Instituto Tecnológico de Tuxtepec

Extruded snacks were prepared from flour blends made with taro and nixtamalized (TF–NMF) or non-nixtamalized maize (TF–MF) using a single-screw extruder. A central composite design was used to investigate the effects of taro flour proportion in formulations (0–100 g/100 g) and extrusion temperatures (140–180 °C) on the following indices: expansion (EI), water solubility (WSI), water absorption (WAI) and fat absorption (FAI). Moreover, selected TF–NMF and TF–MF extruded products were partially characterized through proximate chemical analysis, resistant starch, color, pH, water activity, apparent density, hardness, and sensory analysis. Results indicated that EI and WSI of both TF–MF and TF–NMF extrudates were significantly increased by the use of higher proportions of taro flour, while the opposite behavior was observed for the FAI (p < 0.05). Taro flour at higher proportions in both extrudates did not produce a significant change of WAI, while the use of higher extrusion temperatures only caused a significant increase of FAI in TF–MF extrudates (p < 0.05). This study showed that flour mixtures made from taro and nixtamalized maize flour produced puffed extruded snacks with good consumer acceptance.

Sonication (25 kHz) was applied to plantain (large granule size) and taro (small granule size) starches for two treatment durations (20 and 50 min) using a flow-cell at controlled temperature of 4 ± 0.1°C. The granule size distribution of starches was only slightly affected by the ultrasound treatment. Ultrasound affected the granule surface morphology, as reflected by the profound cavities and fractures. Starch with larger granule size was more affected by ultrasound treatment, as reflected by the higher variation in the peak viscosity, swelling power, and solubility. Peak viscosity increased with ultrasound, whereas swelling power and solubility decreased after treatment. Additionally, ultrasound treatment of high granule size starch resulted in a more pronounced decrease in the storage modulus (G′) compared with its native counterpart.

Extracts of wheat bran and barley husk with solvents of different polarity were analyzed to determine the concentration of bioactive compounds (phytic acid, saponins, flavonoids, total phenolic compounds and phenolic profile) and their antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS assays. The results showed that the phytic acid concentration in wheat bran was higher than the phytic acid concentration in barley husk. The concentration of saponins was inverse with higher concentrations in barley husk than wheat bran. The solvents with the highest extraction of phytochemicals were 80% ethanol in wheat bran and 50% acetone in barley husk. The chromatograph profile showed that wheat bran presented a greater concentration of caffeic acid and barley husk contained kampferol. The properties of extraction solvents significantly affected the concentration of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. The addition of water to the solvents increased the extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The results for barley husk are among the first reported because there are few studies on this cereal.

Determination of reducing sugars is carried out routinely in the food industry, in biological research, or pharmaceutical and biomedical quality control to estimate metabolically assimilable sugars. Widespread detection methods are complex, expensive, or highly polluting. Here, we propose the use of spectrophotometric quantification for reducing sugars (Benedictq) based on the qualitative method of Benedict. The protocol was validated, to verify its reproducibility and precision. With the proposed method (Benedictq), the reducing sugar glucose can be determined in a range of 0.167–10 mg mL–1, with an R2 of 0.997 and accuracy (expressed as % of recovery) greater than 97%. Other reducing sugars, such as maltose, fructose, and lactose, showed similar values. The method robustness was verified for pH values greater than or equal to 4. In the case of protein presence, a correction is proposed in the range of 0–1.67 mg mL–1. Modifications implemented in the protocol reduce cost, working time, and reaction volumes with respect to the original assay without detriments in accuracy and precision. In addition, waste reduction represents an important contribution of the method.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is widely used; however, the efficiency of extraction depends on the raw materials. Therefore, optimization of UAE must be investigated for each type of plant material. By-products from soursop fruit have not been studied as a source of bioactive compounds. In this work, the optimization of UAE conditions (extraction time (5, 10, and 15 min), pulse cycle (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s), and sonication amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%)) for the extraction of phenolic compounds (soluble, hydrolyzable, condensed tannins, and total polyphenols) from soursop by-products (seed, peel, and columella) and pulp was evaluated using response surface methodology. The optimal conditions for UAE to obtain the highest total polyphenol content from by-products and pulp was dependent on the raw material. Peel resulted in the highest content of total polyphenols (187.32 mg/g dry matter [DM]) followed by columella (164.14 mg/g DM), seed (36.15 mg/g DM), and pulp (33.24 mg/g DM). The yield of polyphenolic content from peel and columella obtained with UAE was higher (32⁻37%) than conventional extraction for 2 h under stirring (14⁻16%). The contents of gallic acid (0.36⁻15.86 µg/g DM), coumaric acid (0.07⁻1.37 µg/g DM), and chlorogenic acid (9.18⁻32.67 µg/g DM) in the different parts of the fruit were higher in the extracts obtained by UAE compared with a conventional extraction method (0.08⁻0.61, 0.05⁻0.08, 3.15⁻13.08 µg/g DM, respectively), although it was dependent on the raw materials. Soursop by-products can be functionally important if they are used to extract bioactive compounds by UAE; a technology with high potential for commercial extraction on a large scale.

