Safran (Belgium)

OBJECTIVE: Concussion is a prevalent brain injury in sport and the wider community. Despite this, little research has been conducted investigating the dynamics of impacts to the unprotected human head and injury causation in vivo, in particular the roles of linear and angular head acceleration. SETTING: Professional contact football in Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Adult male professional Australian rules football players participating in 30 games randomly selected from 103 games. Cases selected based on an observable head impact, no observable symptoms (eg, loss-of-consciousness and convulsions), no on-field medical management and no injury recorded at the time. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: A data set for no-injury head impact cases comprising head impact locations and head impact dynamic parameters estimated through rigid body simulations using the MAthematical DYnamic MOdels (MADYMO) human facet model. This data set was compared to previously reported concussion case data. RESULTS: Qualitative analysis showed that the head was more vulnerable to lateral impacts. Logistic regression analyses of head acceleration and velocity components revealed that angular acceleration of the head in the coronal plane had the strongest association with concussion; tentative tolerance levels of 1747 rad/s(2) and 2296 rad/s(2) were reported for a 50% and 75% likelihood of concussion, respectively. The mean maximum resultant angular accelerations for the concussion and no-injury cases were 7951 rad/s(2) (SD 3562 rad/s(2)) and 4300 rad/s(2) (SD 3657 rad/s(2)), respectively. Linear acceleration is currently used in the assessment of helmets and padded headgear. The 50% and 75% likelihood of concussion values for resultant linear head acceleration in this study were 65.1 and 88.5 g, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: As hypothesised by Holbourn over 70 years ago, angular acceleration plays an important role in the pathomechanics of concussion, which has major ramifications in terms of helmet design and other efforts to prevent and manage concussion.

Collaborative robots (cobots) are a category of robots designed to work together with humans. By combining the fortes of the robot, such as precision and strength, with the dexterity and problem-solving ability of the human, it is possible to accomplish tasks that cannot be fully automated and improve the production quality and working conditions of employees [6], [16]. This article presents the results of the ClaXon project, which studies and implements interactions between humans and cobots in factories. The project has led to the integration of a cobot in the Audi car manufacturing plant in Brussels, Belgium.

Abstract Pulsed thermography (PT) is an NDT&E technique allowing the remote examination of materials and systems. PT is particularly interesting for the inspection of aerospace structures since it can be used to perform safe inspection of large structures in a fast manner and without having to remove the components from the aircraft. Pulsed thermographic data however, is contaminated by noise of many forms. Fortunately, numerous signal processing techniques are available to perform qualitative and quantitative data analysis of data. In this paper, we present three processing techniques that have shown very promising results. We provide the theoretical background and experimental details as well as some representative results that highlight the pros and cons of each technique. As it will be pointed out, an interesting approach is the combination of existing processing techniques in order to use the most attractive features from each technique while reducing the non-desirable characteristics. Keywords: Pulsed thermographyDifferential absolute contrastThermographic signal reconstructionPulsed phase thermographyAerospace structuresKeywords: 68U10

BACKGROUND: The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) for detecting hemoglobin is used widely for noninvasive colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, but its sensitivity leaves room for improvement. OBJECTIVE: To identify novel protein biomarkers in stool that outperform or complement hemoglobin in detecting CRC and advanced adenomas. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Colonoscopy-controlled referral population from several centers. PARTICIPANTS: 315 stool samples from one series of 12 patients with CRC and 10 persons without colorectal neoplasia (control samples) and a second series of 81 patients with CRC, 40 with advanced adenomas, and 43 with nonadvanced adenomas, as well as 129 persons without colorectal neoplasia (control samples); 72 FIT samples from a third independent series of 14 patients with CRC, 16 with advanced adenomas, and 18 with nonadvanced adenomas, as well as 24 persons without colorectal neoplasia (control samples). MEASUREMENTS: Stool samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify protein combinations that differentiated CRC or advanced adenoma from control samples. Antibody-based assays for 4 selected proteins were done on FIT samples. RESULTS: In total, 834 human proteins were identified, 29 of which were statistically significantly enriched in CRC versus control stool samples in both series. Combinations of 4 proteins reached sensitivities of 80% and 45% for detecting CRC and advanced adenomas, respectively, at 95% specificity, which was higher than that of hemoglobin alone (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). Selected proteins could be measured in small sample volumes used in FIT-based screening programs and discriminated between CRC and control samples (P < 0.001). LIMITATION: Lack of availability of antibodies prohibited validation of the top protein combinations in FIT samples. CONCLUSION: Mass spectrometry of stool samples identified novel candidate protein biomarkers for CRC screening. Several protein combinations outperformed hemoglobin in discriminating CRC or advanced adenoma from control samples. Proof of concept that such proteins can be detected with antibody-based assays in small sample volumes indicates the potential of these biomarkers to be applied in population screening. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Center for Translational Molecular Medicine, International Translational Cancer Research Dream Team, Stand Up to Cancer (American Association for Cancer Research and the Dutch Cancer Society), Dutch Digestive Foundation, and VU University Medical Center.

