Westinghouse Electric (Germany)

A bstract The fundamental condition for glass formation is the existence of strongly bonded large networks or long chains of atoms in the liquid. Such chains or networks prevent or hinder the orderly orientation of atoms in the chains or networks themselves and also that of atoms, not in the networks in the liquid, near the melting point or liquidus temperature. A liquid structure will persist when the liquid is cooled below the melting point or liquidus temperature and will continue until free, long‐range movement of atoms becomes impossible. In order to obtain such long chains or large networks, it is necessary that (1) the bond strength of atoms in the chains or networks be very strong; (2) the small ring formation of these strongly bonded atoms be at a minimum; and (3) the relative numbers of various atoms in the chains or networks be such that at least a continuous chain is configuratively and structurally possible; at the same time, the coordination numbers of the glassforming atoms should be as small as possible to keep the bond strong. The general treatment is applied to all kinds of glasses, particularly oxide glasses. The bond strengths of all M—O single‐bond linkages in these glasses are calculated and tabulated here for the first time. The bond strength of all the glassformers was found to be greater than 80 kilocalories per Avogadro bond, that of the intermediates between 60 and 80, and that of the modifiers below 60; the transition is continuous, and the division into glassformers, intermediates, and modifiers is arbitrary.

The ferroelectric field effect has successfully been demonstrated on a bulk semiconductor (silicon) using a thin ferroelectric film of bismuth titanate (Bi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> Ti <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</inf> ) deposited onto it by RF sputtering. A new memory device, the metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor transistor (MFST); has been fabricated. This device utilizes the remanent polarization of a ferroeletric thin film to control the surface conductivity of a bulk semiconductor substrate and perform a memory function. The capacitance-voltage characteristics of the metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor structure were employed to study the memory behavior. The details of the study together with a preliminary results on the MFST are presented.

Abstract Pitting, as the term is used in this paper, means a form of failure which occurs on gear teeth near the pitch circle, on rollers, in anti-friction bearings, and on other machine parts where cylindrical surfaces come in rolling contact under heavy loads. The purpose of the investigation described in this paper is to study the manner in which pits develop, to discover the reason for their development, and to find what conditions must be fulfilled to prevent their occurrence. A testing machine was used in which steel rollers approximately 1.5 in. in diameter, rolling together and loaded as shown in Fig. 2, could be tested. More than eighty tests have been made with rollers of different materials, with different lubricants, and with various loads. Pits are found to have a definitely characteristic shape and orientation with respect to the direction of rolling. They were observed to develop from minute cracks in the roller surfaces which appear after about 500,000 revolutions. Photographs were taken tracing the growth of these pitting cracks from their earliest observed stage. The cracks from the very beginning have a characteristic shape and orientation. The principal findings in the tests on the steel rollers were: (1) That a lubricant must be present if pitting is to take place; (2) that if the lubricant is of a viscosity above a certain critical value which depends on the load, pitting can be prevented; (3) that the nature of the surface finish on the rollers greatly influences the tendency to pit, pitting being prevented on a highly polished surface and accelerated on a rough-machined surface; (4) that nitrided rollers will not pit under conditions that would result in severe pitting of quenched and tempered mild carbon-steel rollers, also that pits are smaller on harder surfaces, in general. In the theoretical section of the paper, the load-carrying capacity for the oil film between two rollers having a common peripheral velocity is calculated, and it is shown that the critical viscosity necessary to prevent pitting is far below that necessary to prevent metal-to-metal contact, a fact also checked experimentally. The normal and tangential oil forces on the rollers after metal-to-metal contact are also calculated, and the tangential component is found to be small compared with the normal component. Calculation showed that no tensile stress would exist at the surface, where pitting cracks appear to start, due to contact pressure or oil forces. However, it is found by analysis that a small crack in the surface, if filled with oil, will tend to grow, provided it has a certain initial direction. This direction is the same as that of the cracks which precede pitting. This strongly suggests that oil penetration of very small surface cracks with a certain initial direction is the reason for the growth of these cracks until a particle is separated from the main body of material, leaving a pit. The experimental results harmonize, also, with this theory.

Abstract Steady-state vibrations of mechanical systems damped by a combination of dry and viscous friction occur quite frequently, but until very recently no method for their calculation existed. A very satisfactory approximation was presented by L. S. Jacobsen before the A.S.M.E. in June, 1930. In the present paper the author gives the exact solution of the problem, together with a number of test results.