The Refractance Window™ (RW) technique was used to dry carrot slices (3 cm diameter; 0.2 and 0.4 cm thickness) at 74 and 94°C. Moisture loss, texture, color, total polyphenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity (AA) were evaluated as response variables and were compared with the values of a control (fresh carrot) and the slices dried via convective drying (C) at the same temperatures. The RW method produced a reduction of drying time of 26–51% (p < 0.05) when compared to convective drying. The color, TPC, and AA values for the RW treatment did not differ (p > 0.05) compared with the control. The texture values showed a difference with respect to the control for the two drying methods used. However, between the two drying methods there was no difference in the texture (p > 0.05). The results suggest that the RW technology can be used to develop products with better functional properties compared with those obtained via conventional air-drying methods.

The aim of this investigation was to examine the influence of extrusion on the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of bean/corn mixtures. Whole bean flour and nixtamalized corn were mixed in a 60:40 proportion and extrusion was performed in different moisture (14.5%, 15.4%, 17.1% and 18.0%) and temperature (150°C, 160°C, 170°C, 180°C and 190°C) conditions in order to find the optimal extrusion conditions. According to their functional properties and antioxidant status, the mixtures 142°C/16.3% H, 170°C/16.3% H and 198°C/16.3% H were defined as optimal, moderate and bad, respectively. Total polyphenols and flavonoids in the mixture of 142°C/16.3% H (15.09±1.7 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g dry weight [DW] and 1.57±0.2 mg catechin equivalent [CE]/g DW) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the sample 170°C/16.3% H (9.42±1.1 mg GAE/g DW and 1.4±0.1 mg CE/g DW) and the mixture 198°C/16.3% H (6.46±0.8 mg GAE/g DW and 0.78±0.1 mg CE/g DW). The antioxidant activity (37.02±3.8 and 25.01±2.5 µM Trolox equivalent [TE]/g DW) of mixture 142°C/16.3% H, determined by the cupric reducing antioxidant capacity with Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and β-carotene-linoleic acid (β-carotene,% of inhibition) assays, was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in 170°C/16.3% H (25.69±2.8 and 17.02±1.8 µM TE/g DW) and in mixture 198°C/16.3% H (13.93±1.5 and 8.94±0.9 µM TE/g DW), respectively. The free polyphenols, flavonoids and the antioxidant activities showed lower results than the hydrolyzed ones. The correlation coefficients between polyphenols, flavonoids, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity capacities were between 0.93 and 0.99. In cereal proteins extracted and separated by electrophoresis, some differences were found in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-protein bands in the region from 36 to 45 kDa for 142°C/16.3% H, in comparison with other samples. Therefore, there is a need to find such conditions for the extrusion procedures that would take into consideration the contents of the bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity in the end product.

Bioactive compounds such as ω-3 fatty acids and terpenes, have been associated with beneficial health effects; however, their solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and its bioavailability in the body are low. Nanoemulsions offer a viable alternative to disperse lipophilic compounds and improve their dissolution, permeation, absorption and bioavailability. Enzyme modified phosphatidylcholine (PC) with ω-3 fatty acids was used as emulsifier to stabilize oil-in-water nanoemulsions generated using ultrasound device. These systems were used as carriers of betulinic acid, which has reported anti-carcinogenic activity. Phospholipase-catalyzed modification of PC allowed the incorporation of 50 mol% of ω-3 fatty acids. Formation variables such as oil type and ultrasound amplitude had effects on nanoemulsion characteristics. Incorporation of betulinic acid affected globule size; however, betulinic acid nanoemulsions below 200 nm could be prepared. The conditions under which betulinic acid nanoemulsions were obtained using the modified phosphatidylcholine with the smaller globule size (91 nm) were 10% PC, 25% glycerol, medium chain oil and 30% amplitude for 12 min in the sonicator. Storage temperature had an effect on the stability of the nanoemulsions, at 5°C we observed the smallest growth in globule size. The use of olive oil decreased the globule size growth during storage of the nanoemulsion stabilized with modified phosphatidylcholine, although globule size obtained was greater than 200 nm. Medium pH had a significant effect on the nanoemulsions; alkaline pH values improved storage stability. These results provide useful information for using this type of carrier system on the formulation of products in the pharmaceutical or food industry.