• NZEB energy performance levels vary widely across the EU countries. • NZEB levels for new buildings are about 30 % more demanding than for renovation. • Renewable energy contribution in NZEBs varies from 9 % to 55 %, with some gaps in quantification. • Few countries currently include GHG emissions requirements in their NZEB definitions. • Member States need to enhance NZEB requirements to meet ZEB standards as of 2030, particularly to achieve zero on-site carbon emission. The building sector holds a relevant position in decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within the European Union (EU). The revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), recently adopted, sets forth ambitious goals to make the EU building stock carbon–neutral by 2050. Currently, the Nearly Zero-Energy Building (NZEB) standard remains mandatory for all new buildings from 2021 to 2030. This paper assesses the progress of Member States in implementing NZEB standards, based on extensive data collection and harmonization. The findings reveal that the NZEB concept is well-established and average energy performance has improved by about 10 % over the past four years. New NZEB have about 30 % lower energy demand than renovation to NZEB level. However, many countries still lag behind in meeting recommended benchmarks, particularly when looking at the non-renewable energy demand. Looking ahead, the 2024 revised EPBD sets Zero-Emission Building (ZEB) as the goal for all new buildings starting in 2030. The paper explores how ZEB requirements might evolve from current NZEB definitions. Projections suggest that future ZEBs, which are 10 % more ambitious than existing NZEB levels for total primary energy demand, would show better alignment with recommended benchmarks. However, the renewable energy contribution in NZEBs vary from 9 % to 55 %, and integrating enough renewables to meet the ZEB standard of zero on-site carbon emissions remains a challenge. In some countries, the high total primary energy demand can further complicate this goal. The conclusion highlights the need for stricter energy thresholds and further integration of renewables to achieve ZEB requirements.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVViewpointNEXTPowder Deposition Systems Used in Powder Bed-Based Multimetal Additive ManufacturingBram Neirinck*Bram NeirinckAerosint SA, Rue d'Abhooz 31, 4040 Herstal, Liége, Belgium*[email protected]More by Bram Neirinckhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1615-9414, Xiaoshuang LiXiaoshuang LiAerosint SA, Rue d'Abhooz 31, 4040 Herstal, Liége, BelgiumMore by Xiaoshuang Lihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0530-5490, and Matthias HickMatthias HickAerosint SA, Rue d'Abhooz 31, 4040 Herstal, Liége, BelgiumMore by Matthias HickCite this: Acc. Mater. Res. 2021, 2, 6, 387–393Publication Date (Web):May 14, 2021Publication History Received9 February 2021Published online14 May 2021Published inissue 25 June 2021https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/accountsmr.1c00030https://doi.org/10.1021/accountsmr.1c00030article-commentaryACS PublicationsCopyright © 2021 Accounts of Materials Research. Co-published by ShanghaiTech University and American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.Request reuse permissionsArticle Views3104Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Additive manufacturing,Deposition,Granular materials,Layers,Metals Get e-Alerts