It has been found that the cathode is the only electrode which contributes vapor for the maintenance of an electric arc under very low gas pressure.The velocity of this vapor was determined by two methods. Method 1 consisted of measuring the force of reaction of the vapor on the cathode and the rate of vaporization of the cathode material. Method 2 consisted of determining the force exerted by the vapor on a vane suspended in front of the cathode spot and the rate of vapor condensation on the vane.Both these methods gave a vapor velocity of the order of 16\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{5}$ cm/sec. A temperature of around 500,000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} K results when this value for the cathode vapor velocity is substituted for $c$ in the equation: $\frac{1}{2}m{c}^{2}=3 \frac{\mathrm{KT}}{2}$.

We recently implemented a full-featured electronic health record in our independent, 4-internist, community-based practice of general internal medicine. We encountered various challenges, some unexpected, in moving from paper to computer. This article describes the effects that use of electronic health records has had on our finances, work flow, and office environment. Its financial impact is not clearly positive; work flows were substantially disrupted; and the quality of the office environment initially deteriorated greatly for staff, physicians, and patients. That said, none of us would go back to paper health records, and all of us find that the technology helps us to better meet patient expectations, expedites many tedious work processes (such as prescription writing and creation of chart notes), and creates new ways in which we can improve the health of our patients. Five broad issues must be addressed to promote successful implementation of electronic health records in a small office: financing; interoperability, standardization, and connectivity of clinical information systems; help with redesign of work flow; technical support and training; and help with change management. We hope that sharing our experience can better prepare others who plan to implement electronic health records and inform policymakers on the strategies needed for success in the small practice environment.

IN THE BRIEF SPAN of years since the closing days of World War II, we have witnessed a technological development in computers of such broad proportions that it is still impossible to appraise its far reaching effects adequately. Perhaps, the best way to express the enormous influence of this revolution is simply to point out that practically all of man's actions in producing the necessities and luxuries of life fall into two categories, namely his mental and his physical work. All of his mental work has to do with the processing of information in some form or other, and the close relationship of the computer to the human brain and its functioning needs no elaboration here. It should have been expected that nearly all of the operations of the civilized world, in which the human brain is involved to a greater or lesser extent in carrying out the task, could be aided by a technological development which performs accurately and at high speed, some of the functions of the brain. This is variously called computing, or information- or data-processing. Its field of application is as broad as human knowledge and is far beyond the comprehension of any one individual. However, large teams of scientists and engineers are currently at work in many of these compartmented fields of knowledge, learning how to adapt and develop the automatic processing methods of the computer to the needs of their particular fields.

Heat-transfer augmentation by straight grid spacers in rod bundles is studied for single-phase flow and for post-critical heat flux dispersed flow. The heat transfer effect of swirling grid spacers in single-phase flow is also examined. Governing heat-transfer mechanisms are analyzed, and predictive formulations are established. For single-phase flow, the local heat transfer at a straight spacer and at its upstream or downstream locations are treated separately. The effect of local velocity increasing near swirling spacer is considered. For post critical heat flux (CHF) dispersed flow, the heat transfer by thermal radiation, fin cooling, and vapor convection near the spacer are calculated. The predictions are compared with experimental data with satisfactory agreement.

Abstract A method is proposed for estimating the life of a machine part which is subjected to repeated applications of various stresses, some of which are above the fatigue limit.

A physician describes the daily work in his primary care practice and documents the high volume of tasks involved in patient care aside from face-to-face visits. In a typical day, each doctor saw 18 patients, made 24 telephone calls, sent 17 e-mail messages, and reviewed 31 laboratory and imaging reports and 14 consultation reports.

Abstract In heat-transfer apparatus the rate of heat flow from the hot to the cold fluid is proportional to the temperature difference between the two. For design purposes, it is necessary to be able to determine the mean difference in temperature from the inlet and exit temperatures. Numerous investigators have contributed analyses of the temperature difference for exchangers with neither counter-nor cocurrent flow. This paper coordinates the results of previous studies on the same basis to give as complete a picture as possible of all the various arrangements of surface and flow. Shell-and-tube exchangers with any number of passes on shell side and tube side are covered as are the crossflow exchangers with different pass arrangements and with mixed and unmixed flow. The special cases of trombone coolers, pot coolers, and batch processes, not previously published, are also treated in detail.

(1930). LXXIII. Forced vibrations with combined viscous and coulomb damping. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 9, Supplement, pp. 801-817.

With 68% of all physician-patient encounters occurring in physician groups of 4 or fewer, improvements in small practices will be necessary to close the well-documented national gaps in consistent delivery of high-quality care. Many believe that adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) is the key to success, and that improvement will almost automatically follow. However, EHR adoption occurs today in an environment shaped by paper chart thinking, which may limit success. Having successfully implemented an EHR in their small practice, the author and his practice colleagues attempted to use it to support a simple project to improve their mammography rate. Although they achieved a real 10% improvement in their rate with only modest additional expense, their experience highlighted critical elements for success beyond the adoption of the EHR, including physician appreciation of structured data, the need for widespread adoption of standards, and a restructuring of the primary team with additional resources. An approach supporting EHR adoption along with these system changes could substantially affect public health.