In this research paper, the failure pressure predictions were obtained for a pipeline section by analyzing a combined corrosion defects, which joins together a general corrosion and a pitting corrosion defects. Well-known conventional mathematical methods were used in this study to predict the failure pressure of corroded steel pipelines, such as: B31G, RSTRENG-1, Shell-92, DNV, PCORR, and Fitnet FFS. The equations reported for corrosion defects with more complex characteristics developed by Choi et al., and Cronin et al. were also used. Furthermore, Finite Element (FEM) is one of the most employed nonlinear methods because of its good response of pipeline failure prediction under the corrosion mechanism. So, FEM methodology results the least conservative in comparison with the others mathematical models, according to the literature, for this reason it was used to compare the standard deviation σ of the methods. Failure pressure predictions determined that the most conservative methods were: Shell-92, Fitnet FFS, Choi’s method, B31G, RSTRENG-1, Cronin´s method, PCORR and DNV, in that order.

The aim of this research was to compare the performance and sensory profiling of a panel of artisanal cheese producers against a trained panel and their relationship to consumer liking (external preference mapping). Performance was analyzed statistically at an individual level using the Fisher's test (F) for discrimination, the mean square error for repeatability, and Manhattan plots for visualizing the intra-panel homogeneity. At group level, performance was evaluated using ANOVA. External preference mapping technique was applied to determine the efficiency of each sensory profile. Results showed that the producers panel was discriminant and repetitive with a performance similar to that of the trained panel. Manhattan plots showed that the performance of artisanal cheese producers was more homogeneous than trained panelists. The correlation between sensory profiles (Rv = 0.95) demonstrated similarities in the generation and use of sensory profiles. The external preference maps generated individually with the profiles of each panel were also similar. Recruiting individuals familiar with the production of artisanal cheeses as panelists is a viable strategy for sensory characterization of artisanal cheeses within their context of origin because their results were similar to those from the trained panel and can be correlated with consumer liking data.

The effect of osmotic dehydration (OD) with different sucrose concentrations and temperatures was studied in combination with drying by Refractance WindowTM (RW) in beet slices with thicknesses of 1 and 5 mm. The color, texture, total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity (AC) of the beet with OD, RW, and OD-RW combined drying were evaluated. The best results of water loss (WL) and solid gain (SG) with OD were obtained with 65% sucrose solution at 60 °C. OD partially reduced the water content of the slices, decreasing the drying time with RW at 85 °C. However, the retention of qualities such as color, texture, TPC, TFC, and AC in beet was obtained with combined drying by OD-RW at 60 °C under OD conditions of 65% sucrose at 45 °C. These conditions afforded a stable product retaining its physical and chemical properties.

Summary Chemical composition and some functional and thermal properties in whole pumpkin seed meal ( WPSM ) and defatted pumpkin seed meal ( DPSM ) were determined. The DPSM exhibited higher water absorption capacity (3 g H 2 O per g sample), water solubility capacity (8.75%), oil absorption capacity (2.73 g oil per g sample), emulsifying capacity (61.71%), foaming capacity (51.92%) and gelling capacity (12% w/v) than the WPSM . The DPSM also had better swelling power (3.33% at 60 °C, rising to 4.31% at 90 °C), higher phase transition temperatures ( T 0 = 80.04 °C, T p = 86.50 °C and T f = 93.20 °C) and a higher phase transition energy (0.93 J g −1 ). However, the WPSM had higher bulk density (0.57 g cm −3 ) and better foam stability (from 30 to 120 min). Micrographs showed defatting to cause microstructural changes in meal starch granules and proteins. Its high protein content makes the DPSM a potential alternative input in the food industry.

