Effects of tidal forcing, conductivity gradient, and active seeding on the climatology of equatorial spread <i>F</i> over Kwajalein

Abstract Plasma structure in nighttime equatorial F layer, referred to as equatorial spread F (ESF), displays climatology whose seasonal variation depends on longitude. At longitudes where ESF favors equinoxes, times when maxima occur can be predicted in terms of the day of year, when E region sunse... View More