Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation

Short-term acceleration of soil organic matter decomposition by increasing temperature conflicts with the thermal adaptation observed in long-term studies. Here we used the altitudinal gradient on Mt. Kilimanjaro to demonstrate the mechanisms of thermal adaptation of extra- and intracellular enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose, chitin and phytate and oxidize monomers ((14)C-glucose) in warm- and cold-climate soils. We revealed that no response of decomposition rate to temperature occurs because of a cancelling effect consisting in an increase in half-saturation constants (Km), which counteracts the increase in maximal reaction rates (Vmax with temperature). We used the parameters of enzyme kinetics to predict thresholds of substrate concentration (Scrit) below which decomposition rates will be insensitive to global warming. Increasing values of Scrit, and hence stronger canceling effects with increasing altitude on Mt. Kilimanjaro, explained the thermal adaptation of polymer decomposition. The reduction of the temperature sensitivity of Vmax along the altitudinal gradient contributed to thermal adaptation of both polymer and monomer degradation. Extrapolating the altitudinal gradient to the large-scale latitudinal gradient, these results show that the soils of cold climates with stronger and more frequent temperature variation are less sensitive to global warming than soils adapted to high temperatures.

Introduction: the article is devoted to modern methods of learning outcomes assessment. As the authors of the article show, recently the evaluation of learning outcomes is inextricably linked with the quality of education provided by an educational institution. It is noted that today there is no single interpretation of the concept “quality of education”. Due to the introduction of a competence-based approach, graduates now form not just a certain amount of knowledge and skills, but the ability to use it, to apply the experience gained in practice, so modern assessment should be fundamentally new and different from traditional methods. Materials and methods: the article identifies the features of the competency assessment system. The basic provisions of the assessment methodology were established and on their basis we identified the components of the model model of the automated assessment of professional competencies. Identified principles for constructing a competency assessment model Results: the article analyzes the existing modern assessment tools. Among them, the methods characteristic of the authentic approach were singled out, as well as the advantages of using the electronic platform Moodle for the evaluation procedure. A new system for assessing the quality of the educational process, a point-rating system for evaluating the results of the work of the trainer, is being considered. Discussion and Conclusions : The article discusses existing tools and technologies for assessing learning outcomes, which have many advantages and their combined use makes it possible to simplify the assessment process as much as possible, to make it more convenient and intensive. The proposed recommendations for the evaluation of educational results favor not only the correct assessment of the results of the educational process, but also the ongoing monitoring of the development of professional competencies.

Measures of social cognition have now become central in neuropsychology, being essential for early and differential diagnoses, follow-up, and rehabilitation in a wide range of conditions. With the scientific world becoming increasingly interconnected, international neuropsychological and medical collaborations are burgeoning to tackle the global challenges that are mental health conditions. These initiatives commonly merge data across a diversity of populations and countries, while ignoring their specificity. OBJECTIVE: In this context, we aimed to estimate the influence of participants' nationality on social cognition evaluation. This issue is of particular importance as most cognitive tasks are developed in highly specific contexts, not representative of that encountered by the world's population. METHOD: Through a large international study across 18 sites, neuropsychologists assessed core aspects of social cognition in 587 participants from 12 countries using traditional and widely used tasks. RESULTS: Age, gender, and education were found to impact measures of mentalizing and emotion recognition. After controlling for these factors, differences between countries accounted for more than 20% of the variance on both measures. Importantly, it was possible to isolate participants' nationality from potential translation issues, which classically constitute a major limitation. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings highlight the need for important methodological shifts to better represent social cognition in both fundamental research and clinical practice, especially within emerging international networks and consortia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Aim . A meta-analysis of 8 controlled studies (n=771, age 53.6±6.2 years) of tie use of tie Chondroguard (100 mg i.m. first 3 injections, from tie 4th injection - 200 mg i.m., EOD, course 20-30 injections) in the complex therapy of osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and Methods . Tie meta-analysis according to tie fixed-effects model included all published clinical studies on tie efficacy and safety of the CG drug in OA). The effectiveness of therapy was assessed using the VAS, Lequesne, WOMAC scales/indices. For each study, information was collected on 23 features. Data analysis was carried out using the MEDSTUDY and "R" software packages. Results . Meta-analysis confirmed significant associations between the use of Chondroguard (CG. and pain reduction assessed by the visual analog scale (V)S. - CG: a decrease in pain intensity by -28.3 points, control: -11.6; p=0.042. There was a significant reduction in pain according to VAS at night (CG: -20.1; control: -9.9; p=0.05018., while sitting or lying down (CG: -15.5; control: -7.6; p=0.01656., when walking (CG: -28.2; control: -17.0; p=0.04957). The use of CG led to a significant decrease in the scores of the Lequesne index (CG: -4.3; control: -1.4; p=0.0349., and of the WOMAC index (CG: -338.4; control: -219.8; p=0.004., including WOMAC "function" (CG: -247.8; control: -96; p=0.0027., and WOMAC "stiffness" (CG: -25.4; control: -11.2; p=0.0462.. The incidence of side effects did not differ significantly from the control. Conclusion . Chondroguard is an effective treatment for osteoarthritis and has a good safety profile.