Identifying biomarkers in body fluids may improve the noninvasive detection of colorectal cancer. Previously, we identified N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 4 (NDRG4) and GATA binding protein 5 (GATA5) methylation as promising biomarkers for colorectal cancer in stool DNA. Here, we examined the utility of NDRG4, GATA5, and two additional markers [Forkhead box protein E1 (FOXE1) and spectrin repeat containing nuclear envelope 1 (SYNE1)] promoter methylation as biomarkers in plasma DNA. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR was performed on plasma DNA from 220 patients with colorectal cancer and 684 noncancer controls, divided in a training set and a test set. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to measure the area under the curve of GATA5, NDRG4, SYNE1, and FOXE1 methylation. Functional assays were performed in SYNE1 and FOXE1 stably transfected cell lines. The sensitivity of NDRG4, GATA5, FOXE1, and SYNE1 methylation in all stages of colorectal cancer (154 cases, 444 controls) was 27% [95% confidence interval (CI), 20%-34%), 18% (95% CI, 12%-24%), 46% (95% CI, 38%-54%), and 47% (95% CI, 39%-55%), with a specificity of 95% (95% CI, 93%-97%), 99% (95% CI, 98%-100%), 93% (95% CI, 91%-95%), and 96% (95% CI, 94%-98%), respectively. Combining SYNE1 and FOXE1, increased the sensitivity to 56% (95% CI, 48%-64%), while the specificity decreased to 90% (95% CI, 87%-93%) in the training set and to 58% sensitivity (95% CI, 46%-70%) and 91% specificity (95% CI, 80%-100%) in a test set (66 cases, 240 controls). SYNE1 overexpression showed no major differences in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion compared with controls. Overexpression of FOXE1 significantly decreased the number of colonies in SW480 and HCT116 cell lines. Overall, our data suggest that SYNE1 and FOXE1 are promising markers for colorectal cancer detection.

This paper considers the RL shunt damping of rotationally periodic structures with an array of regularly spaced piezoelectric patches. The technique is targeted to the damping of a specific mode with<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>nodal diameters. For this particular case, one can take advantage of the shape of the targeted mode to organize the piezoelectric patches as a modal filter (in parallel loops) which reduces the demand on the inductors of the tuned inductive shunt. In the case of a perfectly rotationally periodic structure, it is possible to organize 4<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>piezoelectric transducers (PZT patches) in two parallel loops of 2<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>patches each. In this way, the demand on the inductors is reduced by<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math>as compared to independent loops, which may allow a fully passive integration of the RL shunt in a turbomachinery application. The method is first illustrated experimentally on a circular plate; it is then applied to a prototype of an industrial bladed drum. The influence of blade mistuning is investigated.

Multi-material laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) offers new design opportunities by combining multiple materials into complex 3D shapes. However, for combinations with large differences in thermal, physical or elastic properties, avoiding interfacial defects is challenging. Combining Cu alloys with stainless steel is appealing for components necessitating high thermal / electrical conductivity in some areas and high strength and corrosion resistance in others. In this work, CuCrZr-316L samples were fabricated with a recoater allowing for deposition of two powders within a layer. As-printed samples exhibit significant intermixing and two types of defects: porosity in CuCrZr and steel cracking near the interface. Subsequent hot isostatic pressing (HIP) effectively addressed these issues by closing pores and healing cracks. Despite an overall softening, CuCrZr stays harder near the interface thanks to a very fine-grained structure retained after HIP. Alternatively, when CuCrZr powder near the interface is left unmelted and subsequently sintered, regions with small equiaxed grains and Cr-rich precipitates are formed, which exhibit properties similar to those of printed and HIPed CuCrZr. Hence, locally leaving powder unmelted and sintering it proved to be a successful strategy for producing defect-free 316L-CuCrZr components via PBF-LB, provided an airtight enclosure is ensured through proper design considerations.

This two-part paper addresses the design of a U-bend for serpentine internal cooling channels optimized for minimal pressure loss. The total pressure loss for the flow in a U-bend is a critical design parameter, as it augments the pressure required at the inlet of the cooling system, resulting in a lower global efficiency. In the first part of the paper, the design methodology of the cooling channel was presented. In this second part, the optimized design is validated. The results obtained with the numerical methodology described in Part I are checked against pressure measurements and particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. The experimental campaign is carried out on a magnified model of a two-legged cooling channel that reproduces the geometrical and aerodynamical features of its numerical counterpart. Both the original profile and the optimized profile are tested. The latter proves to outperform the original geometry by about 36%, in good agreement with the numerical predictions. Two-dimensional PIV measurements performed in planes parallel to the plane of the bend highlight merits and limits of the computational model. Despite the well-known limits of the employed eddy viscosity model, the overall trends are captured. To assess the impact of the aerodynamic optimization on the heat transfer performance, detailed heat transfer measurements are carried out by means of liquid crystals thermography. The optimized geometry presents overall Nusselt number levels only 6% lower with respect to the standard U-bend. The study demonstrates that the proposed optimization method based on an evolutionary algorithm, a Navier–Stokes solver, and a metamodel of it is a valid design tool to minimize the pressure loss across a U-bend in internal cooling channels without leading to a substantial loss in heat transfer performance.