A new computer program is described which permits eigenvalue analysis of the oscillations associated with synchronizing power flow in large electric power systems. The program has been given the acronym AESOPS, for the Analysis of Essentially Spontaneous Oscillations in Power Systems. The program is the principal product of a research project funded by the Electric Power Research Institute. This project was recommended by the Westinghouse Advanced Systems Technology Division and the MAPP/MARCA Dynamic Device Operating Task Force.

Description 44 papers discuss the history, processing, use, and properties of Zirconium and its alloys. Nearly half are concerned with the corrosion and hydriding of different Zirconium alloys. The techniques used to characterize the oxides and their microstructures and properties have become very advanced. The industry, including producers and users, expects that the work will lead to important conclusions about alloy development, optimization of the processing parameters, and station operating procedures so that the current and new Zirconium materials will continue to operate reliably to very high neutron fluences. Seven major topics include: • Properties at High Neutron Fluences • Hydrogen and Temperature Effects • Deformation and Fracture Studies • Processing and Alloy Development • Effect of Composition and Microstructure on Corrosion • Corrosion Simulation and the Effect of the Environment • Effects of Oxides on Oxidation and H Pickup Rates Audience:Scientists and engineers involved in the production and properties of components for use in nuclear reactors, their behavior during service and the property changes that occur with increasing neutron fluences.

A modified slot discharge detection method, which permits tests without Shutting down the machine or using auxilliary high-voltage test equipment, was investigated. The method involves connection of frequency sensitive equipment across all or part of the ntral impedance. Tests on eight vertical water wheel generators in the range of 20,000- to 40,000-kva capacity indicate that the method is generally applicable when there is a current transformer or some other impedance in the generator neutral.

PHENOMENA of vibration in transmission lines due to the action of a transverse wind are encountered most frequently at moderate wind velocities (about 5 miles per hr.) and are characterized by rather high frequencies (5 to 15 cycles per sec.) and small amplitudes (up to a few cable diameters). This type of vibration is caused by the “Karman” vortices forming behind the wire and is well understood.

Abstract In the design of thin plates bent by lateral loading, formulas based on the Kirchhoff theory which neglects stretching and shearing in the middle surface are quite satisfactory, providing the deflections are small compared to the thickness. If deflections are of the same order as the thickness, the Kirchhoff theory may yield results which are considerably in error and therefore a more rigorous theory which takes account of deformations in the middle surface should be applied. The fundamental equations for the more exact theory are known and approximate solutions have been developed for the case of a circular plate. This paper gives the general solution of the fundamental equations for the case of a circular plate bent to a figure of revolution. Particular solutions are found which satisfy one of the two boundary conditions, and stresses and deflections are calculated from these solutions. By interpolation, the stresses and deflections are then found for plates satisfying both boundary conditions. The deflections are compared with experimental results and with the approximate formulas. It is found that these deflections agree closely with the experimental results and also with those obtained by the approximate methods of A. Nadai and S. Timoshenko, as shown in Figs. 8 and 10.

It has been known for some time that an induction machine whose rotor is driven mechanically may become selfexcited if capacitors are connected across its terminals. The present paper is concerned with the predetermination of the machine characteristics when operating under such conditions. The frequency of excitation is very close to the synchronous frequeney corresponding to the speed of the rotor. The voltage to which the machine will excite is dependent upon its no- load excitation characteristics at that frequency, the criterion to be satisfied being that the lagging volt-amperes of excitation equal the leading volt-amperes of the capacitors. Under load, similar criteria must be satisfied. Voltage conditions are determined by a cut-and-try solution such that the summation of reactive volt-amperes equals zero. The slip is then obtained from the relation that the summation of the real power equals zero. These relations have been applied to various types of loads, such as pure resistance and inductive resistance, single-phase and three-phase and also to induction-motor load. Excellent checks between test and calculated results have been obtained.

Abstract This paper gives a rational theoretical treatment of the labyrinth problem, based on the actual flow characteristics typical for a sharp-edged orifice. The general relations between leakage, number of throttlings, and pressure distribution are given in graphical form on a chart intended for use in practical turbine design. It is also shown how the effect of kinetic energy being carried from one throttling into the next can be considered rationally. The numerical constants left open by the theory are derived experimentally with the aid of a static labyrinth leakage-testing device.