The article exposes the identity of the destructive psychological influence on the personality and offers directions and methods of information-psychological counteraction. One of the areas of psychological practice is being studied - counteraction to informational psychological influence. The most effective methods and practices of counteracting negative information-psychological influence are highlighted. The specific features of counteracting the destructive information-psychological influence, the features of timely psychodiagnostics and the development of effective countermeasures are described. The relevance of the study of this area of psychological work is imposed by the need on the one hand in assessing the quality of psychological protection of employees of internal affairs bodies, and on the other, in searching and stimulating intraorganizational and intrapersonal psychological resources, which necessitates the development of theoretical, methodological and conceptual approaches to the implementation of approaches to protect personnel from negative psychological information influence. The authors consider the destructive informational and psychological influence as one of the most serious problems of modern society, which threatens the psychological safety of not only employees of the internal affairs bodies, but also citizens, entails significant losses, and has a strong psychological effect.

The humanity is now at the threshold of a new era when a widening use of artificial intelligence (AI) will start a new industrial revolution. Its use inevitably leads to the problem of ethical choice, it gives rise to new legal issues that require urgent actions. The authors analyze the criminal law assessment of the actions of AI. Primarily, the still open issue of liability for the actions of AI that is capable of self-learning and makes a decision to act / not to act, which is qualified as a crime. As a result, there is a necessity to form a system of criminal law measures of counteracting crimes committed with the use of AI. It is shown that the application of AI could lead to four scenarios requiring criminal law regulation. It is stressed that there is a need for a clear, strict and effective definition of the ethical boundaries in the design, development, production, use and modification of AI. The authors argue that it should be recognized as a source of high risk. They specifically state that although the Criminal Code of the Russian Fe­deration contains norms that determine liability for cybercrimes, it does not eliminate the possibility of prosecution for infringements committed with the use of AI under the general norms of punishment for various crimes. The authors also consider it possible to establish a system to standardize and certify the activities of designing AI and putting it into operation. Meanwhile, an autonomous AI that is capable of self-learning is considerably different from other phenomena and objects, and the situation with the liability of AI which independently decides to undertake an action qualified as a crime is much more complicated. The authors analyze the resolution of the European Parliament on the possibility of granting AI legal status and discuss its key principles and meaning. They pay special attention to the issue of recognizing AI as a legal personality. It is suggested that a legal fiction should be used as a technique, when a special legal personality of AI can be perceived as an unusual legal situation that is different from reality. It is believed that such a solution can eliminate a number of existing legal limitations which prevent active involvement of AI into the legal space.