Abstract Multi-material laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing is a promising approach for integrating the functionality and mechanical performance of dissimilar materials into complex parts. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in multi-material LPBF, with a particular focus on compositionally heterogeneous/gradient parts and their fabrication methods and equipment, control of interfacial defects, innovative designs, and potential applications. It commences with the introduction of LPBF-processed compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures with dissimilar material distributions, including Z-direction compositionally heterogeneous structures, compositionally gradient structures in the Z-direction and XY planes, and three-dimensional (3D) compositionally heterogeneous structures. Subsequently, various LPBF methods and equipment for fabricating compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures have been presented. Furthermore, the interfacial defects and process control during LPBF for these types of compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are discussed. Additionally, innovative designs and potential applications of parts made from compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are illustrated. Finally, perspectives on the LPBF fabrication methods for compositionally heterogeneous/gradient structures are highlighted to provide guidance for future research.

The High Pressure Tube Twisting (HPTT) process was first proposed in 2009 as an efficient new Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) process. Since then it has been successfully applied on many different materials and the results have been reported in several publications and thesis works. The purpose of this overview is to present and evaluate the main results of the published papers and thesis works and also to present new contributions. Special attention is given to the strain gradient which appears in the tube wall for which a new empirical formula is presented.

This article considers two devices based on a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE): an MRE isolator under a frequency-varying harmonic excitation and a MRE Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA) mounted on a frequency-varying structure under a random excitation. In the first case, it is shown that the commandability of the elastomer improves the reduction of the RMS value of the body displacement by 10%. In the second case, it is shown on a simple example that a MRE DVA, while not optimal, can reduce the stress in the structure about 50% better than a classical DVA when the mass of the structure changes 35%. This makes them suitable to avoid high stress in mass-varying structures, and delay some damage mechanisms like the emergence of cracks and fatigue.

ABSTRACT This paper presents and discusses static (elastoviscoplastic and damage) and high‐cycle fatigue characterization of two microstructures of the Ti5553 alloy. The difference between these two microstructures is related to their heat treatment and precisely to the temperature of the final aging. For each microstructure, several tests were carried out to identify their static and fatigue properties and the test results were correlated to the microstructure. A fractographic analysis of the rupture sections was performed in order to investigate the fracture mechanisms of the two microstructures. Finally, the fatigue properties of the two microstructures were compared with those found in results reported in the literature for two other classical titanium alloys used for aeronautical applications.

Additively manufactured mould tools offer advantages compared to conventional tools, including cooling performance and cost savings. Certain moulds require inserts with high aspect ratio (>3) where using traditional tool steel, with low thermal conductivity, is insufficient for cooling. This necessitates the manual addition of high thermal conductivity pins, such as copper. Recent advances in selective powder deposition enable the fabrication of multi-material components with multi-material interface perpendicular to the build plate (vertical interface). This work investigates, for the first time, the manufacturability of tool steel and CuCrZr multi-material components with vertical interfaces. EDS and EBSD across multiple vertical interfaces revealed that metallurgically sound interfaces were obtained with porosity along the intermixed zone, attributed to using one set of parameters per material, without correction. Anisotropy in the intermixing zone was observed along the recoating direction (1.5 mm) compared to the other direction (0.5 mm), leading to increased porosity. This study establishes the manufacturability of multi-material tools and paves the way for adapting multi-material dosing and LPBF process parameters to manufacture defect-free interfaces.

Abstract Multi-material laser-based powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) allows manufacturing of parts with 3-dimensional gradient and additional functionality in a single step. This research focuses on the combination of thermally-conductive CuCr1Zr with hard M300 tool steel. Two interface configurations of M300 on CuCr1Zr and CuCr1Zr on M300 were investigated. Ultra-fine grains form at the interface due to the low mutual solubility of Cu and steel. The material mixing zone size is dependent on the configurations and tunable in the range of 0.1–0.3 mm by introducing a separate set of parameters for the interface layers. Microcracks and pores mainly occur in the transition zone. Regardless of these defects, the thermal diffusivity of bimetallic parts with 50vol% of CuCr1Zr significantly increases by 70%–150% compared to pure M300. The thermal diffusivity of CuCr1Zr and the hardness of M300 steel can be enhanced simultaneously by applying the aging heat treatment.

