept pore volume of 3400 gallons (13.000 L), the reduction in pore volume being due to the confinement of the tracers to the lower sand and gravel unit of the alluvium. The design, operation, and analysis of the two PM Is provided strong evidence of a buried channel that controls the spatial distribution of the residual TCI: DNAPL in the basal sand and gravel aquifer and must be considered in the eventual full remediation of this aquifer.

A lacunary sequence is an increasing integer sequence θ = { k r } such that k r − k r −1 → ∞ as r → ∞ . A sequence x is called s θ ‐convergent to L provided that for each ϵ &gt; 0, lim r (1/( k r − k r −1 )){the number of k r −1 &lt; k ≤ k r : | x k − L | ≥ ϵ } = 0. In this paper, we study the general description of inclusion between two arbitrary lacunary sequences convergent.

Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper E"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a real Banach space with a uniformly Gâteaux differentiable norm possessing uniform normal structure, <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper K"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">K</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be a nonempty closed convex and bounded subset of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper E"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>E</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper T colon upper K long right-arrow upper K"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>T</mml:mi> <mml:mo>:</mml:mo> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> ⟶ </mml:mo> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">T: K \longrightarrow K</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be an asymptotically nonexpansive mapping with sequence <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-brace k Subscript n Baseline right-brace Subscript n Baseline subset-of left-bracket 1 comma normal infinity right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> ⊂ </mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{k_n\}_n\subset [1, \infty )</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> . Let <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="u element-of upper K"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>u</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ∈ </mml:mo> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">u\in K</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be fixed, <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-brace t Subscript n Baseline right-brace Subscript n Baseline subset-of left-parenthesis 0 comma 1 right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mml:mo> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo> ⊂ </mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{t_n\}_n \subset (0, 1)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> be such that <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="limit Underscript n right-arrow normal infinity Endscripts t Subscript n Baseline equals 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:munder> <mml:mo form="prefix">lim</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> → </mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞ </mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:munder> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lim \limits _{n\to \infty }t_n = 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="t Subscript n Baseline k Subscript n Baseline greater-than 1"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">t_nk_n &gt; 1</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="limit Underscript n right-arrow normal infinity Endscripts StartFraction k Subscript n Baseline minus 1 Over k Subscript n Baseline minus t Subscript n Baseline EndFraction equals 0"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:munder> <mml:mo form="prefix">lim</mml:mo> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false"> → </mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> ∞

A unified theory is developed in this paper to account in a comprehensive way for variable tense marking patterns in the serial verb constructions found in Saramaccan, a creole language of the central interior of Suriname. The disparate patterns include verb initial marking, tense copy, and the problematic single marking on any noninitial verb in a serial string. It is argued that regardless of which tense pattern occurs in a given serial structure, there is an essential typological unity which is best explained through the interrelated processes of scope and spreading. Moreover, because Saramaccan exhausts the logical possibilities for such marking, the analysis presented here should be applicable to other serial tense marking instantiations, a claim which is discussed in relation to Ijo and Fante in latter sections of the paper.

Forty-seven samples of the Bromide Formation (Simpson Group) of south-central Oklahoma produced a collection of 10,216 conodonts assigned to 46 species. The conodont fauna is dominated by species of Phragmodus and Plectodina and indicates a latest Whiterockian to early Mohawkian (Black Riveran) or late Llandeilian to early Caradocian age. Five new species are named including Ansella crassa, Bryantodina aequalis, Plectodina edentula, Walliserodus declivis , and Pharagmodus ambiguus. The latter species is distinct from Phragmodus flexuosus Moskalenko, a species to which it has been assigned in past reports. Analysis of conodont distribution with respect to the shallow-water Bromide lithofacies distinguishes shallow to deeper water conodont associations. Samples from shallower water facies contain Ansella crassa n. sp., Cahabagnathus sweeti (Bergström), Curtognathus spp., Eoplacognathus elongatus (Bergström), Erismodus typus Branson and Mehl, Oneotodus ? ovatus (Stauffer), Phragmodus ambiguus n. sp., Phragmodus flexuosus , and Staufferella falcata (Stauffer). Samples from deeper water facies contain forms such as Ansella nevadensis (Ethington and Schumacher) and Baltoniodus gerdae (Bergström).

Abstract A review of the literature shows that women learn and behave in ways that differ from the norm in engineering, science, and mathematics, but no research has been done specifically on women in engineering technology. In order to determine whether there is a difference between what women in engineering technology perceive as important to them and what exists in their academic programs, we conducted a survey of 100 female students from 2‐year and 4‐year schools throughout the country. Specifically, we were interested in their perceptions of competition and challenge, faculty support, recognition of their abilities, peer support, and inclusion in the program. The results showed significant differences between what was important to them and what they perceive exists in the program in all areas except competition and challenge. Differences were also found based upon demographic variables.

SUMMARY There is increasing interest in outsourcing part or all of the supply function, but little empirical knowledge of the drivers of this phenomenon. Based on a survey of 126 chief purchasing officers, internal purchasing outperforms third parties when strategic buys are involved. For nonstrategic purchases, performance is about equal for internal and third party purchasers, except where tight systems connections or strategic input are critical. Accompanying case studies support these conclusions and illustrate the approaches used by leading firms to position internal purchasing for maximum efficiency and effectiveness.