This article focuses on the phenomenon of global rivalry between China and the United States in terms of power transition theory, which is scientifically new and relevant due to the increased attention to the so-called Thucydides trap, in which, as some experts claim, both states have fallen. This paper presents a different vision of the global rivalry for leadership in the shaping of a new world order, which has already taken the form of overt non-violent confrontation and manifests itself in technological and trade wars as well as scientific and cultural rivalries. Nevertheless, despite the non-violent nature of the rivalry, this process is followed by an increase in the military capabilities of states, mainly projected in the basins of the Pacific and Indian Oceans (Indo-Pacific region). The methodological basis of the paper is power transition theory, which has been developed over the past 60 years by A.F. Organsky, J. Kugler, D. Lemke, R. Tammen and other researchers, united in the TransResearch Consortium. The authors argue that the analytical prism of this theory is more relevant to the analysis of current global rivalry than the classical neorealist balance of power approach. Through the prism of the theory the issues of rebalancing the global system of economic governance are analyzed. Also, a comparative analysis of the US-Japanese and US-Chinese trade and technological wars is carried out. Both the military and aggregate capabilities of two countries on a global scale and in the Indo-Pacific region are examined. The conclusion contains findings and comments on the impact of U.S. - China rivalry on the system of international relations.

The topics of artificial intelligence (AI) and the development of intelligent technologies are highly relevant and important in the modern digital world. Over its fifty years of history, AI has developed from a theoretical concept to an intelligent system capable of making independent decisions. Key advantages of using AI include, primarily, an opportunity for mankind to get rid of routine work and to engage in creative activities that machines are not capable of. According to international consulting agencies, global business investments in digital transformation will reach 58 trillion USD by 2021, while global GDP will grow by 14 %, or 15.7 trillion USD, in connection with the active use of AI. However, its rapid evolvement poses new threats connected with AI’s ability to self-develop that the state and the society have to counteract; specifically, they have to introduce normative regulation of AI activities and to address threats arising from its functioning. The authors present a thorough analysis of the opinions of leading researchers in the field of social aspects of AI’s functioning. They also state that the regulation of the status of AI as a legal personality, not to mention its ability to commit legally meaningful actions, remains an open question today. At present, the process of creating a criminological basis for applying AI, connected with the development of new intelligent technologies, is underway, it requires actions and decisions aimed at preventing possible negative effects of its use and reacting to them on a state level. The authors’ analysis of the history of AI’s emergence and development has allowed them to outline its key features that pose criminological risks, to determine criminological risks of using AI and to present their own classification of such risks. In particular, they single out direct and indirect criminological risks of using AI. A detailed analysis has allowed the authors to identify an objective need for establishing special state agencies that will develop state policy in the sphere of normative legal regulation, control and supervision over the use of AI.

The use of AI inevitably leads to the problem of ethical choice, raises legal issues that require prompt intervention. The article presents the results of a detailed study of the opinions of leading scientists involved in the study of social aspects of AI. The key characteristics of AI that carry criminological risks are identified, the types of criminological risks of using AI are identified, the author's classification of these risks is proposed. The results of a detailed analysis of the legal regulation of the legal personality of AI are presented. Formulated options for bringing to justice those responsible for the actions of the AI, having the ability to self-learning, who decided to commit actions / inactions that qualify as a crime. Authors argue the need for a clear, rigorous and effective definition of ethical frameworks in the development, design, production, use and modification of AI. Arguments are made about the need to recognize AI as a source of increased danger. The paper analyzes the content of the resolution of the European Parliament on the possibility of endowing AI with "legal status". Special attention is paid to the question of giving the AI a personality. It is proposed to use legal fiction as a technique in which the specific legal personality of AI can be perceived as a non-standard legal position, different from reality. It is assumed that such a decision can remove a number of legal restrictions that exist today and prevent the active involvement of AI in the legal space.