This paper deals with air-hydrogen heat exchangers intended to provide in-flight oxygen collection capability to a reusable or semireusable two-stages-to-orbit launcher with an oxygen collection phase in supersonic cruise at Mach 2.5. It aims to present a theoretical but mainly technological and experimental feasibility study of heat exchangers sufficiently efficient and reliable to suit the extreme requirements of this application. Two precoolers of two different types (shell and tubes, and plate and fins) have been selected and designed with the objective of fulfilling all constraints of the concept in terms of performance, leak tightness, reliability, compactness, etc. This design process has been validated with four subscaled breadboards (two of each type) tested on two test benches (for performance and leak tightness), developed by Belgium and Spain, in on-design and off-design conditions. All these results highlight the suitability of the new technologies given the extreme requirements of the concept. An optimum design for each technology is recommended considering its proper advantages and disadvantages. An innovative precooler technology is presented and tested. © 2009 by Patrick Hendrick.

The solidity in a compressor is defined as the ratio of the aerodynamic chord over the peripheral distance between two adjacent blades, the pitch. The choice of this parameter represents a crucial step in the whole design process. Most of the studies addressing this issue are based on low-speed compressor cascade correlations. In that prospect, aiming at updating those correlation data as well as improving the physical understanding of the solidity effect on compressor performance, both experimental and numerical high-speed cascade investigations have been carried out at the von Karman Institute. The profile is a state-of-the-art controlled diffusion blade, representative of a low pressure compressor stator mid-span profile. The performance in terms of total pressure losses and deviation have been measured in the high-speed C3 cascade facility for three different solidities at six incidences and two Mach numbers. Based on the experimental results, a numerical linear cascade model has been built and computations have been run with FINE/Turbo at the same conditions as the measurements. The quality of the numerical predictions is discussed over the whole incidence range and, in particular, big discrepancies are highlighted at off-design incidences. Focusing on the solidity effects at mid-span, both experimental and numerical results are compared with existing correlations. The establishment of updated correlations for such controlled diffusion profile is addressed for both deviation and total pressure losses and at both optimum and off-design conditions.

This paper considers two systems based on a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE): a MRE isolator under a frequency varying harmonic excitation and a MRE Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA) mounted on a frequency-varying structure under a random excitation. It is shown that the commandability of the elastomer improves the isolation performances in the flrst case, and decreases the stress level in the structure in the second case.

Abstract Pichia pastoris is a very popular yeast for recombinant protein production, mainly due to the strong, methanol‐inducible P AOX1 promoter. Methanol induction however poses several drawbacks. One approach to improve processes is to use MutS strains with reduced methanol catabolic ability. Various reports claim that MutS allows higher recombinant protein production levels than Mut+ but scarcely elaborate on reasons for differences. In this study, enhanced green fluorescent protein was used as a P AOX1 ‐driven reporter for the investigation of expression differences between Mut+ and MutS strains. Mut+ exhibited higher responses to methanol, with faster growth (0.07 vs. 0.01 hr −1 ) and higher consumption of methanol (2.25 vs. 1.81 mmol/g DCW .hr) and oxygen (2.2 vs. 0.66 mmol/g DCW .hr) than MutS. Mut+ yielded more biomass than MutS (2.3 vs. 1.3 g DCW /L), and carbon dioxide analysis of bioreactor off‐gas suggested that considerable amounts of methanol were consumed by Mut+ via the dissimilatory pathway. In contrast, it was demonstrated that the MutS population switched to an induced state more rapidly than Mut+. In addition, MutS exhibited 3.4‐fold higher fluorescence levels per cell (77,509 vs. 23,783 SFU) indicative of higher recombinant protein production. The findings were verified by similar results obtained during the expression of a lipase. Based on the differences in response to methanol versus recombinant protein production, it was proposed that higher energy availability occurs in MutS for recombinant protein synthesis, contrary to Mut+ that uses the energy to maintain high levels of methanol catabolic pathways and biomass production.