Tannins have long been considered 'anti-nutritional' factors in monogastric nutrition, shown to reduce feed intake and palatability. However, recent studies revealed that compared with condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins (HT) appear to have far less impact on growth performance, but may be inhibitory to the total activity of caecal bacteria. This in turn could reduce microbial synthesis of skatole and indole in the hindgut of entire male pigs (EM). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of a group of dietary HT on growth performance, carcass traits and boar taint compounds of group housed EM. For the study, 36 Swiss Large White boars were assigned within litter to three treatment groups. Boars were offered ad libitum one of three finisher diets supplemented with 0 (C), 15 (T15) or 30 g/kg (T30) of HT from day 105 to 165 of age. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, boar taint compounds in the adipose tissue and cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP2A19 gene expression in the liver was assessed. Compared with C, feed efficiency but not daily gain and daily feed intake was lower (P<0.05) in T15 and T30 boars. Except for the percentage carcass weight loss during cooling, which tended (P<0.10) to be greater in T30 than C and T15, carcass characteristics were not affected by the diets. In line with the numerically lower androstenone level, bulbourethral and salivary glands of T30 boars were lighter (P<0.05) than of T15 with intermediate values for C. Indole level was lower (P<0.05) in the adipose tissue of T30 than C pigs with intermediate levels in T15. Skatole levels tended (P<0.10) to be lower in T30 and C than T15 pigs. Hepatic gene expression of CYP isoenzymes did not differ between-treatment groups, but was negatively correlated (P<0.05) with androstenone (CYP2E1 and CYP1A2), skatole (CYP2E1, CYP2A) and indole (CYP2A) level. In line with the numerically highest androstenone and skatole concentrations, boar taint odour but not flavour was detected by the panellists in loins from T15 compared with loins from C and T30 boars. These results provide evidence that HT affected metabolism of indolic compounds and androstenone and that they affected the development of accessory sex glands. However, the effects were too small to be detected by sensory evaluation.

In this study the effect of osmotic dehydration (OD) on the air-drying kinetics of chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz) fruits was investigated. Fresh and osmotically dehydrated chayote parallelepipeds (1 × 1 × 2 and 4 × 4 × 2 cm) were subjected to convective drying at air temperatures of 50 and 60°C, with air velocities of 1.5 and 2.5 m/s. The OD pretreatments were performed in 10 and 25% NaCl solutions (w/w) at 25°C during 3 h using a solution-to-fruit mass ratio of 4:1. The use of higher air velocities notably accelerated drying rates as manifested through significantly higher drying rate constants estimated with Page's model, whereas no effect of temperature was observed. A previously reported analytical solution that considers both product shrinkage and variable diffusivity was generalized to describe the drying kinetics of food products with parallelepiped geometry. Selected drying experiments were then fitted to this solution using six different sets of model assumptions. Results indicated that product shrinkage is the main factor to be considered in order to estimate reliable values for diffusion coefficients. The OD pretreatments produced a significant reduction of the initial moisture content of chayote slabs before drying, thus allowing shorter drying time, which may lead to reduced energy consumption.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been found to play important functional roles in epigenetic regulation under certain physiological and pathological conditions. However, knowledge of circRNAs during the development of receptive endometrium (RE) from pre-RE is limited. In the RE of dairy goats, higher circRNA-9119 levels, with lower miR-26a and higher prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) levels, were detected. Further study showed that circRNA-9119 decreased levels of miR-26a by acting as a microRNA sponge, and that miR-26a downregulated the expression of PTGS2 via the predicted target site in endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) of dairy goats in vitro. In this way, circRNA-9119 functioned as a competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) that sequestered miR-26a, thereby protecting PTGS2 transcripts from miR-26a-mediated suppression in dairy goat EECs in vitro. Furthermore, PTGS2 participated in the regulation of some protein markers for endometrial receptivity in dairy goat EECs in vitro. Thus, a circRNA-9119-miR-26a-PTGS2 pathway in the endometrium was identified, and modulation of circRNA-9119-miR-26a-PTGS2 expression in EECs may emerge as a potential target to regulate the development of RE.