In the modern digital age, the issues of using artificial intelligence and the field of development of intelligent technologies are extremely important and relevant. Over the past few years, there have been attempts of state regulation of artificial intelligence, both in Russia and in other countries of the world. Artificial intelligence poses new challenges to various areas of law: from patent to criminal law, from privacy to antitrust law. Among the current approaches, the most optimal is the creation of a separate legal regulation mechanism that creates a clear distinction between areas of responsibility of developers and users of systems with artificial intelligence and the technology itself. Today, the development of the legal framework for the existence of artificial intelligence can be conditionally divided into two approaches: the creation of a legal framework for the introduction of applied systems with artificial intelligence and stimulate their development; regulation of the sphere of creating artificial “super intelligence”, in particular, compliance of the developed technologies with generally recognized standards in the field of ethics and law. A separate area should be the introduction of uniform ethical principles for all developers and users of systems with artificial intelligence. The most optimal in this aspect is the approach implemented within the framework of the Asilomar principles. In these circumstances, the appeal to the problem of legal regulation of artificial intelligence is becoming more relevant than ever. This paper presents the results of a detailed analysis of existing approaches to the legal regulation of artificial intelligence.

The purpose of the current paper is to emphasize the role of intellectual labor potential in economy development and digitalization and to explore the features of intellectual work and education as main source and component of the digital information economy. The consequencies of scientific fields representatives' outflow and low renumeration for such three neighboring contries as Slovakia, Ukraine and Russia are observed; their economic indeces are discussed and compared as for more than 10 past years and the beginning of 2020 year. Slovakian, Ukrainian and Russian digitalization achievements and main benefits of this process were outlined in the global transformation process.

- . () .

To analyze whether a correlation exists between the caries status (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth, DMFT Index) of the first permanent molars (FPMs) and that of the full permanent dentition of Mexican adolescents, and to propose its use in large epidemiological studies of dental caries.We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1538 adolescents from 12 to 15 years old. Based on a clinical oral examination, we determined the DMFT Indices of their FPMs (FPM-DMFT) and of their full permanent dentition (comprehensive DMFT Index). We explored each FPM to determine whether it was with or without caries, filled, missing or sealed. For our statistical analysis, we used Fisher exact test and Spearman correlation in Stata software.After examining a total of 6157 FPMs, we found that 56.8% of our sample of adolescents had no caries in their 4 FPMs whereas 4.9% experienced caries in all 4. No significant differences emerged by sex (P > .05); however, by age, the older adolescents experienced greater FPM-DMFT (P < .05). Analysis yielded a correlation of r = 0.8693 between the FPM-DMFT and comprehensive DMFT scores (P < .0001) of participants. The underestimation of caries prevalence (DMFT > 0) was 5.4% (48.6% vs 43.2%), while the DMFT Index was underestimated at 0.34 (1.15 vs 0.81).The strong correlation between the FPM-DMFT and comprehensive DMFT Indices suggests that overall caries status can be inferred on the basis of FPM caries status. This evidence is useful when conducting large epidemiological studies such as national surveys.

The expansion of digital technologies in all spheres of human life determines the digital transformation of education. This is due to the fact that the digital transformation of education brings the educational system itself in line with the requirements of the technological revolution and allows students to obtain relevant digital competencies in order to be qualified personnel for the economic sector. In connection with the digitalization of education and the active use of information technologies in the educational process, the requirements to the faculty of higher education are also changing. This became especially noticeable over the past year, when universities worked in a remote format. Therefore, the authors of the article turn to the issue of digital literacy of modern higher education teachers. Based on the structurally functional theory of T. Parsons, the modernist concept of E. Giddens and the theory of determination of human behavior by A. Maslow, it is shown what competencies a modern higher education teacher has in the context of the digital transformation of education. Based on the analysis, it should be noted that digital competencies include competencies related to information literacy, skills for interaction in an electronic environment; the ability to generate digital content; ensuring the safety of the physical and psychological health of users; the ability to identify and eliminate technical problems when working with digital devices. Digital literacy of teachers is the mastery of a set of the listed competencies. In general, the digital literacy index of university teachers is quite high, but unlike young people, teachers trust technological innovations to a lesser extent, which reduces their willingness to actively work with the digital educational environment. In our opinion, modern teachers need to transform their attitude to digitalization with the help of high-quality training in working with a digital educational environment.

Digital technology is an integral part of our daily lives. Regardless of whether we have a computer at home, whether we use the possibilities of obtaining state and municipal services in digital form or simply operate electronic gadgets, society's dependence on technology is increasing. A secure digital environment enhances trust and contributes to the creation of a stable and prosperous nation. Government and the business community are also taking advantage of the technological revolution through greater adoption and use of digital technologies. Traditional forms of crime have also evolved, as criminal associations increasingly use the information and telecommunications network - the Internet - to commit cybercrimes and increase their profits. Digital crime is developing at an incredibly fast pace, and new types of criminal acts are constantly emerging. So we need to keep up with digital technologies, understand the opportunities they create for cybercriminals, and how they can be used as a tool to combat cybercrime. The active use of digital technologies in all spheres of social life in the last three decades formed a background for the emergence of a special type of criminals - the so-called hackers. Criminal groups of hackers pose a public danger because, if they unite, they are capable of planning a large-scale computer attack which could target, among other things, critically important information infrastructure objects. Besides, hacker groups have become a real danger for both governments, large corporations, the military, and for private persons. The trend for blurring the boundaries between hacker groups and organized crime, that the experts predicted a few years ago, has now become a reality. In fact, it is possible to say that a new independent type of organized crime has emerged - the hacking community. These circumstances make it necessary to develop a special norm that provides for the liability for organizing hacking community or participating in it. Such a norm will allow for a complex approach to the criminal law counteraction against such criminal groups by ensuring an adequate criminal law assessment of the actions of the organizers and coordinators of hackers organizations.

In today's digital space, the use of artificial intelligence (hereinafter-AI) and the development of intelligent technologies are extremely important and relevant. Over the past few years, there have been attempts to regulate AI, both in Russia and in other countries of the world. Among the currently existing approaches, the most optimal one is the creation of a separate legal regulation mechanism that creates a clear delineation of areas of responsibility between developers and users of systems with AI and the technology itself. A separate direction should be the introduction of uniform for all developers and users of ethical principles for systems with AI. The most optimal in this aspect is the approach implemented in the framework of Asilomar principles. In these circumstances, the appeal to the problem of legal regulation of AI becomes more relevant than ever. This article presents the results of a detailed analysis of existing approaches to the legal regulation of AI.

The paper examines the STEM approach as one of the revolutionary tools for transforming education. This paper discloses the content of the concept of “STEAM-education”, substantiates its importance and prerequisites for its appearance. The author elucidates a comparative analytical review of trends and prospects for the development of STEAM education in the Russian Federation. In this paper, the authors want to touch upon a comprehensive theoretical and methodological study conducted on the declared problem to identify the problem of the formation and development of the STEAM approach in the education system in the Russian Federation at all levels: general education, vocational education, and additional education. The object of this study was STEM education. The subject of this research was the STEM approach and STEM technologies in the system of general education, vocational education, and additional education. The methodological foundation of the study was the general scientific propositions on the holistic, systemic, and dialectical approaches to research, which made it possible to assess the totality of interrelated and interacting elements that form a certain integrity. The use of these approaches provided a comprehensive analysis and formulation of the research problem and determined the strategy for its study. The analysis of the current state of STEM and STEAM education in higher education in the Russian Federation suggests that it is necessary to stimulate the development of information and communication technologies in the country’s education system in general, as well as to develop comprehensive programs for adapting STEM and STEAM approaches among the subjects of educational relations. In the context of modern global risks and challenges, the educational trajectory of development in Russia should be conceptually consistent with the new strategy in the field of natural science education adopted in the United States, “The Path to Success: American Strategy for STEM Education”. Experts believe that through the practical implementation of STEM and STEAM technologies, it is possible to improve the efficiency of the quality of training for the purposes of the modern digital economic sphere. In this regard, the primary competences obtained in the higher education system in the areas of STEM and STEAM training should be cognitive, personal, and interpersonal competences, expressed in digital literacy, computational thinking, creativity, open mind, soft skills, and others. The concept of STEAM education in the system of higher professional education in Russia will ensure the transformation of ideas about scientific knowledge and build an innovative development process through the formation of skills in the field of exact sciences, linguistics, engineering, art, etc.