The main goal of this work was to measure the total alkaloid content (TALC) from pulp, peel, seed, and columella of soursop fruit (Annona muricata L.) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and to obtain the best conditions of the UAE with the response surface methodology (RSM). We evaluated the effect of amplitude (40%, 70%, and 100%), time (5, 10, and 15 min) and pulse-cycles (0.4, 0.7, and 1 s) and compared the best UAE conditions of alkaloids with a conventional extraction (maceration). The structural characterization of the raw material with the highest TALC was developed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques [1H, 13C, heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC), heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC), and homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY)]. According to the RSM, the best conditions in the UAE for extracting alkaloids varied depending on the type of plant tissue. It took 5 min with an amplitude of 70% and pulse-cycles of 1, 0.4, and 1 s, respectively, to extract the highest TALC in peel, seed, and columella while the optimal conditions for extracting the largest amount of alkaloids from the pulp were obtained at 5 min in UAE with pulse-cycles of 0.55 s and 100% amplitude. The TALC was highest in the peel (7.48 mg/g), which was followed by the seed (2.31 mg/g), the pulp (1.20 mg/g), and the columella (0.79 mg/g) and was positively correlated (R2 = 0.98–0.88) with the predicted values. In addition, the extraction alkaloids from the peel, pulp, seed, and columella using the UAE was 56.31, 5.45, 3.06, and 2.96 times higher, respectively, than the extraction by maceration. The alkaloids identified in the peel have not been reported and were nornuciferin, assimilobin, anonaine, and isolaureline. This study showed that the soursop fruit peel can be a source of alkaloids and that UAE has an important potential for extracting these compounds.

Summary The aim of this research was to prepare an extruded snack based on nixtamalized maize flour ( Zea mays L.) ( NMF ) enriched with grasshopper meal ( Sphenarium purpurascens Ch.) ( GM ) using a single screw extruder with a compression screw ratio of 3:1. A central experimental design comprising three independent variables, namely, extrusion temperature ( T = 120–180 °C), feed moisture content ( FMC = 18–22 g/100 g) and the grasshopper meal proportion ( GMP = 0–40 g/100 g), was used. Increasing T decreased ( P &lt; 0.05) the expansion index ( EI ), bulk density ( BD ) and hardness (H). Increasing the FMC increased ( P &lt; 0.05) the EI . Increasing the GMP decreased ( P &lt; 0.05) the EI , H and water absorption index ( WAI ) and increased ( P &lt; 0.05) the BD and total colour difference (Δ E ). The treatments that resulted in better general acceptability were those that contained a lower GMP . An extruded snack acceptable to the consumer can be obtained from a blend of NMF and GM , and up to 8.11 g/100 g of GM can be incorporated without affecting the physicochemical properties and acceptance of the snack.

In offering to the public this, his first essay in Entomology, the author thinks it by no means unlikely that he shall incur the charge of aiming at innovations in the science.'The following remarks are, however, as he conceives, entirely practical, and the examination of their accuracy is within the reach < of every entomological student.By such persons Jat least, therefore, he trusts that they will be consi-"dered as proceeding from a wish to connect and =to reconcile with each other the observations of his 7 predecessors, rather than from an absurd ambition Sto controvert or obliterate the result of their la-=bours.~ The author has for the present confined his at-=tention to one branch of the science: principally, "indeed, because he coincided with Fabricius in ima-"~gining that on Monographs has been founded almost ty every thing in the general systems now in use that can strictly be called natural.But the vast number also of animated beings which has been addedEutonus vi PREFACE.to our lists since Linneus first published his Systema Nature, and the still increasing numbers which daily arrive from the most remote quarters of the globe, or which swell our indigenous catalogues in proportion as our Fauna is explored, render it almost impossible for the naturalist to study in detail, more than one department of that which may be his favourite science.Of entomology in particular there are no bounds to the stores, and it may truly be said of insects, " Sed neque quam multe species nec nomina que sint « Est numerus."Amidst these countless multitudes, the animals 'one eg "3 anes ste ieee pee mi | sich fied

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on enzymatic hydrolysis with Flavourzyme® and Alcalase® enzymes and the ACE-inhibitory activity and the antioxidant capacity of protein hydrolysates of Erythrina edulis. A protein concentration of 78.8% was obtained after sonicating the protein solutions (10%, w/v) for 10 min at 80 kHz and 100% amplitude. The ultrasonic pretreatment (UP) increased the degree of hydrolysis (47.7%) up to 70 min, the IC50 values in both samples [with (UP) and without pretreatment (WP)] were 100 μg/mL, and the UP samples presented the highest percentage of inhibition at 57.3%. The UP hydrolysates showed the highest (p &lt; 0.05) antioxidant (ABTS*) and radical (DPPH*) - scavenging activities, with IC50 values ranging from 64.52 to 77.62 μg/mL and from 151.13 to 173.22 μg/mL, respectively. In SDS-PAGE, the hydrolysates UP exhibited low molecular weight bands (8 - 20 kDa). The results of both, antioxidants and antihypertensive activities obtained in vitro, showed a higher percentage of activity for the peptides obtained after pretreatment with ultrasound than for those obtained without the use of ultrasound prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.

Passion fruit fiber and antioxidant found in peel and depectinised peel waste.