The authors have analyzed crimes connected with the use of virtual currency in the regional and international aspects. They introduce a new category of «cryptocrime» understood as the aggregate of publically dangerous acts, united by their common systemic characteristics, committed against or using the products of distributed registries (cryptocurrency, tokens and other forms of digital financial assets). They analyze each of the cryptocrime segments separately: illegal trade in psychoactive substances (narcotics, psychoactive substances, precursors), pornography and other prohibited content (including illegal services); laundering of criminal proceeds; theft of cryptocurrency and tokens. Using the scientific research methods (comparative, sociological, statistical analysis and extrapolation of data, building a trend line, etc.) the authors identify regularities in the dynamics of each type of cryptocrime as well as key factors facilitating them. The goal of the authors is to conduct a systemic examination of crimes committed against and using cryptocurrency and to determine the prospects of developing different segments of cryptocrime. To achieve this goal, they analyze qualitative and quantitative characteristics of illegal trade in narcotics and pornography, legalization of criminal proceeds and theft of digital assets. They name the anonymity of cryptocurrency as a factor facilitating illegal trade in drugs, while the growing scope of the legalization of criminal proceeds and theft is facilitated by the fact that cryptocurrency and tokens do not have a legal status as objects of civil law and objects of encroachments on property. The analysis allows the authors to conclude that without effective criminological measures the level of such crimes will continue to grow and may double by the end of 2019. According to the authors, the priority directions of international criminal policy in the sphere of cryptocrime prevention include determining cryptocurrencies’ legal status, licensing cryptocurrency trade (stock exchange services, exchange platforms, companies issuing tokens), setting international standards of counteracting the legalization of criminal proceeds and the financing of terrorism, creating a cryptocrime database.

The article discusses the problematic aspects of the implementation and application of artificial intelligence technology at the present stage of its development. The authors provide definitions of this technology, with its essential properties revealed based on their analysis. Criminological forecasting helps identify groups of crimes most likely to be committed through the use of artificial intelligence. The authors believe that at present there are not sufficient grounds for distancing ourselves from the issue of the subject of criminal liability in case of damage to public relations directly by the AI, but there are no circumstances due to which its resolution would not be delayed. The system of criminal law relations must be built based on scientifically developed provisions. The problems of criminal legal regulation, in terms of the impossibility of criminalizing and penalizing socially dangerous acts committed by artificial intelligence, are revealed. The legislator is asked to develop and adopt legal acts regulating the creation, operation, and use of artificial intelligence.

In modern conditions, the objective need for the functioning of an agricultural organization is to maintain management accounting and the formation of internal management reporting. The internal management reporting contains information that is used by the management of the organization in making informed operational and strategic management decisions. However, in developing the format of internal reporting there are problems with the definition of a set of indicators necessary to assess the effectiveness of financial and economic activities of the enterprise. The purpose of the article is to justify the theoretical provisions and development of practical recommendations for the development of accounting and analytical support for the formation of internal reporting on reclamation work. Objectives of the study: to study the theoretical aspects, methodological tools, to determine the stages of formation of internal management reporting, to develop forms of management reports containing basic indicators to assess the effectiveness of reclamation activities. When writing this article, such methods as analysis of scientific and theoretical sources, system approach, method of comparative analysis, generalization were used. The approach suggested by the authors to the formation of internal management reports allows to form a system of accounting and analytical information, which allows to solve organizational, economic and production problems arising in the process of managing the enterprise. The system of indicators, contained in the developed formats of management reporting, is a tool that characterizes the effectiveness of management.